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83 results for “Litopterna”
FIG. 16 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications
FIG. 16. Posterior portion of skull of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29, in left ventrolateral view. Abbreviations: eam, external acoustic meatus; Ec, ectotympanic; fm, foramen magnum; fo, to foramen ovale; gf, glenoid fossa; gr, occipital groove; hf, hypoglossal foramen; itc, infratemporal crest; jf, to jugular foramen; m, mastoid process of petrosal; oc, occipital condyle; pap, paracondylar process of exoccipital; pgf, postglenoid foramen; pgp, postglenoid process; pr, promontorium; ptc, posttemporal canal; ptp, posttympanic process of squamosal; smf, stylomastoid foramen; sp, styliform process of ectotympanic.
FIG 25 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications
FIG 25. Dental histology of left M2 of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29. Coronal section: A, whole surface and B, detail of cementum layer (rectangle in A). Para-occlusal section: C, whole surface and D, detail of cementum layer (rectangle in C). Cementum rest lines indicated by white arrows. Abbreviations: BCJ, bone-cementum junction; CDJ, cementum-dentine junction; cem, cementum; DEJ, dentine-enamel junction; den, dentine; ena, enamel; Mx, maxilla.
FIG. 8 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications
FIG. 8. Skull of Oxyodontherium zeballosi MHIN-UNSL-GEO-V 465a from Río Quinto Formation, San Luis, in A, lateral, B, dorsal, and C, ventral views, with sutures indicated. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital; Bsph, basisphenoid; Eo, exoccipital; Fr, frontal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; Pal, palatine; m, mastoid process of petrosal; Pmx, premaxilla; So, supraoccipital; Sq, squamosal.
FIG. 12. A–F in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications
FIG. 12. A–F, Virtual coronal sections of skull of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29. Abbreviations: cc, central canal; M, molar; mnv, meatus nasi ventralis; Mx, maxilla; ns, nasal septum; P, premolar; plf, palatine fissure; Pmx, premaxilla; V, vomer; VNO?, possible sulcus for vomeronasal organ. Asterisk (*) identifies sulcus for vascular structures (see text).
FIG. 9 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications
FIG. 9. Braincase of Scalabrinitherium bravardi MACN-PV 13082 from Ituzaingó Formation, Entre Ríos, in A, lateral, B, dorsal, and C, ventral views. Rostral part of specimen extensively damaged; apparent apertures on ventral aspect are not foramina but instead exposed parts of sphenoidal sinus (sphs). Other abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; eam, external acoustic meatus; Eo, exoccipital; fo, foramen ovale; Fr, frontal; fs, frontal sinus; gf, glenoid fossa; gr, occipital groove; hf, hypoglossal foramen; Hy, hyoid (tympanohyal + stylohyal); m, mastoid process of petrosal; nf, nutrient foramina; oc, occipital condyle; ofs, openings of frontal sinus; on, odontoid notch; Pa, parietal; pap, paracondylar process of exoccipital; pf, piriform fenestra; pgf, postglenoid foramen; pgp, postglenoid process; pr, promontorium; ptc, posttemporal canal; ptp, posttympanic process of squamosal; rf, foramina for rami temporales; smf, stylomastoid foramen; Sq, squamosal; tl, temporal line. Asterisk (*) identifies suture-delimited element, probably interparietal.
FIG. 6 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications
FIG. 6. Dorsal views of skulls of A, Huayqueriana cristata MLP 37-III-7-2; B, Promacrauchenia antiquua MACN-PV 7986; and C, Promacrauchenia calchaquiorum MACN-PV 5528 (holotype). For stratigraphic provenances, see figure 5. Abbreviations: Fr, frontal; na, nasal aperture; ncr, nuchal crest; nf, nutrient foramina; ofs, openings of frontal sinus; Pa, parietal; sf, supraorbital foramen; tl, temporal line.
FIG. 2 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications
FIG. 2. Holotype of Huayqueriana cristata MACN-PV 8463 referred to Huayquerías Formation (Late Miocene, Huayquerian SALMA). A, right lateral and B, ventral views of snout; C, portion of braincase in left lateral view. Abbreviations: ch, choana; gpf, greater (= major) palatine foramen; gr, occipital groove; iof, infraorbital foramen; itc, infratemporal crest; M, molar; ncr, nuchal crest; rf, foramina for rami temporales; scr, sagittal crest; tl, temporal line.
FIG. 1 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications
FIG. 1. Geographical and stratigraphic context: A, location of Río Seco de la Última Aguada, north-central Mendoza, Argentina; B, integrated stratigraphic column, Río Seco de la Última Aguada, Huayquerías del Este. Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29 was recovered from lower levels of Huayquerías Formation (Late Miocene; Huayquerian) exposed along river gorge.
FIG. 5 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications
FIG. 5. Lateral views of skulls of A, Huayqueriana cristata MLP 37-III-7-2, Huayquerías Formation, Mendoza; B, Promacrauchenia antiquua MACN-PV 7986, Monte Hermoso Formation, Buenos Aires; and C, Promacrauchenia calchaquiorum MACN-PV 5528 (holotype), "estratos Araucanos," Catamarca. Abbreviations: C, canine (alveolus); fdv, foramen for frontal diploic vein; hf, hypoglossal foramen; I, incisor; iof, infraorbital foramen; itc, infratemporal crest; M, molar; ncr, nuchal crest; oc, occipital condyle; P, premolar; pgf, postglenoid foramen; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process of frontal; Pt, pterygoid; rf, foramina for rami temporales.
FIG. 3 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications
FIG. 3. Skull of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29 from Huayquerías Formation (Late Miocene, Huayquerian SALMA) in A, right lateral, B, dorsal, and C, ventral views. Abbreviations: C, canine (alveolus); ch, choana; fdv, foramen for frontal diploic vein; fini, foramen interincisivum; fm, foramen magnum; frp, frontal process of squamosal; gf, glenoid fossa; gpf, greater (= major) palatine foramen; I, incisor (alveolus); iof, infraorbital foramen; itc, infratemporal crest; M, molar; mpp, medial palatine process of premaxilla; na, nasal aperture; ncr, nuchal crest; nf, nutrient foramina; oc, occipital condyle; ofs, openings of frontal sinus; P, premolar; pap, paracondylar process of exoccipital; pgp, postglenoid process; plf, palatine fissure; pop, postorbital process of frontal; Pt, pterygoid; rf, foramina for rami temporales; rms, retromolar space; sf, supraorbital foramen; tl, temporal line; V, vomer.
FIG. 15 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications
FIG. 15. Posterior portion of skull of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29, in ventral view. Abbreviations: eam, external acoustic meatus; Ec, ectotympanic; fo, foramen ovale; gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramen; Hy, hyoid (tympanohyal + stylohyal); m, mastoid process of petrosal; oc, occipital condyle; on, odontoid notch; pap, paracondylar process of exoccipital; pf, piriform fenestra; pgf, postglenoid foramen; pgp, postglenoid process; Pt, pterygoid; smf, stylomastoid foramen. Letter x identifies canal X for nerve of pterygoid canal and vascular structures (see text). Faintly visible on the specimen's left side is the large sulcus running between the piriform fenestra and canal X.
FIG. 11 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications
FIG. 11. Virtual parasagittal section through skull of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29. Abbreviations: crh, position of cerebral hemispheres (cerebral cavity); Ec, ectotympanic; fs, frontal sinus; M, molar; mnv, meatus nasi ventralis; Mx, maxilla; oc, occipital condyle; P, premolar; pafs, parietal extension of frontal sinus; pap, paracondylar process of exoccipital; Pe, petrosal; Pmx, premaxilla; Pt, pterygoid; ptc, posttemporal canal; sofs, supraoccipital extension of frontal sinus; sphs, sphenoidal sinus; t, turbinate fragments in caudal portion of nasal cavity; tncav, true nasal cavity.
FIG. 4 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications
FIG. 4. Skull of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29 in A, right lateral, B, dorsal, and C, ventral views, with measurements (see table 2).
FIG. 14 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications
FIG. 14. Detail of orbit of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29. Abbreviations: etf, ethmoidal foramen; lacf, lacrimal foramen; ocr, orbital crest; opf, optic foramen; otc, orbitotemporal canal; sof, sphenoorbital fissure; spalf, sphenopalatine foramen. Arrow points rostrally.
FIG. 10 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications
FIG. 10. Virtual parasagittal section through choana of skull of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29. Light gray areas within skull represent unremoved matrix. Caudally-situated vacuity between nasal aperture and nasopharynx is here denoted as "true" nasal cavity (tncav), as it would have acted as the most direct air passageway in life. Primitive nasal cavity (mnv, meatus nasi ventralis) persists as a diverticulum, lacking an external aperture at front of rostrum. Note substantial thickness of rostralmost portions of premaxilla/maxilla at front of long, comparatively gracile rostrum. Other abbreviations: chl, cochlea; crh, position of cerebral hemispheres; cerebral cavity; Ec, ectotympanic; fs, frontal sinus; mnv, meatus nasi ventralis; Mx, maxilla; ns?, possible distorted portion of nasal septum; pafs, parietal extension of frontal sinus; plf, palatine fissure; Pmx, premaxilla; sphs, sphenoidal sinus; t, turbinate fragments in caudal portion of nasal cavity; tncav, true nasal cavity.
FIG. 13. A–E in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications
FIG. 13. A–E, Virtual coronal sections of skull of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29. Abbreviations: a, aditus to frontal sinus; crh, position of cerebral hemispheres; fdv, foramen for frontal diploëic vein; fo, foramen ovale; fs, frontal sinus; J, jugal; na, nasal aperture; ob, position of olfactory bulb; otc, orbitotemporal canal; pl, position of piriform lobe; pop, postorbital process of frontal; Psph, presphenoid; Pt, pterygoid; sf, supraorbital foramen with perforating canal; sof, sphenoorbital fissure; Sq, squamosal (zygomatic process); sphs, sphenoidal sinus; t, turbinals. Letter x, identifies canal X for nerve of pterygoid canal and vascular structures (see text).
FIG. 17. A–E in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications
FIG. 17. A–E, Virtual subhorizontal and subcoronal sections of skull of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANI- GLA-PV 29. Abbreviations: J, jugal; pafs, parietal extension of frontal sinus; pgf, postglenoid foramen; pl, position of piriform lobe; ptc, posttemporal canal; rf, foramina for rami temporales; sfs, septum sinuum frontalium; sofs, supraoccipital extension of frontal sinus; sphs, sphenoidal sinus; Sq, squamosal (zygomatic process); tvs, transverse sinus canal; ve, position of vermis. Letter x identifies canal X for nerve of pterygoid canal and vascular structures (see text).
FIG. 8 in New remains of Neotropical bunodont litopterns and the systematics of Megadolodinae (Mammalia: Litopterna)
FIG. 8. — Scapula and limb bones of Neodolodus colombianus (VPPLT 1606): A, partial right scapula in dorsolateral view (left) and proximal view (right); B, partial right tibia in anterior (left), posterior (middle) and distal (right) views; C, left metacarpal III in anterior (left), medial (middle) and posterior (right) views; D, right metatarsal III in anterior (left), medial (middle) and posterior (right) views. Scale bars: 1 cm.
FIG. 1 in New remains of Neotropical bunodont litopterns and the systematics of Megadolodinae (Mammalia: Litopterna)
FIG. 1. — Geographical and stratigraphic occurrence of the new specimens of Megadolodus molariformis McKenna, 1956 and Neodolodus colombianus Hoffstetter & Soria, 1986: A, map of northern South America showing the location where other Neotropical bunodont litopterns have been found including La Venta (that records Megadolodus McKenna, 1956 and Neodolodus Hoffstetter & Soria, 1986), the Cocinetas basin (that records Neodolodus) and Urumaco (that records Bounodus enigmaticus (Carlini, Gelfo & Sánchez, 2006); B, geologic map of La Venta area (modified from Montes et al. 2021) showing the localities where the new specimens of Megadolodus and Neodolodus where found. The colors in the map correspond to the cartographic units shown in the stratigraphic scheme; C, stratigraphic scheme of the Honda Group (modified from Benites-Palomino et al. 2020) showing the cartographic units of Montes et al. (2021), the stratigraphic levels (StL) of (Mora-Rojas et al. 2023), and the stratigraphic position of the new Megadolodus and Neodolodus specimens. Bed abbreviations: StL 1, Bed set be-
FIG. 3 in New remains of Neotropical bunodont litopterns and the systematics of Megadolodinae (Mammalia: Litopterna)
FIG. 3. — Mandible and lower dentition of Megadolodus molariformis McKenna, 1956: A, VPPLT 974 in medial (top), occlusal (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; the lateral view was digitally reversed to show the same orientation as the lingual view; B, holotype of M. molariformis (UCMP 39270) in lingual (top), occlusal (middle) and labial (bottom) views; the labial view was digitally reversed to show the same orientation as the lingual view; C, VPPLT 974 in rostral view showing the alveoli of?i2; D, detail of m3 (VPPLT 974) in occlusal view; E, detail of the p2-m3. Scale bars: 1 cm.
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