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Fig. 3 in Frasnian gastropod synecology and bio-events in the Dyminy reef complex of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 3. Correlation of reference sections representing the Northern (Grabina), the Central (Panek), and the Southern (Kowala) Kielce Region with faunal composition, and lithology (after Kaźmierczak 1971; Szulczewski 1971; Coen−Aubert and Wrzołek 1991; Racki 1993b; Krawczyński 1998).

Fig. 2 in Frasnian gastropod synecology and bio-events in the Dyminy reef complex of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 2. Localization of described sequences including gastropod fauna against the background of a late Givetian to late Frasnian idealized stratigraphic−facies cross−section of the Holy Cross Mountains (after Racki 1993b) with gastropod appearance (A) and extinction (E) events (Krawczyński 1999).

Fig. 13 in Frasnian gastropod synecology and bio-events in the Dyminy reef complex of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 13. Distribution of translation (H/W) and of apertural shape (Ha/Wa) indexes of Orecopia kadzielniae (Gürich, 1896) comb. nov. from the early and middle Frasnian of the upper Sitkówka Beds.

Fig. 7 in Frasnian gastropod synecology and bio-events in the Dyminy reef complex of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 7. Euryzone kielcensis association of the Kadzielnia−type Assemblage from the Kadzielnia Member (middle Frasnian). A–C. Porcellia bifida (Sandberger and Sandberger, 1850–1856), Jaźwica, set J, × 4. A. Lateral view of shell, GIUS 4−1139/Jaź−34. B, C. Apertural and lateral view of shell, GIUS 4−1140/Jaź−35. D, E. Naticopsis (Naticopsis) inflata (Roemer, 1843), Kadzielnia, set A. D. Lateral view of shell with well preserved growth lines, ZPAL Ga−VI/30, × 2. E. Apertural view of shell with well preserved inductura, ZPAL Ga−VI/41, natural size. F. Roemeriella octocincta (Roemer, 1843), lateral view of shell, Jaźwica, set J, GIUS 4−1129/Jaź−24, × 3. G. Spanionema scalaroides (Whidborne, 1889), lateral view of shell with well preserved ornamentation, Kadzielnia, set A, GIUS 4−1193/Kad−1, × 2. H. Palaeozygopleura (Rhenozyga) cf. retrostriata (Kirchner, 1915), lateral view of spire with poorly preserved ornamentation, Jaźwica, set J, GIUS 4−1159/Jaź−54/1, × 4.5. I–L. Euryzone kielcensis (Gürich, 1896) comb. nov. I–K. Lateral views of shell with fragmentary preserved ornamentation, Kadzielnia, set A, GIUS 4−1478/Kad−3, neotype, natural size. L. Lateral view of juvenile shell, Jaźwica, set J, GIUS 4−1134/Jaź−29, × 5.

Fig. 8 in Frasnian gastropod synecology and bio-events in the Dyminy reef complex of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 8. Kowalatrochus sanctacrucensis association from the early and middle Frasnian of the upper Sitkówka Beds. A–J. Kowalatrochus sanctacrucensis gen. et sp. nov. A. Apertural view of shell, holotype GIUS 4−1569/Ko−81, × 2. B, C, E–G, I. Apertural and lateral views of shell with well preserved ornamentation. B, C. ZPAL Ga−VI/59. E. GIUS 4−1217/Ko−4. F. GIUS 4−1223/Ko−10. G. GIUS 4−1219/Ko−6. I. ZPAL Ga−VI/58. B, C, E–G. Natural size. I. × 1.5. D, J. Shells with poorly preserved last whorl, Jaźwica, set I, natural size. D. GIUS 4−1127/Jaź−22. J. GIUS 4−1120/Jaź−15. H. Shell with poorly preserved ornamentation, Grabina, set A, GIUS 4−1019/Gr−151, × 1.7. K. Kowalatrochus cf. sanctacrucensis gen. et sp. nov., lateral views, Sitkówka−Kowala, set B, GIUS 4−1214/SKo−10, × 2. L, M. Westerna subcostata (Schlotheim, 1820) comb. nov., Sitkówka−Kowala, set B, GIUS 4−851/SKo−6, natural size. L. Apertural view with well preserved ornamentation. M. Lateral view with shown palatal folds on internal mould. N. Coelozone sp., lateral view with wide selenizone, GIUS 4−1237/Ko−24, × 5. O. Naticopsis (Naticopsis) inflata (Roemer, 1843), apertural view of juvenile shell, GIUS 4−1238/Ko−25, × 6. P. Naticopsis (Naticopsis) protogaea (Goldfuss, 1844), lateral view of poorly preserved shell, GIUS 4−1353/Ko−75, × 2. A–C, E–G, I, N–P. Kowala, set A2.

Fig. 5 in Early Frasnian ostracods from the Arche quarry (Dinant Synclinorium, Belgium) and the Palmatolepis punctata Isotopic Event

Fig. 5. Early Frasnian ostracods from the access path to the Arche quarry, Dinant Synclinorium, Belgium. A. Bairdia (Orthobairdia) sp. B in Becker (1971). Carapace in right (A) and dorsal (A) views. Sample AR−06−23. IRScNB n° b5086. B. Bairdiacypris sp. B, aff. B. martinae Casier and Lethiers, 1997. Car1 2 apace in right (B) and dorsal (B) views. Sample AR−06−28. IRScNB n° b5087. C. Bairdiacypris sp. D. Poorly preserved carapace in right (C) and dorsal 1 2 1 (C) views. Sample AR−06−25. IRScNB n° b5088. D. Bairdiacypris sp. indet. Poorly preserved carapace in right (D) and dorsal (D) views. Sample 2 1 2 AR−06−28. IRScNB n° b5089. E. Bairdiacypris breuxensis Casier and Olempska, 2008. Carapace in right lateral view. Sample AR−06−26. IRScNB n° b5090. F. Acratia evlanensis Egorov, 1953. Poorly preserved carapace in right lateral view. Sample AR−06−23. IRScNB n° b5091. G. Acratia sp. indet. Carapace in right lateral view. Sample AR−06−27. IRScNB n° b5092. H. Schneideria groosae Becker, 1971. Carapace in right lateral view. Sample AR−06−28. IRScNB n° b5093. I–M. Cryptophyllus materni (Bassler and Kellett, 1934). I. Valve. Sample AR−06−26. IRScNB n° b5094. J. Valve. Sample AR−06−26. IRScNB n° b5095. K. Internal view of a valve. Sample AR−06−27. IRScNB n° b5096. L. Broken valve showing the stack of moults. Sample AR−06−26. IRScNB n° b5097. M. Carapace in dorsal view. Sample AR−06−27. IRScNB n° b5098. N. Cryptophyllus sp. A. Valve in lateral (N) and dorsal 1 (N) views. Sample AR−06−23. IRScNB n° b5099. Scale bars 200 µm.

Fig. 4 in Early Frasnian ostracods from the Arche quarry (Dinant Synclinorium, Belgium) and the Palmatolepis punctata Isotopic Event

Fig. 4. Early Frasnian ostracods from the access path to the Arche quarry, Dinant Synclinorium, Belgium. A. Jenningsina lethiersi Becker, 1971. Poorly preserved carapace in right lateral view. Sample AR−06−26. IRScNB n° b5071. B. Favulella lecomptei Becker, 1971. Carapace in right (B1) and dorsal (B2) views. Sample AR−06−26. IRScNB n° b5072. C. Bairdiocypris sp. 5 sensu Magne (1964). Poorly preserved carapace in right (C) and ventral (C) views. Sample 1 2 AR−06−17. IRScNB n° b5073. D, E. Bairdiocypris sp. C. D. Broken carapace in right lateral view. Sample AR−06−26. IRScNB n° b5074. E. Broken carapace in dorsal view. Sample AR−06−26. IRScNB n° b5075. F–J. Microcheilinella archensis sp. nov. F. Carapace in right lateral (F) and dorsal (F) views. Sample 1 2 AR−06−26. IRScNB n° b5076. G. Holotype. Carapace in right lateral view. Sample AR−06−27. IRScNB n° b5077. H. Carapace in right lateral view. Sample AR−06−28. IRScNB n° b5078. I. Ventral view of a carapace. Sample AR−06−27. IRScNB n° b5079. J. Anterior (J) and posterior (J) views of a carapace. Sam1 2 ple AR−06−28. IRScNB n° b5080. K. Healdianella? sp. B in Becker (1971). Carapace in right (K) and dorsal (K) views. Sample AR−06−28. IRScNB n° b5081. 1 2 L. Bairdia (Rectobairdia) paffrathensis Kummerow, 1953. Poorly preserved carapace in right lateral view. Sample AR−06−23. IRScNB n° b5082. M–O. Bairdia (Rectobairdia) chalonensis sp. nov. M. Holotype. Carapace in right lateral (M) and dorsal (M) views. Sample AR−06−23. IRScNB n° b5083. N. Carapace in 1 2 right lateral view. Sample AR−06−26. IRScNB n° b5084. O. Carapace in right lateral view. Sample AR−06−26. IRScNB n° b5085. Scale bars 200 µm.

Fig. 3 in Early Frasnian ostracods from the Arche quarry (Dinant Synclinorium, Belgium) and the Palmatolepis punctata Isotopic Event

Fig. 3. Early Frasnian ostracods from the access path to the Arche quarry, Dinant Synclinorium, Belgium. A, B. Refrathella incompta Becker, 1971. A. Carapace in right (A) and dorsal (A) views. Sample AR−06−28. IRScNB n° b5055. B. Left valve. Sample AR−06−26. IRScNB n° b5056. C–E. Uchtovia 1 2 materni Becker, 1971. C. Heteromorph carapace in left lateral view. Sample AR−06−26. IRScNB n° b5057. D. Heteromorph carapace in dorsal view. Sample AR−06−28. IRScNB n° b5058. E. Tecnomorph carapace in dorsal view. Sample AR−06−28. IRScNB n° b5059. F, G. Hypotetragona tremula Becker, 1971. F. Heteromorph carapace in left lateral view. Sample AR−06−23. IRScNB n° b5060. G. Tecnomorph carapace in dorsal view. Sample AR−06−28. IRScNB n° b5061. H–J. Scobicula gracilis sp. nov. H. Holotype. Carapace in left lateral (H) and dorsal (H) views. Sample AR−06−20. IRScNB n° b5062. 1 2 I. Carapace in left lateral view. Sample NI−07−136 from the Sourd d'Ave Member in the Nismes section. IRScNB n° b5063. J. Carapace in left lateral view. Sample NI−07−12 from the Chalon Member in the Nismes section. IRScNB n° b5064. K. Cavellina? sp. A. Carapace in left (K) and dorsal (K) views. Sam1 2 ple AR−06−26. IRScNB n° b5065. L–N. Plagionephrodes laqueus praelaqueus ssp. nov. L. Holotype. Carapace in right lateral (L) and dorsal (L) views. 1 2 Sample AR−06−27. IRScNB n° b5066. M. Internal view of right valve. Sample AR−06−17. IRScNB n° b5068. N. Internal view of left valve. Sample AR−06−18. IRScNB n° b5069. O. Plagionephrodes ineptus Becker, 1971. Carapace in right (O) and dorsal (O) views. Sample AR−06−28. IRScNB n° 1 2 b5070. Scale bar 200 µm.

Fig. 1 in Early Frasnian ostracods from the Arche quarry (Dinant Synclinorium, Belgium) and the Palmatolepis punctata Isotopic Event

Fig. 1. Locality map of the Arche quarry, the Lion quarry and the Frasnes railway section; the access path to the Arche quarry indicated by arrow.

Fig. 2 in Early Frasnian ostracods from the Arche quarry (Dinant Synclinorium, Belgium) and the Palmatolepis punctata Isotopic Event

Fig. 2. Lithologic sections of the Chalon Member and of the extreme base of the Arche Member exposed on the north−eastern side and on the south−eastern side of the access path to the Arche quarry.

Fig. 52 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 52. Accumulations of goniatite conchs and other fossils in the latest Frasnian strata of the Holy Cross Mountais. A. Conchs of Archoceras varicosum (Drevermann, 1901) in a piece of the Upper Kellwasserkalk from Płucki (Pł−391). B. Conchs of Aulatornoceras belgicum (Matern, 1931) in association with Linguatornoceras sp. from the same bed. C. Acid etched sample Ko−142 from Kowala with similar but more homogenized association.

Fig. 43 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 43. Variability of P1 (sp) elements of the latest Frasnian palmatolepidids. Scattergrams show ontogenetic changes of the angle between the dorsal process and the posterior lobe of the platform in sample Pł−391 from the Upper Kellwasserkalk at Płucki (Fig. 42) overdominated by Lagovilepis bogartensis (with rare Manticolepis winchelli documented with its M elements), associated Klapperilepis triangularis and sample Wtr−18 from Wietrznia where only M elements of Manticolepis (probably a relic population of M. gigas) have been found (Fig. 38A–H). The Pł−391 population variability is separately shown for adult elements (longer than 1 mm) with contours of extreme and modal morphologies added. Note that there is no apparent difference in the course of ontogeny and morphologic variability of platform shape between L. bogartensis and M. winchelli or M. gigas (despite fundamental differences in the apparatus organisation) whereas K. triangularis is different in all these respects (plus the dorsal process bending).

Fig. 41 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 41. Palmatolepidid Lagovilepis bogartensis (Stauffer, 1938). A–J. Early population from the lower cephalopod limestone at Płucki, sample Pł−22; P1 (sp) elements ZPAL CXVI/656, 665, 1209, 657, 655, 1208 (A–F), P2 (oz) element ZPAL CXVI/658 (G), S0 (tr) element ZPAL CXVI/667 (H), S1 (lo) element ZPAL CXVI/668 (I), and M (ne) element ZPAL CXVI/663 (J). K–O. Late population from Kowala, samples Ko−149 (K, L, O) and Ko−151 (M, N); P1 (sp) elements ZPAL CXVI/491 and 492 (K, L), S3–4 (ke−hi) element ZPAL CXVI/1204 (M), and M (ne) elements ZPAL CXVI/1205 and 501 (N, O).

Fig. 37 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 37. Palmatolepidid Manticolepis gigas (Miller and Youngquist, 1947) from the midFrasnian of Wietrznia II quarry, sample Wtr−5; P1 (sp) elements ZPAL CXVI/752, 753, 754, 751, and 750 (A–E), S1 (lo) element ZPAL CXVI/758 (F), S0 (tr) elements ZPAL CXVI/761 and 760 (G, H), P2 (oz) element ZPAL CXVI/755 and 762 (I, L), S3–4 (ke−hi) element ZPAL CXVI/759 (J), S2 (pl) element ZPAL CXVI/757 (K), and M (ne) element ZPAL CXVI/756 (M).

Fig. 27 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 27. Late Ancyrodella from the late Frasnian of Płucki. A–F, K. Ancyrodella lobata Branson and Mehl, 1934 from the lower cephalopod limestone, sample Pł−22, P1 (sp) elements ZPAL CXVI/627, 625, 626, 624, 630, and 629 (A–F), and P2 (oz) element ZPAL CXVI/632 (K). G–J, L, M. Ancyrodella curvata Branson and Mehl, 1934 from the Upper Kellwasserkalk, sample Pł−391, P1 elements ZPAL CXVI/483, 1184, 484, 490, 632, 489, and 487 (G–I), M (ne) element ZPAL CXVI/490 (J), S3–4 (ke−hi) element ZPAL CXVI/489 (L), and S2 (pl) element ZPAL CXVI/487 (M). Magnifications shown by the bar scale in the upper left corner, except for G, J, L, M, and H with their own scales.

Fig. 33 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 33. Palmatolepidids from the mid−Frasnian of Wietrznia. A–H. Kielcelepis ljashenkoae (Ovnatanova, 1976) from Wietrznia, sample Wtr−15; P1 (sp) elements ZPAL CXVI/1108 and 1120 (A, B), P2 (oz) element ZPAL CXVI/1109 (C), S0 (tr) element ZPAL CXVI/1122 (D), S1 (lo) element ZPAL CXVI /1110 (F), S2 (pl) elements ZPAL CXVI/1123 and 1102 (E–G), and S3–4 (ke−hi) element ZPAL CXVI/1124 (N). I–S. Kielcelepis hassi (Müller and Müller, 1957) from sample Wtr−16 (M, O, S) and Wtr−30 (I–L, N, P–R); S0 element ZPAL CXVI/ 1125 (M), P1 (sp) elements ZPAL CXVI/ 1130, 1128, 1127, and 1129 (I–L), M (ne) element ZPAL CXVI/1133 (N), S3–4 elements ZPAL CXVI/1126 and 1132 (O, Q), and P2 elements ZPAL CXVI/1135, 1131, and 1103 (P, R, S).

Fig. 26 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 26. Variability and species distinctions of P1 (sp) elements in early Ancyrodella. Scattergrams of density of tuberculation quantified as a ratio of approximated platform area (platform length PL multiplied by its width W) to the number of denticles (except those of carina) and approximated area of the smooth surface on the ventral end of the platform (length of this area S multiplied by its lateral extend E) against element length which serves as an approximation of ontogenetic stage. Three successive samples from Wietrznia are represented by pairs of these scattergrams. That of sample Wtr−7 is A. rotundiloba (Bryant, 1921), sample Wtr−9 represents A. alata (Glenister and Klapper, 1966), and sample Wtr−13 A. rugosa Branson and Mehl, 1934.

Fig. 49 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 49. Succession of palmatolepidid species in sections of the Frasnian and earliest Famennian representing probably relatively deeper (Płucki, Włochy) and shallower (Wietrznia) areas in the Holy Cross Mountains. Approximate percent contribution to samples shown by horizontal bars; provisional Ancyrodella−based zonation used to correlate sections (each lower zonal boundary defined on the evolutionary origin of its nominal species – they remain to be documented biometrically). Note that Klapperilepis triangularis and Conditolepis? linguiformis first appear in offshore areas and then expand to shallower environments. Also Lagovilepis bogartensis may be an open−sea species. Only K. praetriangularis survives the Frasnian–Famennian boundary event, probably being a relatively cold−water species. The record is too incomplete and punctuated to allow precise evolutionary studies but a general pattern of the evolution is shown with diagrammatic presentation of apparatuses.

Fig. 15 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 15. Playfordia primitiva (Bischoff and Ziegler, 1957) from the early Frasnian of Wietrznia Iquarry, sample Wtr−9; elements ZPAL CXVI/1061 (A), 1062 (B), and 1060 (C).

Fig. 11 in Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 11. The prioniodinid Pluckidina slupiensis sp. nov. from the early Frasnian of Włochy (sample Wł−R/A1) in the Holy Cross Mountains, P1 (sp) elements ZPAL CXVI/871 and 874 (A, B), P2 (oz) elements ZPAL CXVI/875 and 872 (C, D), S1 (lo) elements ZPAL CXVI/879 and 876 (E, F), S4 (hi) element ZPAL CXVI/880 (G), S2 (pl) elements ZPAL CXVI/877 and 878 (H, I; H holotype), S0 (tr) element ZPAL CXVI/873 (J), and M (ne) element ZPAL CXVI/881 (K).