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107 results for “Foliage”
Stereoscopic Depth Perception Through Foliage
<p><strong>Abstract:</strong></p><p>Both humans and computational methods struggle to discriminate the depths of objects hidden beneath foliage. However, such discrimination becomes feasible when we combine computational optical synthetic aperture sensing with the human ability to fuse stereoscopic images. For object identification tasks, as required in search and rescue, wildlife observation, surveillance, and early wildfire detection, depth assists in differentiating true from false findings, such as people, animals, or vehicles vs. sun-heated patches at the ground level or in the tree crowns, or ground fires vs. tree trunks. We used video captured by a drone above dense woodland to test users' ability to discriminate depth. We found that this is impossible when viewing monoscopic video and relying on motion parallax. The same was true with stereoscopic video because of the occlusions caused by foliage. However, when synthetic aperture sensing was used to reduce occlusions and disparity-scaled stereoscopic video was presented, whereas computational (stereoscopic matching) methods were unsuccessful, human observers successfully discriminated depth. This shows the potential of systems which exploit the synergy between computational methods and human vision to perform tasks that neither can perform alone.</p>
FIGURE 11 in Botryosphaeriaceae on palms-a new species of Neodeightonia, N. chamaeropicola, and new records from diseased foliage of ornamental palms in Portugal
FIGURE 11. Neodeightonia phoenicum (CDP 0281). A. Conidiomata formed on palm leaf piece. B. Conidiogenous layer. C–H. Conidiogenous cells. I. Hyaline, aseptate conidia. J, K. Pigmented, 1-septate conidium with longitudinal striations observed through optical sectioning. Scale bars: A = 1 mm, B, I = 10 μm, C–H, J, K = 5 μm.
FIGURE 7 in Botryosphaeriaceae on palms-a new species of Neodeightonia, N. chamaeropicola, and new records from diseased foliage of ornamental palms in Portugal
FIGURE 7. Botryosphaeria dothidea (CDP 1567). A–C. Conidiogenous layer. D–F. Conidiogenous cells. G, H. Conidia. Scale bars: A, G = 10 μm, B, C, H = 5 μm, D–F = 2.5 μm.
FIGURE 15 in Botryosphaeriaceae on palms-a new species of Neodeightonia, N. chamaeropicola, and new records from diseased foliage of ornamental palms in Portugal
FIGURE 15. Neofusicoccum parvum (CDP 1380). A–B. Conidiogenous layer. C–F. Conidiogenous cells. G, H. Conidia. Scale bars: A, B = 5 μm, C–F = 2.5 μm, G, H = 10 μm.
FIGURE 6 in Botryosphaeriaceae on palms-a new species of Neodeightonia, N. chamaeropicola, and new records from diseased foliage of ornamental palms in Portugal
FIGURE 6. Phylogenetic tree of Sardiniella generated from BA inference based on combined ITS and tef1 sequences. ML bootstrap support values (ML-BS ≥ 50 %) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP ≥ 0.85) are shown at the nodes. Strains with type status are indicated in bold font, the isolate from this study are presented in brown typeface and species are delimited with coloured blocks. The scale bar represents the expected number of nucleotide changes per site. The tree was rooted to Neofusicoccum parvum (ATCC 58191 and STE-U 5049).
FIGURE 3 in Botryosphaeriaceae on palms-a new species of Neodeightonia, N. chamaeropicola, and new records from diseased foliage of ornamental palms in Portugal
FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic tree of Dothiorella generated from BA inference based on combined ITS and tef1 sequences. ML bootstrap support values (ML-BS ≥ 50 %) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP ≥ 0.85) are shown at the nodes. Strains with type status are indicated in bold font, the isolates from this study are presented in brown typeface and species are delimited with coloured blocks. The scale bar represents the expected number of nucleotide changes per site. The tree was rooted to Neofusicoccum australe (CMW 6837) and N. luteum (CBS 562.92).
FIGURE 10 in Botryosphaeriaceae on palms-a new species of Neodeightonia, N. chamaeropicola, and new records from diseased foliage of ornamental palms in Portugal
FIGURE 10. Neodeightonia chamaeropicola (CDP 1446, ex-type). A–C. Conidiogenous layer. D–I. Conidiogenous cells. J. Hyaline, aseptate conidia. K, L. Pigmented, 1-septate conidium with longitudinal striations observed through optical sectioning. Scale bars: A = 10 μm, B–L = 5 μm.
FIGURE 14 in Botryosphaeriaceae on palms-a new species of Neodeightonia, N. chamaeropicola, and new records from diseased foliage of ornamental palms in Portugal
FIGURE 14. Neofusicoccum luteum (CDP 0038). A. Conidiomata formed on palm leaf piece. B, C. Conidiogenous layer. D–G. Conidiogenous cells. H, I. Conidia. Scale bars: A = 200 μm, B,C = 5 μm, D–G = 2.5 μm, H, I = 10 μm.
FIGURE 9 in Botryosphaeriaceae on palms-a new species of Neodeightonia, N. chamaeropicola, and new records from diseased foliage of ornamental palms in Portugal
FIGURE 9. Dothiorella viticola (CDP 1010). A–F. Conidiogenous layer (A,B and E,F represent different optical sections of the conidiogenous layer). G–I. Conidiogenous cells. J. Conidia. Scale bars: A–F, J = 5 μm, G–I = 2.5 μm.
FIGURE 2 in Botryosphaeriaceae on palms-a new species of Neodeightonia, N. chamaeropicola, and new records from diseased foliage of ornamental palms in Portugal
FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic tree of Diplodia generated from BA inference based on combined ITS and tef1 sequences. ML bootstrap support values (ML-BS ≥ 50 %) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP ≥ 0.85) are shown at the nodes. Strains with type status are indicated in bold font, the isolate from this study is presented in brown typeface and species are delimited with coloured blocks. The scale bar represents the expected number of nucleotide changes per site. The tree was rooted to Lasiodiplodia tropica (CGMCC 3.18477) and L. theobromae (CBS 164.96).
FIGURE 5 in Botryosphaeriaceae on palms-a new species of Neodeightonia, N. chamaeropicola, and new records from diseased foliage of ornamental palms in Portugal
FIGURE 5. Phylogenetic tree of Neofusicoccum generated from BA inference based on combined ITS, tef1 and tub2 sequences. ML bootstrap support values (ML-BS ≥ 50 %) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP ≥ 0.85) are shown at the nodes. Strains with type status are indicated in bold font, the isolates from this study are presented in brown typeface and species are delimited with coloured blocks. Species names in N. parvum species complex are noted before the strain number. The scale bar represents the expected number of nucleotide changes per site. The tree was rooted to Botryosphaeria corticis (CBS 119047) and B. dothidea (CBS 115476).
FIGURE 8 in Botryosphaeriaceae on palms-a new species of Neodeightonia, N. chamaeropicola, and new records from diseased foliage of ornamental palms in Portugal
FIGURE 8. Diplodia mutila (CDP 0088). A. Conidiomata formed on palm leaf piece. B, C. Conidiogenous layer. D–I. Conidiogenous cells. J. Hyaline, aseptate conidia. K. Hyaline, aseptate and pigmented, 1-septate conidia. Scale bars: A = 250 μm, B, C, J, K = 10 μm, D–I = 2.5 μm.
FIGURE 4 in Botryosphaeriaceae on palms-a new species of Neodeightonia, N. chamaeropicola, and new records from diseased foliage of ornamental palms in Portugal
FIGURE 4. Phylogenetic tree of Neodeightonia generated from BA inference based on combined ITS and tef1 sequences. ML bootstrap support values (ML-BS ≥ 50 %) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP ≥ 0.85) are shown at the nodes. Strains with type status are indicated in bold font, the isolates from this study are presented in brown typeface and species are delimited with coloured blocks. The last accepted species names are noted after the strain number in quotation marks where species were synonymised in this study. The scale bar represents the expected number of nucleotide changes per site. The tree was rooted to Botryosphaeria corticis (CBS 119047) and B. dothidea (CBS 115476).
FIGURE 16 in Botryosphaeriaceae on palms-a new species of Neodeightonia, N. chamaeropicola, and new records from diseased foliage of ornamental palms in Portugal
FIGURE 16. Sardiniella urbana (CDP 1658). A–E. Conidiogenous layer. F–K. Conidiogenous cells. L, M. Hyaline, aseptate conidia. N. Pigmented, 1-septate conidium. Scale bars: A, L–M = 10 μm, B–E = 5 μm, F–K = 2.5 μm.
FIGURE 1 in Botryosphaeriaceae on palms-a new species of Neodeightonia, N. chamaeropicola, and new records from diseased foliage of ornamental palms in Portugal
FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree of Botryosphaeria generated from BA inference based on combined ITS and tef1 sequences. ML bootstrap support values (ML-BS ≥ 50 %) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP ≥ 0.85) are shown at the nodes. Strains with type status are indicated in bold font, the isolate from this study is presented in brown typeface and species are delimited with coloured blocks. The scale bar represents the expected number of nucleotide changes per site. The tree was rooted to Macrophomina phaseolina (CBS 205.47) and M. pseudophaseolina (CPC 21417).
FIGURE 12 in Botryosphaeriaceae on palms-a new species of Neodeightonia, N. chamaeropicola, and new records from diseased foliage of ornamental palms in Portugal
FIGURE 12. Sexual morph of Neofusicoccum cryptoaustrale (CDP 1565). A, B. Asci intermingled with pseudoparaphyses. C. Pseudoparaphyses. D–F. Immature (D, E) and mature (F) asci. G, H. Details of ascus apex. I–N. Ascospores. Scale bars: A, B, D–F = 10 μm, C, G–N = 5 μm.
FIGURE 13 in Botryosphaeriaceae on palms-a new species of Neodeightonia, N. chamaeropicola, and new records from diseased foliage of ornamental palms in Portugal
FIGURE 13. Asexual morph of Neofusicoccum cryptoaustrale (CDP 1565). A–C. Conidiogenous layer. D–I. Conidiogenous cells. J, K. Conidia. Scale bars: A–C = 5 μm, D–I = 2.5 μm, J, K = 10 μm.
FIGURE 1. Peliosanthes luteoviridis. A. Habit. B. Foliage leaf, adaxial view. C. Inflorescences. D, E in Peliosanthes luteoviridis (Asparagaceae), a new species with yellowish green flowers from southern Vietnam
FIGURE 1. Peliosanthes luteoviridis. A. Habit. B. Foliage leaf, adaxial view. C. Inflorescences. D, E. Portions of inflorescence. F. Flower, side view. G. Flower, longitudinal section. Photos: A, B by N.A. Vislobokov from Vislobokov 19203; C‒G by M.S. Romanov from 2019.15598; correction and design by N.A. Vislobokov.
FIGURE 1. Chusquea kochii. A. Mid-culm segment showing a culm leaf sheath with a reflexed culm leaf blade. B. Branch complement showing foliage leaf blades. C in A new species of Chusquea sect. Serpentes (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae: Chusqueinae) endemic to Oaxaca, Mexico
FIGURE 1. Chusquea kochii. A. Mid-culm segment showing a culm leaf sheath with a reflexed culm leaf blade. B. Branch complement showing foliage leaf blades. C. Detail of leaf blade margin, abaxial view, showing pubescent indument and scabrous margin. D. Foliage leaf ligule area and pseudopetiole. Based on Clark et al. 1150 (XAL). Drawn by Rosa Pérez Luna.
FIGURE 5. Chamaecrista viscosa. A and B. Habit, C and D. Foliage, E. Leaves. Inflorescence, G in Taxonomic revision of Chamaecrista sect. Absus subsect. Absus (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae) with adjustments in the new classification
FIGURE 5. Chamaecrista viscosa. A and B. Habit, C and D. Foliage, E. Leaves. Inflorescence, G. Buds, DE. Flower, E. Fruits. Photographs by A.O. Souza.
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