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121 results for “Decomposers”
Mass, C, N, and lignin from litter decomposed across a shrub gradient and with snow manipulations near Toolik Field Station between 2003 and 2009.
In arctic tundra near Toolik Lake, Alaska, we incubated a common substrate in a snow addition experiment to test whether snow accumulation around arctic deciduous shrubs altered the environment enough to increase litter decomposition rates. We compared the influence of litter quality on the rate of litter and N loss by decomposing litter from four different plant functional types in a common site. We used aboveground net primary production values and estimated k values from our decomposition experiments to calculate community-weighted mass loss for each site.
Phospholipid fatty acids (PFLA) on decomposed litter: An evolutionary perspective on functional diversity in co-occuring willow(salix) species
Thirteen willow (Salix) species occur in southeastern Minnesota and often co-occur within the same wetlands. This high local diversity is challenging to explain since closely related species are often functionally similar and density-dependent interactions such as competition and susceptibility to pests and pathogens should limit their co-occurrence. However, if willow species are partitioning resources, or if they are phylogenetically structured so that closely related species rarely co-occur, then the impact of these density-dependent processes could be reduced. In this study, I examined the role of niche partitioning in maintaining local willow diversity by comparing species physiology in a greenhouse.
Detecting phylogenetic signal and adaptation in papionin cranial shape by decomposing variation at different spatial scales
<p>Phylogenetic reconstruction based on morphometric data is hampered by homoplasies. For example, many similarities in cranial form between primate taxa more strongly reflect ecological similarities rather than phylogenetic relatedness. However, the way in which the different cranial bones constitute cranial form is, if at all, of less functional relevance and thus largely hidden from selection. We propose that these "constructional details" are better indicators of phylogenetic history than any large-scale shape feature or raw form variable. Within a geometric morphometric context, we show how to analyze the relative extent of bones independently of differences in overall shape. We also show how to decompose total shape variation into small-scale and large-scale shape variation. We apply both methods to the midsagittal cranial morphology of papionin monkeys, which are well known for the discrepancy between morphological similarities and phylogenetic relationships. We study phylogenetic signal and functional adaptation using a molecular phylogeny and contextual data on feeding ecology and locomotor behavior. As expected, total cranial shape, bone outline shape, and large-scale shape features were only weakly associated with phylogenetic distance. But the relative bone contributions and small-scale shape features were both highly correlated with phylogenetic distances. By contrast, the association with ecological and behavioral variables was strongest for the outline shape and large-scale shape features. Studies of morphological adaptation and phylogenetic history thus profit from a decomposition of shape variation into different spatial scales.</p>
Data from: Macro-detritivores assist resolving the dryland decomposition conundrum by engineering an underworld heaven for decomposers
<p>Litter decomposition in most terrestrial ecosystems is regulated by moisture-dependent microorganism activity, among other things. <span class="fontstyle01"><span>Decomposition models typically underestimate rates of plant litter decomposition in drylands, suggesting the existence of additional drivers of decomposition. Attempts to reveal these drivers have predominantly focused on abiotic degradation agents, alternative moisture sources,</span></span> and <span class="fontstyle01"><span>soil-litter mixing</span></span>. The role of burrowing animals in promoting decomposition has received less attention despite greatly contributing to plant litter transfer from the harsh desert surface to the moister and nutrient-rich environment belowground. Our goal was to explore how macro-detritivore burrows affect plant litter mineralization dynamics. We introduced <sup>13</sup>C-labeled litter belowground into (1) desert isopod (<i>Hemilepistus reaumuri</i>) burrows and (2) artificial burrows, and aboveground on top of (3) isopod fecal pellet mounds and (4) bare soil crust. We compared the litter mass loss between the four treatments and used cavity ring-down spectroscopy to reveal the <i>in situ</i> mineralization dynamics. No litter mineralization was evident during the dry summer months both above- and belowground. Following rain events, mineralization rates spiked in all four micro-environments, quickly diminishing aboveground while slowly waning belowground. Total litter mass loss was twofold higher below- than aboveground and was significantly higher in isopod burrows compared to artificial burrows. Our findings demonstrate that burrowing macro-detritivores promote litter decomposition in deserts by transferring organic matter to their burrows where favorable climatic conditions and a nutrient-enriched environment foster microbial activity. Thus, attempts to resolve the dryland decomposition conundrum should not be limited to exploring factors that allow decomposition under harsh desert surface climatic conditions, but focus on the role that animals play in facilitating decomposer-friendly environments to which they translocate plant litter.</p>
Universal microbial network decomposes mammals despite varied climate, location, and seasonal influence
<p>Microbial breakdown of organic material is one of the most important processes on earth, yet enormous knowledge gaps exist about its controls. We demonstrate that a universal, inter-kingdom microbial network assembles in response to nutrient-rich, terrestrial mammalian decomposition, despite selection effects of location, climate and season. We created the first metagenome-assembled genome library from mammalian decomposition-associated soils and combined it with metabolomics to identify a microbial decomposer network that interacts by cross-feeding to efficiently metabolize labile decomposition products. The key fungal and bacterial decomposers appear unique to the breakdown of terrestrial cadavers, and are rare in relative abundance across non-decomposition environments. Blow flies are suggested as an important decomposer vector and the observed lockstep of microbial interactions underlies a robust microbial forensic tool for predicting the time since death. </p>
SuiteSparse Matrix Decomposed
<p>The matrices are decomposed from SuiteSparse Matrix Collection matrices. All files are in Matrix Market format.</p>
Data from: a positive feedback to climate change: the effect of temperature on the respiration of key wood-decomposing fungi does not decline with time
<p>Heterotrophic soil microorganisms are responsible for ~50% of the carbon dioxide released by respiration from the terrestrial biosphere each year. The respiratory response of soil microbial communities to warming, and the control mechanisms, remains uncertain, yet is critical to understanding the future land carbon (C)-climate feedback. Individuals of nine species of fungi decomposing wood were exposed to 90 days of cooling to evaluate the medium-term effect of temperature on respiration. Overall, the effect of temperature on respiration increased in the medium term, with no evidence of compensation. However, the increasing effect of temperature on respiration was lost after correcting for changes in biomass. These results indicate that C loss through respiration of wood-decomposing fungi will increase beyond the direct effects of temperature on respiration, potentially promoting greater C losses from terrestrial ecosystems and a positive feedback to climate change.</p>
Data for Liana litter decomposes faster than tree litter in a multispecies and multisite experiment
<p><span>1.</span><span> Lianas account for a small fraction of forest biomass, but their contribution to leaf or litter biomass and thus to food webs can be substantial. Globally liana exhibit fast life history traits. Thus liana litter may decompose faster than tree litter, and could enhance decomposition of tree litter (complementarity effect). The differences in decomposition may also vary with mesofauna access or across forest communities. The contribution of these factors to nutrient biogeochemical cycling is poorly understood. </span></p> <p><span>2.</span><span> We examined the decomposition of litter of 20 liana and 20 tree species of three different tropical forest communities in southern China, over one year. (i) We incubated the litter in bags with coarse and fine mesh to distinguish mesofaunal and microfaunal effects. (ii) We used single-species litter bags to compare decomposition rates of lianas and trees, to test which functional traits best explained decomposition, and whether those traits differed between lianas and trees, and among forest types. (iv) We used mixed-species litter bags to test whether liana litter enhances decomposition in litter mixtures. (v) We evaluated how leaf litter nutrients decayed in relation to litter mass.</span></p> <p><span>3.</span><span> Litter decayed faster in coarse mesh than fine mesh bags, but there was no interaction effect with forest type or growth form. Liana litter decayed faster than tree litter in single species bags with mesofauna access and in mixed bags (liana-only mix, tree-only mix) without mesofauna. Lianas had higher nitrogen content and specific leaf area and lower leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and toughness than trees. Decomposition rate was significantly negatively related to LDMC. Litter of evergreen broadleaved (EBL) forest decomposed slower than that of other forest types. Liana litter did not enhance the decomposition of tree litter in mixtures. Liana litter released calcium slightly faster than trees.</span></p> <p><span>Synthesis</span><span>: Leaf litter decomposes faster for lianas than trees, despite high variability of traits and decomposition rates within each growth form and overlap between growth forms, and we found no evidence for the complementarity hypothesis. Our study sheds light on the potential role of lianas within brown food webs and their importance on terrestrial biogeochemistry. </span></p>
Online Resources Chapter 3 - Decomposition of standing litter biomass in newly constructed wetlands associated with direct effects of sediment and water characteristics and the composition and activity of the decomposer community using Phragmites australis as a single standard substrate
<p>Online Resources to Chapter 3 "Decomposition of standing litter biomass in newly constructed wetlands associated with direct effects of sediment and water characteristics and the composition and activity of the decomposer community using Phragmites australis as a single standard substrate" of PhD thesis from Ciska Overbeek, "Peat formation on a former landfill - Production and decomposition of aquatic pioneer vegetation". </p> <p>Published by Overbeek et al in 2019 in Wetlands 39(1): 113-125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-018-1081-y. </p>
Drought effects on root and shoot traits and their decomposability
<p>1. Drought can induce phenotypic plasticity in a range of plant root and shoot traits. These traits have been shown to explain differences in root and shoot litter decomposability between species. However, it is unknown how drought-induced plasticity of root and shoot traits alters their decomposability.</p> <p>2. To investigate this issue across a range of species, we grew a grass (<em>Lolium perenne</em>), a forb (<em>Plantago lanceolata</em>) and a legume (<em>Trifolium repens</em>) common to European temperate grasslands and subjected them to a 5-week moderate drought treatment. We compared morphological and chemical root and shoot traits of the droughted plants to well-watered controls. We then conducted a decomposition assay of the senesced root and shoot material over 16 weeks, with mass loss measurements at five timepoints.</p> <p>3. Drought had significant and sometimes strong effects on morphological and chemical root and shoot traits of all three species, sometimes similar to differences between species and generally in line with a shift to a more resource-conservative strategy. Drought also increased the labile litter fraction in roots of <em>Lolium</em> <em>perenne</em>, which was associated with a substantial increase in non-structural carbohydrates. Drought decreased the labile litter fraction in shoots of <em>Plantago</em> <em>lanceolata</em>, but this could not be explained by the traits we measured. Drought effects on litter decomposability were weaker than on plant traits.</p> <p>4. Our results suggest that plant trait-mediated effects of drought on litter decomposability can either increase or decrease vegetation feedbacks to climate change. They also show that drought-induced plasticity in root and shoot traits does not automatically translate into equivalent changes in litter decomposability.</p>
QM7 Decomposed Data
<p>This data is in support of our article 'Decomposing Chemical Space: Applications to the Machine Learning of Atomic Energies' (arXiv:2212.09489).</p> <p>An example python script is provided with more details about the PySCF and DECODENSE settings.</p> <p><strong>DATA</strong></p> <p>The data is saved in Numpy .npz format. The files are named as b3lyp_{basis_set}_qm7_{decomposition}_atomization.npz</p> <p>The keys in each file correspond to:</p> <p>'mol_idx': Molecule index corresponding to the molecule index in original QM7 dataset.<br> 'N' : Number of atoms in the molecule<br> 'Z' : Nuclear charges<br> 'R' : Coordinates (ångstrom)<br> 'E' : Total atomization energy (kcal/mol)<br> 'Ea' : Atomization energy per atom (kcal/mol)</p>
Data for: Ambient and substrate energy influence decomposer diversity differentially across trophic levels
<p><span>The species-energy hypothesis predicts increasing biodiversity with increasing energy in ecosystems. Proxies for energy availability are often grouped into ambient energy (i.e., solar radiation) and substrate energy (i.e., non-structural carbohydrates or nutritional content). The relative importance of substrate energy is thought to decrease with increasing trophic level from primary consumers to predators, with reciprocal effects of ambient energy. Yet, empirical tests are lacking. We compiled data on 332,557 deadwood-inhabiting beetles of 901 species reared from wood of 49 tree species across Europe. Using host-phylogeny-controlled models, we show that the relative importance of substrate energy versus ambient energy decreases with increasing trophic levels: the diversity of zoophagous and mycetophagous beetles was determined by ambient energy, while non-structural carbohydrate content in woody tissues determined that of xylophagous beetles. Our study thus overall supports the species-energy hypothesis and specifies that the relative importance of ambient temperature increases with increasing trophic level with opposite effects for substrate energy.</span></p>
Average decomposed InSAR-GNSS surface velocities for Iran
<p>Average East and vertical InSAR-GNSS surface velocities for Iran at a 0.005° pixel spacing (approximately 500 m), derived from COMET-LiCS interferograms (https://comet.nerc.ac.uk/COMET-LiCS-portal/) through the use of LiCSBAS (https://github.com/yumorishita/LiCSBAS) and "decompose_insar_velocities" (https://github.com/andwatson/decompose_insar_velocities).</p> <p>File details:</p> <ul> <li>vE and vU refer to the East and vertical velocities, respectively.</li> <li>sE and sU refer to the East and vertical 1-standard deviation uncertainties, respectively.</li> <li>A positive velocity in vE signifies motion to the East, while a positive velocity in vU signifies upward motion.</li> <li>All four files are stored as geotiffs, created using the Matlab "geotiffwrite" function.</li> </ul>
Suspended sections within downed dead wood are drier, have altered decomposer communities, and slower decomposition
<div class="page"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <p>The decomposition of dead wood plays a key role in forest carbon emissions. Most pieces of downed dead wood are partially suspended above the forest floor, but how this suspension affects decomposition rates is typically ignored and remains largely unexplored. Here we combine field observations and experimental manipulations to explore how partial suspension of downed wood (i.e., wood debris in contact with the ground) influences decomposer communities and patterns of decomposition in a lowland tropical forest. Experimental manipulations of wood sticks showed that small-scale suspension above the forest floor (ca. 5 cm) slowed decomposition and altered microbial community assembly, regardless of whether the suspended section was connected to a piece of downed wood. Across a 41-year chronosequence of dead trees, the average percent of wood volume suspended above the forest floor decreased during the initial 10 years post-death, but this trend reversed after 10 years, with the oldest logs being the forest floor had less moisture, fewer macrofungi, and more photosynthetic growth (e.g., moss, algae, etc.) than downed sections of the same bole. Surprisingly, wood density, termite presence, and mass-specific respiration did not differ with ground contact. Combined, these data suggest that suspension within downed wood reduces moisture content, influences decomposer community assembly, and contributes to the strong variability in decomposition rates. The strong effect of partial suspension within downed wood pieces heightens concerns about the accuracy and applicability of experiments and surveys focused on down dead wood, which are the foundation of our understanding of wood decomposition and associated carbon losses most suspended. Among downed woody pieces sampled in situ, sections suspended above the forest floor had less moisture, fewer macrofungi, and more photosynthetic growth (e.g., moss, algae, etc.) than downed sections of the same bole. Surprisingly, wood density, termite presence, and mass-specific respiration did not differ with ground contact. Combined, these data suggest that suspension within downed wood reduces moisture content, influences decomposer community assembly, and contributes to the strong variability in decomposition rates. </p> </div> </div> </div>
Soil-biodegradable plastic films do not decompose in a lake sediment over 9 months of incubation
<p>Dataset with the article 'Soil-biodegradable plastic films do not decompose in a lake sediment over 9 months of incubation', containing CO2 and CH4 data of sediment core incubations in a laboratory setting.</p> <p>Time is in days.</p> <p>Group identifiers: PC = control, PE = PE plastics (traditional), PR = Biodegradable plastics type 1, PS = biodegradable plastics type 2.</p>
Data from: Soil fauna trophic multifunctionality mediates the release of elements from decomposing typhoon generated leaf litter
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data for Liana litter decomposes faster than tree litter in a multispecies and multisite experiment
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data for: Ambient and substrate energy influence decomposer diversity differentially across trophic levels
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Suspended sections within downed dead wood are drier, have altered decomposer communities, and slower decomposition
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Leaf biomechanical traits predict litter decomposability
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