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70 results for “Individual growth”
Figure 1 in Estimation of individual growth of the violet oyster Chama coralloides Reeve, 1846 (Bivalvia: Venerida) using Schnute model cases
Figure 1. Monthly frequency of length of C. coralloides in Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico.
Data: Large old trees increase growth under shifting climatic constraints: Aligning tree longevity and individual growth dynamics in primary mountain spruce forests
<p>In a world of accelerating changes in environmental conditions driving tree growth, tradeoffs between tree growth rate and longevity could curtail the abundance of large, old trees (LOTs), with potentially dire consequences for biodiversity and carbon storage. However, the influence of tree-level tradeoffs on forest structure at landscape scales will also depend on disturbances, which shape tree size and age distribution, and on whether LOTs can benefit from improved growing conditions due to climate warming.</p> <p>We analyzed temporal and spatial variation in radial growth patterns from ~5000 Norway spruce (<em>Picea abies </em>(L.) H. Karst) live and dead trees from the Western Carpathian primary spruce forest stands. We applied mixed-linear modeling to quantify the importance of LOT growth histories and stand dynamics (i.e. competition and disturbance factors) on lifespan. Finally, we assessed regional synchronization in radial growth variability over the 20<sup>th</sup> century, and modelled the effects of stand dynamics and climate on LOTs recent growth trends.</p> <p>Tree age varied considerably among forest stands, implying an important role of disturbance as an age constraint. Slow juvenile growth and longer period of suppressed growth prolonged tree lifespan, while increasing disturbance severity and shorter time since last disturbance decreased it. The highest age was not achieved only by trees with continuous slow growth, but those with slow juvenile growth followed by subsequent growth releases. Growth trend analysis demonstrated an increase in absolute growth rates in response to climate warming, with late summer temperatures driving the recent growth trend. Contrary to our expectation that LOTs would eventually exhibit declining growth rates, the oldest LOTs (>400 years) continuously increase growth throughout their lives, indicating a high phenotypic plasticity of LOTs for increasing biomass, and a strong carbon sink role of primary spruce forests under rising temperatures, intensifying droughts, and increasing bark beetle outbreaks.</p>
Data from: Mitochondrial function declines with age within individuals but is not linked to the pattern of growth or mortality risk in zebra finch
<p>Mitochondrial dysfunction is considered a highly conserved hallmark of ageing. However, most studies in both model and non-model organisms are cross-sectional in design; therefore, little is known, at the individual level, on how mitochondrial function changes with age, its link to early developmental conditions or its relationship with survival. Here we manipulated the postnatal growth in zebra finches (<em>Taeniopygia guttata</em>) via dietary modification that induced accelerated growth without changing adult body size. In the same individuals, we examined blood cells mitochondrial functioning (mainly erythrocytes) when they were young (ca 36 weeks) and again in mid-aged (ca 91 weeks) adulthood. Mitochondrial function was strongly influenced by age but not by postnatal growth conditions. Across all groups, within individual <em>ROUTINE</em> respiration, <em>OXPHOS</em> and <em>OXPHOS</em> coupling efficiency significantly declined with age, while <em>LEAK</em> respiration increased. However, we found no link between mitochondrial function and the probability of survival into relatively old age (ca 4 years). Our results suggests that the association between accelerated growth and reduced longevity, evident in this as in other species, is not attributable to age-related changes in any of the measured mitochondrial function traits.</p>
Individual growth of the Flathead Knobscaled Lizard, Xenosaurus platyceps, from tropical and temperate populations
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Data from: Individual-level trait variation and negative density dependence affects growth in tropical tree seedlings
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Microfluidic monitoring of the growth of individual hyphae in confined environments
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Algal growth, bumblebee colony and individual development, bee behavior and yield of oilseed rape under a trophic cascade and extreme weather
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Data from: Mitochondrial function declines with age within individuals but is not linked to the pattern of growth or mortality risk in zebra finch
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Wildfire influences individual growth and breeding dispersal, but not survival and recruitment in a montane amphibian
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Data: Large old trees increase growth under shifting climatic constraints: Aligning tree longevity and individual growth dynamics in primary mountain spruce forests
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University of Kansas Field Station: Cumulative field records of snake species collected by Dr. Henry S. Fitch 1948 - 2003, with a few additional records collected 2004 - 2016. Records contain capture locations, measurements, notes on reproduction, recapture, and growth data. This data package contains individual files for 14 species.
Dr. Henry S. Fitch began his pioneering research on the snake fauna of the Fitch Natural History Reservation and adjacent University of Kansas Field Station in 1948. Fitch remained an active researcher until the early 2000s. For nearly six decades he conducted extensive field work on snakes using capture/recapture techniques, and compiled other biological data as well (e.g., all snakes captured were weighed, measured, and marked with incomplete data collected on reproduction, stomach contents, and recaptures). This research resulted in scores of scientific publications on the ecology of the snakes. Henry S. Fitch died in 2009 and left as a legacy hand-written data sheets with approximately 60,000 capture records. George R. Pisani, a biologist at the University of Kansas and later at the Kansas Biological Survey, collaborated with Fitch on some ecological studies. Beginning about 2005, Pisani began the many-year process of converting the thousands of Fitch’s records of snake captures into an electronic database. This work was funded in part by the Kansas Dept. of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism Chickadee Checkoff Program.
Are leaf, stem and hydraulic traits good predictors of individual tree growth? (FUN2FUN project)
<ol> <li>A major foundation of trait-based ecology is that traits have an impact on individual performance. However, trait-growth relationships have not been extensively tested in trees, especially outside tropical ecosystems. In addition, measuring traits directly related to physiological processes ('hard traits') remains difficult and the differences between inter- and intraspecific relationships are seldom explored.</li> <li> <span>Here, we use individual-level data on a set of hydraulic, leaf and stem traits to explore which traits are the best predictors of basal area increment (BAI) and growth efficiency (BAI per unit of tree leaf area, GE) among and within species for six dominant tree species along a water availability gradient under Mediterranean climate (Catalonia, NE Spain). Measured traits include: </span>leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf nitrogen concentration (N), leaf C isotopic composition (d<sup>13</sup>C), stem wood density (WD), branch-level estimates of the Huber value (Hv), the sapwood-specific hydraulic conductivity (K<sub>S</sub>), the leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity (K<sub>L</sub>) and resistance to xylem embolism (P<sub>50</sub>), and the leaf water potential at turgor loss (P<sub>tlp</sub>).</li> <li>Traits were better predictors of GE than BAI and significant relationships were largely driven by differences among species means. Contrary to our initial hypotheses, high values of both growth metrics<span> were associated with 'conservative' leaf and hydraulic traits. In particular, BAI was negatively associated with wood density and hydraulic efficiency per unit leaf area (</span>K<sub>L</sub><span>), while GE increased with LMA, allocation to sapwood relative to leaves (Hv) and resistance to xylem embolism </span>(P<sub>50</sub>)<span>. </span>Climate effects on BAI and GE were indirectly mediated by changes in traits, stand structure and tree size. Overall, these results suggest that maintaining functionality over extended periods of time may be more important that maximum gas exchange or hydraulic capacity to achieve high radial growth under Mediterranean climates.</li> <li>Our study reveals that the relationships between 'functional' traits and tree performance along environmental gradients are complex and do not necessarily conform to simple hypotheses based on our understanding of organ-level processes. Trait integration along common axes of variation together with a revaluation of the variables that better reflect whole-tree performance can greatly improve our understanding of trait-growth relationships.</li> </ol>
Data from: A statistical framework to explore ontogenetic growth variation among individuals and populations: a marine fish example
Growth is a fundamental biological process, driven by a multitude of intrinsic (within-individual) and extrinsic (environmental) factors, that underpins individual fitness and population demographics. Focussing on the comprehensive information stored in aquatic and terrestrial organism hard parts, we develop a series of increasingly complex hierarchical models to explore spatial and temporal sources of growth variation, ranging in resolution from within individuals to across a species. We apply this modelling framework to an extensive data set of otolith increment measurements from tiger flathead (Platycephalus richardsoni), a demersal commercially exploited fish that inhabits the warming waters of south-east Australia. We recreated growth histories (biochronology) up to four decades in length from seven fishing areas spanning this species' range. The dominant pattern in annual growth was an age-dependent, allometric decline that varied amongst individuals, sexes, fishing areas, years and cohorts. We found evidence for among-area differences in growth rate selectivity whereby younger fish at capture were generally faster growers. Temporal growth variation was partitioned into two main sources: extrinsic year-to-year annual fluctuations in environmental conditions and persistent cohort-specific growth differences, reflecting density dependence and/or juvenile experience. Despite low levels of among-individual growth synchrony within areas, we detected a regionally coherent signal of increasing average growth rate through time, a trend related to oceanic warming. At the southerly (poleward) range limit, growth was only weakly related to temperature, but further north in warmer waters this relationship strengthened until at the species' equatorward range limit, growth declined with increasing temperatures. We partitioned these species-wide and area-specific phenotypic responses into within and among-individual components using a reaction norm approach. Individual tiger flathead likely possess sufficient growth plasticity to successfully adapt to warming waters across much of their range, but increased future warming in the north will continue to depress growth, affecting individual fitness and even population persistence. Our modelling framework is directly applicable to other long-term, individual-based, data sets such as those derived from tree rings, corals, and tag-recapture studies, and provides an unprecedented level of resolution into the drivers of growth variation and the ecological and evolutionary implications of environmental and climatic change.
Data from: From the individual to the landscape and back: Time-varying effects of climate and herbivory on tree sapling growth at distribution limits
1. As herbivory can modulate climate-induced shifts in species distribution, disentangling the relative importance of herbivory and climate on plant growth can help to predict and manage future changes in vegetation, such as those occurring at treeline areas. 2. An individual-based hierarchical Bayesian time-series model (Individual-Based Model; IBM) was developed to estimate the time-varying impact of climate and herbivory on individual pine-sapling height growth in woodland and treeline ecosystems of Southern Europe during a 16-year period. The performance of the IBM was compared to a Linear Mixed-Effects (LME) model to test for potential inferential effects when individual variability is marginalized. Time-varying models were also compared to constant parameter approaches. 3. Model fitting and posterior predictive checking suggests a better statistical performance of individual-scale, time-varying inference. LME modeling overestimated herbivory effects and underestimated environmental stochastic effects, and model validation indeed suggested severe overfitting in the LME model relative to the IBM strategy. These results reveal a potential failure of common aggregation strategies to correctly resolve the effects of climate and herbivory variability at the individual scale. Moreover, ignoring the time-varying nature of the effects may preclude the correct estimation of the temporal scale of climate and herbivory impacts. 4. In general, we found stronger individual- and time-averaged effects of summer precipitation relative to the effects of herbivory, particularly at the treelines. Also, individual pines responses showed effects of the same sign more consistently in the case of precipitation. This suggests that precipitation is more pervasive at the population level, while herbivory act as a spatially aggregating force through individual-level damage. 5. Synthesis. Our results suggest that accounting for individual and temporal variability in ecological inference greatly improve the assessment of the relative importance of climate and herbivory on species distribution shifts. Strong effects of precipitation at the treeline could allow tree upward expansion, although increasing ungulate populations and associated browsing damages might limit positive climatic responses of pine-saplings in the near future. In this context, the spatially heterogeneous effect exerted by herbivory could result in diverse vegetation structures in ecotones, adding a new dimension to the predictions on climate-driven vegetation shifts.
Data from: Individual growth as a non-dietary determinant of the isotopic niche metrics
1. Quantitative analytical approaches for isotopic niche analysis in the trophic diversity studies are proliferating rapidly; however, the assumptions behind the isotopic niche applications are rarely tested. One of the main assumptions is independence of the niche metrics and physiological status of the animals. The aim of this experimental study was to test the relationship between growth and Layman's metrics of isotopic niche in consumers eating the same food but in different quantities and growing at different rates. 2. Based on research indicating that individual variability in isotopic fractionation increases under suboptimal conditions, I hypothesized that a group of consumers originating from the same population and exposed to food limitation would have greater estimates of the niche breadth and diversity as a result of higher inter-individual variability in growth rate and stable isotope signatures than in non-limiting feeding conditions. This hypothesis was tested using Baltic mysids Neomysis integer fed isotopically uniform diet under laboratory conditions and analyzing individual growth and stable isotope signature in concert. 3. As hypothesized, mysid growth rate was a significant negative predictor of most niche metrics. These effects were related to both increased inter-individual variability and higher trophic fractionation in malnourished animals, whereas in actively growing mysids lower fractionation was observed together with lower values for niche size, isotopic range and trophic diversity. 4. These findings challenge how we interpret the intrapopulation isotopic variance and evaluate isotopic evidence of individual specialization and call for integrated approaches for isotopic niche and growth assessment.
Data from: Temperature- and latitude-specific individual growth rates shape the vulnerability of damselfly larvae to a widespread pesticide
1. Freshwater ecosystems are especially vulnerable to climate change and pollution. One key challenge for aquatic toxicology is to determine and manage the combined effects of temperature increase and contaminants across species' ranges. 2. We tested how thermal adaptation and life-history evolution along a natural temperature gradient influence the vulnerability of an aquatic insect to a pesticide under global warming. We applied a space-for-time substitution approach to study the effect of warming on the vulnerability of Ischnura elegans damselfly larvae to the pesticide chlorpyrifos in a common garden warming experiment (20 and 24 °C) with replicated populations from three latitudes spanning >1500 km in Europe. 3. Chlorpyrifos was more toxic to damselfly larvae at the higher temperature: mortality only occurred at 24 °C and the reductions in growth rate were stronger at 24 °C. This could partly be explained by parallel reductions in food intake but not by the activities of two widespread enzymatic biomarkers, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). 4. There was some evidence that the increased toxicity of the high chlorpyrifos concentration at 24 °C was stronger in terms of growth reduction in the faster-growing larvae from the low-latitude populations. This is consistent with energy allocation trade-offs between growth rate and pesticide tolerance, but suggests that local thermal adaptation does not play a role in coping with pesticide stress. 5. Synthesis and applications. Damselfly larvae from populations in lower latitudes were more vulnerable to a common pesticide at higher temperatures and pesticide concentrations, whereas evidence for the influence of local thermal adaptation on the vulnerability of larvae was weak. These results emphasize the need for spatially explicit bioassessment and conservation tools. Management practices aimed at mitigating pesticide run-off into aquatic ecosystems are particularly important in agricultural areas at low latitudes.
Data from: Size matters: individual variation in ectotherm growth and asymptotic size
Body size, and, by extension, growth has impacts on physiology, survival, attainment of sexual maturity, fecundity, generation time, and population dynamics, especially in ectotherm animals that often exhibit extensive growth following attainment of sexual maturity. Frequently, growth is analyzed at the population level, providing useful population mean growth parameters but ignoring individual variation that is also of ecological and evolutionary significance. Our long-term study of Lake Erie Watersnakes, Nerodia sipedon insularum, provides data sufficient for a detailed analysis of population and individual growth. We describe population mean growth separately for males and females based on size of known age individuals (847 captures of 769 males, 748 captures of 684 females) and annual growth increments of individuals of unknown age (1,152 males, 730 females). We characterize individual variation in asymptotic size based on repeated measurements of 69 males and 71 females that were each captured in five to nine different years. The most striking result of our analyses is that asymptotic size varies dramatically among individuals, ranging from 631 - 820 mm snout-vent length in males and from 835 - 1125 mm in females. Because female fecundity increases with increasing body size, we explore the impact of individual variation in asymptotic size on lifetime reproductive success using a range of realistic estimates of annual survival. When all females commence reproduction at the same age, lifetime reproductive success is greatest for females with greater asymptotic size regardless of annual survival. But when reproduction is delayed in females with greater asymptotic size, lifetime reproductive success is greatest for females with lower asymptotic size when annual survival is low. Possible causes of individual variation in asymptotic size, including individual- and cohort-specific variation in size at birth and early growth, warrant further investigation.
Data from: Towards smarter harvesting from natural palm populations by sparing the individuals that contribute most to population growth or productivity
1. Natural populations deliver a wide range of products that provide income for millions of people and need to be exploited sustainably. Large heterogeneity in individual performance within these exploited populations has the potential to improve population recovery after exploitation and thus help sustaining yields over time. 2. We explored the potential of using individual heterogeneity to design smarter harvest schemes, by sparing individuals that contribute most to future productivity and population growth, using the understorey palm Chamaedorea elegans as a model system. Leaves of this palm are an important non-timber forest product and long-term inter-individual growth variability can be evaluated from internode lengths. 3. We studied a population of 830 individuals, half of which was subjected to a 67 % defoliation treatment for three years. We measured effects of defoliation on vital rates and leaf size – a trait that determines marketability. We constructed integral projection models in which vital rates depended on stem length, past growth rate, and defoliation, and evaluated transient population dynamics to quantify population development and leaf yield. We then simulated scenarios in which we spared individuals that were either most important for population growth or had leaves smaller than marketable size. 4. Individuals varying in size or past growth rate responded similarly to leaf harvesting in terms of growth and reproduction. By contrast, defoliation-induced reduction in survival chance was smaller in large individuals than in small ones. Simulations showed that harvest-induced population decline was much reduced when individuals from size and past growth classes that contributed most to population growth were spared. Under this scenario cumulative leaf harvest over 20 years was somewhat reduced, but long-term leaf production was sustained. A three-fold increase in leaf yield was generated when individuals with small leaves are spared. 5. Synthesis and applications This study demonstrates the potential to create smarter systems of palm leaf harvest by accounting for individual heterogeneity within exploited populations. Sparing individuals that contribute most to population growth ensured sustained leaf production over time. The concepts and methods presented here are generally applicable to exploited plant and animal species which exhibit considerable individual heterogeneity.
Data for: Effects of nutrient heterogeneity on root foraging and plant growth at the individual and community level
<p>Plants can respond to heterogeneous nutrient distribution through selective root placement to enhance nutrient uptake. It is believed that nutrient heterogeneity can better promote plant growth than homogeneous nutrient distribution, but comprehensive analyses are relatively few. We meta-analyzed the data from 131 comparative studies and synthesized the effects of nutrient heterogeneity on root foraging and plant growth, and examined the roles of patch scale and contrast. Plant responses to nutrient heterogeneity was phylogenetically conserved, and the response in shoot biomass was more correlated with the response in root biomass than with root foraging precision. Root precision depended on competition status, and plants in interspecific competition had lower precision. Community-level responses to nutrient heterogeneity were more significant than individual-level responses. With increasing patch scale, root foraging precision declined, while overall shoot and root responses of individuals increased. Moderate patch contrast significantly increased root responses compared to low and high patch contrast. Our results indicate that plants optimize nutrient acquisition from heterogeneous patches mainly through increasing root growth rate and exploit nutrients more effectively at the community than individual level. Patch attribute mediation of nutrient heterogeneity effects on plants may help design fertilization practices to promote productivity and conserve biodiversity. </p>
FIGURE 2. Vochysia microphylla. A. Population showing the cespitose growth habit. B. Well-branched individual from Vellozia gigantea trail. C. Flowering branch with flower buds. D. Flowering branch with open flowers. A. Photo L.C. Rodrigues. B–D. Photos G.H in Vochysia microphylla (Vochysiaceae), a new species from Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brazil
FIGURE 2. Vochysia microphylla. A. Population showing the cespitose growth habit. B. Well-branched individual from Vellozia gigantea trail. C. Flowering branch with flower buds. D. Flowering branch with open flowers. A. Photo L.C. Rodrigues. B–D. Photos G.H. Shimizu.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.