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47 results for “Harbour Porpoise”
Dataset accompanying: Directional biosonar beams allow echolocating harbour porpoises to actively discriminate and intercept closely-spaced targets
<p>These datasets accompany the manuscript "Directional biosonar beams allow echolocating harbour porpoises to actively discriminate and intercept closely-spaced targets". Three XLSX spreadsheets contain data for trial-specific variables (Dataset A, n=120, used for trial duration, discrimination success, number of scans, buzz duration, range to target at buzz onset, range to target at discrimination), on-axis click candidates (Dataset B, n=1810, used for delta T, delta EL), and true on-axis clicks (Dataset C, n=906, used for SL and bearing calculations). Units of each variable are denoted in the column headers. Details on data collection, curation, and analysis can be found in the Malinka<em> et al</em>. publication ([insert link to DOI once available]).</p> <p>For comments/questions, please contact chloe.e.malinka [at] bio.au.dk</p>
Harbour porpoise hydrophone array data recorded on a gill net
<p><span>Entanglement in net fisheries (static and drift) is the largest known cause of direct anthropogenic mortality to many small cetacean species, including harbour porpoise (<em>Phocoena phocoena</em>), in UK waters. Despite this, little is known about the behaviour of small cetaceans in proximity to nets. </span></p> <p>We have developed a passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) system for tracking the fine scale three-dimensional (3D) movements of echolocating cetaceans around actively fishing nets by localising their acoustic clicks. The system consists of two compact four-channel acoustic recorders with sample-synchronised sensor packages that use 3D motion tracking technology to accurately log orientation, depth, water temperature and ambient light level. Two recorders were used in tandem, with each one attached to and floating above the net float-line. The system can be deployed during normal fishing operations by a trained researcher or experienced fisheries observer. Recordings were analysed in PAMGuard software and the 3D positions of echolocating animals in the vicinity of the system were calculated using an acoustic particle filter-based localisation method.</p> <p>We present findings from four deployments in UK waters (each 1-2 days in duration) in which 12 distinct harbour porpoise encounters yielded a sufficient number of detected clicks to track their movements around the net. The tracks show a variety of behaviours, including multiple instances of animals actively foraging in close proximity to the fishing net.</p> <p><span>We show that a relatively inexpensive PAM system, which is practical to deploy from active fishing vessels, is capable of providing highly detailed data on harbour porpoise behaviour around nets. As harbour porpoises are the one of the most difficult species to localise, this methodology is likely to be suitable for elucidating the behaviour of many other toothed whale species in a variety of situations.</span></p>
Genotype likelihood (beagle file) and genotype (vcf) files of North Atlantic and Black Sea Harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena)
<p><span>The Harbour porpoise (<em>Phocoena phocoena</em>) is a highly mobile cetacean species primarily occurring in coastal and shelf waters across the Northern hemisphere. It inhabits heterogeneous seascapes broadly varying in salinity and temperature. Here we produced 74 whole genomes at intermediate coverage to study Harbour porpoise's evolutionary history and investigate the role of local adaptation in the diversification into subspecies and populations. We identified ~6 million high-quality SNPs sampled at 8 localities across the North Atlantic </span><span>and adjacent waters</span><span>, which we used for population structure, demographic, and genotype-environment association analyses. Our results suggest a genetic differentiation between three subspecies (<em>P.p. relicta</em>, <em>P.p. phocoena,</em> and the recently proposed <em>P.p meridionalis</em>), and three distinct populations within the subspecies <em>P.p. phocoena</em>: Atlantic, Belt Sea, and Proper Baltic Sea. Effective population size and Tajima's D levels suggest a population contraction in Black Sea and Iberian porpoises, but a population expansion in the <em>P.p. phocoena</em> populations</span><span>. </span><span>Phylogenetic trees</span> <span>indicate a post-glacial colonization from a southern refugium. </span><span>Genotype-environment association analysis identified salinity as a major driver in genomic variation and we identified candidate genes putatively underlying adaptation to different salinity levels. </span><span>Our study highlights the value of whole genome resequencing to unravel subtle population structure in highly mobile species, shows how strong environmental gradients and local adaptation may lead to population differentiation and how neutral and adaptive markers give different perspectives on population subdivision. </span><span>The results have great conservation implications as we found inbreeding and low genetic diversity in the endangered Black Sea subspecies and identified the critically endangered Proper Baltic Sea porpoises as a separate population.</span></p>
Genotype likelihood (beagle file) and genotype (vcf) files of North Atlantic and Black Sea Harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena)
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Harbour porpoises are flexible predators displaying context dependent foraging behaviours
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Auditory impairment from acoustic seal deterrents predicted for harbour porpoises in a marine protected area
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Data from: Harbour porpoises respond to small boats by speeding up and moving away
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Harbour porpoise hydrophone array data recorded on a gill net
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Data from: Phenotypic and genetic divergence among harbour porpoise populations associated with habitat regions in the North Sea and adjacent seas.
Determining the mechanisms that generate population structure is essential to the understanding of speciation and the evolution of biodiversity. Here, we investigate a geographic range that transects two habitat gradients, the North Sea to North Atlantic transition, and the temperate to sub-polar regions. We studied the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), a small odontocete inhabiting both sub-polar and temperate waters. To assess differentiation among putative populations we measured morphological variation at cranial traits (N=462 individuals) and variation at eight microsatellite loci for 338 of the same individuals from Norwegian, British and Danish waters. Significant morphological differentiation reflected the size of the buccal cavity. Porpoises forage in relatively shallow waters preying mainly on benthic species in British and Danish waters, and on mesopelagic and pelagic fish off the coast of Norway. We suggest that the observed differentiation may be explained by resource specialization and either adaptation or developmental responses to different local habitats.
Data from: Short-term disturbance by a commercial two-dimensional seismic survey does not lead to long-term displacement of harbour porpoises
Assessments of the impact of offshore energy developments are constrained because it is not known whether fine-scale behavioral responses to noise lead to broader-scale displacement of protected small cetaceans. We used passive acoustic monitoring and digital aerial surveys to study changes in the occurrence of harbour porpoises across a 2000 km2 study area during a commercial 2-D seismic survey in the North Sea. Acoustic and visual data provided evidence of group responses to air-gun noise from the 470 cu inch array over ranges of 5-10 km, at received peak-to-peak sound pressure levels of 165-172 dB re 1 µPa and sound exposure levels of 145-151 dB re. 1µPa2 s. However, animals were typically detected again at affected sites within a few hours, and the level of response declined through the 10 day survey. Overall, acoustic detections decreased significantly during the survey period in the impact area compared to a control area, but this effect was small in relation to natural variation. These results demonstrate that prolonged seismic survey noise did not lead to broader-scale displacement into sub-optimal or higher-risk habitats, and suggest that impact assessments should focus on sub-lethal effects resulting from changes in foraging performance of animals within affected sites.
Data from: Fine-scale movement responses of free-ranging harbour porpoises to capture, tagging, and short-term noise pulses from a single airgun
Knowledge about the impact of anthropogenic disturbances on the behavioural responses of cetaceans is constrained by lack of data on fine-scale movements of individuals. We equipped five free-ranging harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) with high-resolution location and dive loggers and exposed them to a single 10 in3 underwater airgun producing high-intensity noise pulses (2−3 second intervals) for one minute. All five porpoises responded to capture and tagging with longer, faster and more directed movements as well as with shorter, shallower, less wiggly dives immediately after release, with natural behaviour resumed in ≤24 hours. When we exposed porpoises to airgun pulses at ranges of 420−690 m with noise level estimates of 135−147 dB re 1µPa2s (SEL), one individual displayed rapid and directed movements away from the exposure site and two individuals used shorter and shallower dives compared to natural behaviour immediately after exposure. Noise-induced movement typically lasted for ≤8 hours with an additional 24-hour recovery period until natural behaviour was resumed. The remaining individuals did not show any quantifiable responses to the noise exposure. Changes in natural behaviour following anthropogenic disturbances may reduce feeding opportunities and evaluating potential population-level consequences should be a priority research area.
Data from: Echolocation detections and digital video surveys provide reliable estimates of the relative density of harbour porpoises
1. Robust estimates of the density or abundance of cetaceans are required to support a wide range of ecological studies and inform management decisions. Considerable effort has been put into the development of line-transect sampling techniques to obtain estimates of absolute density from aerial and boat-based visual surveys. Surveys of cetaceans using acoustic loggers or digital cameras provide alternative methods to estimate relative density that have the potential to reduce cost and provide a verifiable record of all detections. However the ability of these methods to provide reliable estimates of relative density has yet to be established. 2. These methodologies were compared by conducting aerial visual line-transect surveys (n=10 days) and digital video strip-transect surveys (n=4 days) in the Moray Firth, Scotland. Simultaneous acoustic data were collected from moored echolocation detectors (C-PODs) at 58 locations across the study site. Density surface modelling (DSM) of visual survey data was used to estimate spatial variation in relative harbour porpoise density on a 4x4 km grid. DSM was also performed on the digital survey data, and the resulting model output compared to that from visual survey data. Estimates of relative density from visual surveys around acoustic monitoring sites were compared with several metrics previously used to characterise variation in acoustic detections of echolocation clicks. 3. There was a strong correlation between estimates of relative density from visual surveys and digital video surveys (Spearman's ρ=0.85). A correction to account for animals missed on the transect line (previously calculated for visual aerial surveys of harbour porpoise in the North Sea (Hammond et al. 2013)) was used to convert relative density from the visual surveys to absolute density. This allowed calculation of the first estimate of a proxy for detection probability in digital video surveys, suggesting that 61% (CV=0.53) of harbour porpoises were detected. There was also a strong correlation between acoustic detections and density with a Spearman's ρ=0.73 for detection positive hours. 4. These results provide confidence in the emerging use of digital video and acoustic surveys for studying the density of small cetaceans and their responses to environmental and anthropogenic change.
Data from: Variation in harbour porpoise activity in response to seismic survey noise
Animals exposed to anthropogenic disturbance make trade-offs between perceived risk and the cost of leaving disturbed areas. Impact assessments tend to focus on overt behavioural responses leading to displacement, but trade-offs may also impact individual energy budgets through reduced foraging performance. Previous studies found no evidence for broad-scale displacement of harbour porpoises exposed to impulse noise from a 10 day two-dimensional seismic survey. Here, we used an array of passive acoustic loggers coupled with calibrated noise measurements to test whether the seismic survey influenced the activity patterns of porpoises remaining in the area. We showed that the probability of recording a buzz declined by 15% in the ensonified area and was positively related to distance from the source vessel. We also estimated received levels at the hydrophones and characterized the noise response curve. Our results demonstrate how environmental impact assessments can be developed to assess more subtle effects of noise disturbance on activity patterns and foraging efficiency.
Micro-scale spatial preference and temporal cyclicity linked to foraging in harbour porpoises
<p><span>Habitat heterogeneity is a crucial driver for species distribution across scales</span><span>. Harbour porpoise <em>Phocoena phocoena</em> basin-wide distribution is linked to prey availability, and small-scale (kilometres to tens of kilometres) differences in distribution are prevalent. However, information on porpoise distribution and foraging-behaviour variations on a micro-scale (hundred meters to kilometres) is limited. To monitor harbour porpoise distribution and foraging activity on a micro-scale we deployed passive acoustic dataloggers, logging porpoise acoustic activity at six sites in a small, high porpoise-density area in southern Sweden. Data were collected for almost a year, giving detailed time series on porpoise activity. The time series were analysed using dynamic time warping to compare activity patterns between sites.</span><span> La</span><span>rge </span><span>differences were found between sites separated by only a few hundred meters, indicating micro-scale spatial preference. Spectral analysis for temporal cyclicity in activity revealed a dominant peak for 24-hour cycles with higher activity during the night for all sites. All sites also had a second peak for 29.5 days, linked to the lunar cycle with higher activity during the full moon. Activity was overall highest during autumn and winter (September–December). Spatial and temporal patterns were linked to foraging, showing a positive correlation between porpoise presence and the percent of time present with detected foraging. The study demonstrates that harbour porpoise spatial distribution on a micro-scale should be considered in e.g. behavioural, management, and conservation studies and actions. In addition, we show that </span><span>time series statistical methodology, such as dynamic time warping and spectral analysis, are informative and appropriate for analysis of acoustic temporal data. </span></p>
Data from: Variation in harbour porpoise activity in response to seismic survey noise
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Data from: Year-round spatiotemporal distribution of harbour porpoises within and around the Maryland wind energy area
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Data from: Fine-scale movement responses of free-ranging harbour porpoises to capture, tagging, and short-term noise pulses from a single airgun
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Data from: Harbour porpoise responses to pile-driving diminish over time
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Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) reaction to a 3D seismic airgun survey in the North Sea
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Micro-scale spatial preference and temporal cyclicity linked to foraging in harbour porpoises
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