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114 results for “Local richness”
Data from: Increases in local richness (α-diversity) following invasion are offset by biotic homogenization in a biodiversity hotspot
The world's ecosystems are experiencing unparalleled rates of biodiversity change with invasive species implicated as one of the drivers that restructure local assemblages. Here we focus on the processes leading to biodiversity change in a biodiversity hotspot, the Brazilian Cerrado. The null expectation that invasion leads to increase in local species richness is supported by our investigation of the grass layer in two key habitats (campo sujo and campo úmido). Our analysis uncovered a linear relationship between total richness and invasive richness at the plot level. However, because the invasive species – even though few in number - are widespread, their contribution to local richness (α-diversity) is offset by their homogenizing influence on composition (β-diversity). We thus identify a mechanism that can help explain the paradox that species richness is not declining in many local assemblages, yet compositional change is exceeding the predictions of ecological theory. As such, our results emphasize the importance of quantifying both α-diversity and β-diversity in assessments of biodiversity change in the contemporary world.
Data from: Contrasting patterns of local richness of seedlings, saplings and trees may have implications for regeneration in rainforest remnants
Remnants of lowland rainforest remain following deforestation, but the longer-term effects of fragmentation remain poorly understood, partly due to the long generation times of trees. We study rainforest trees in three size classes: seedlings (<1 cm dbh), saplings (1-5 cm dbh) and trees (>5 cm), that broadly reflect pre- and post-fragmentation communities, and we examine the impacts of fragmentation on forest regeneration in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. We found that seedling richness (measured as the number of genera per plot) in fragments was about 30 percent lower than in plots in undisturbed forest, and about 20 percent lower than in an extensive tract of selectively logged forest, providing evidence of recruitment declines in fragments. Seedling richness was lowest in small, isolated, and disturbed fragments, potentially signalling an extinction debt given that these fragmentation impacts were not observed in trees. Unlike seedlings, saplings showed no declines in richness in fragments, suggesting that density dependent mortality (where rare individuals have a higher survival rate) and/or year-to-year variation in which species are recruiting could potentially compensate for the reductions in seedling richness we observed. Longer-term studies are required to determine whether sporadic or failed recruitment in small fragments will eventually translate into reduced richness of mature trees, or whether the processes that currently retain high sapling richness will continue in fragments.
Data from: Species richness-productivity relationships of tropical terrestrial ferns at regional and local scales
1. The species richness-productivity relationship (SRPR), by which the species richness of habitats or ecosystems is related to the productivity of the ecosystem or the taxon, has been documented both on regional and local scales, but its generality, biological meaning, and underlying mechanisms remain debated. 2. We evaluated the SRPR and 3 mechanistic hypotheses using terrestrial ferns in 18 study plots along an elevational gradient (500-4000 m) in Ecuador. We measured annual increases in above-ground biomass of 6175 fern individuals from 91 species over 2 years, and estimated plot-level tree productivity from increases in above-ground woody biomass of 560 trees. Analyses were conducted by (a) comparing plots along the elevational gradient (regional scale) and (b) comparing plots within each elevational belt (local scale). 3. Fern diversity was related to the productivity of the fern assemblages, but not to above-ground productivity of the trees. At the regional scale, we found a positive relationship of fern species richness to fern productivity that appeared to be determined by an increase in the number of fern individuals and niche availability. In contrast, at the local scale this relationship was negative and likely driven by interspecific competition. 4. Synthesis: Plot diversity of ferns appears to be limited by the number of available niches and competition to occupy these niches. At the local scale, this is reflected in a negative SRPR probably driven by competition, whereas with increasing scale the positive influence of productivity emerges. This represents the first evidence that productivity and competition affect the diversity of tropical herb assemblages at the plot scale.
FIGURE 4 in The Costa Rican Systenus Loew (Diptera: Dolichopodidae): rich local sympatry in an otherwise rare genus
FIGURE 4. Systenus eboritibia sp. nov. (holotype): a. male habitus, left lateral; b. hypopygium, left lateral. S. parkeri sp. nov.: c. male habitus, left lateral; d. hypopygium, left lateral; e. male postabdomen, right lateral.
FIGURE 1 in The Costa Rican Systenus Loew (Diptera: Dolichopodidae): rich local sympatry in an otherwise rare genus
FIGURE 1. Systenus tenorio sp. nov. (holotype): a. male habitus, left lateral (terminalia removed); b. hypopygium, left lateral. S. flavifemoratus sp. nov. (holotype): c. male habitus, right lateral; d. hypopygium, left lateral. S. maculipennis sp. nov.: e. male habitus, left lateral (terminalia removed); f. hypopygium, left lateral. Abbreviations: cer, cercus; epan, epandrium; hyp, hypandrium; ph, phallus; st, sternite; sur, surstylus; tg, tergite; 6, 7, 8, abdominal segments.
FIGURE 3 in The Costa Rican Systenus Loew (Diptera: Dolichopodidae): rich local sympatry in an otherwise rare genus
FIGURE 3. Systenus divericatus sp. nov. (holotype): a. male habitus, left lateral; b. hypopygium, left lateral. S. zurqui sp. nov.: c. male habitus, left lateral; d. hypopygium, left lateral.
FIGURE 2 in The Costa Rican Systenus Loew (Diptera: Dolichopodidae): rich local sympatry in an otherwise rare genus
FIGURE 2. Systenus emusorum sp. nov. (holotype): a. male habitus, left lateral; b. hypopygium, left lateral. S. naranjensis sp. nov. (holotype): c. male habitus, left lateral; d. hypopygium, left lateral; e. male head, anterior.
FIGURE 19 in The genus Manota Williston (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in Peruvian Amazonia, with description of sixteen new species and notes on local species richness
FIGURE 19. Manota serrulata sp. n. (holotype). A. Hypopygium, ventral view. B. Hypopygium, dorsal view. C. Hypoproct and aedeagus, ventral view. D. Juxtagonostylar megasetae with associated parts, ventral view. Scale 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 17 in The genus Manota Williston (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in Peruvian Amazonia, with description of sixteen new species and notes on local species richness
FIGURE 17. Manota pauloides sp. n. (holotype). A. Hypopygium, ventral view. B. Hypopygium, dorsal view. C. Hypoproct and aedeagus, ventral view. Scale 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 16 in The genus Manota Williston (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in Peruvian Amazonia, with description of sixteen new species and notes on local species richness
FIGURE 16. Manota parvula sp. n. (paratype). A. Hypopygium, ventral view. B. Hypopygium, dorsal view. C. Hypoproct and aedeagus, ventral view. D. Gonostylus, dorsal view. Scale 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 14 in The genus Manota Williston (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in Peruvian Amazonia, with description of sixteen new species and notes on local species richness
FIGURE 14. Manota nuda sp. n. (holotype). A. Hypopygium, ventral view. B. Hypopygium, dorsal view. C. Hypoproct and aedeagus, ventral view. D. Gonocoxal apodeme, lobe at dorsal medial margin of gonocoxa, the juxtagonostylar setae and the gonostylus, dorsal view. Scale 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 13 in The genus Manota Williston (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in Peruvian Amazonia, with description of sixteen new species and notes on local species richness
FIGURE 13. Manota minutula sp. n. (holotype). A. Hypopygium, ventral view. B. Hypopygium, dorsal view. C. Hypoproct and aedeagus, ventral view. D. Right gonostylus, dorsal view. E. Left gonostylus, ventral view. Scale 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 12 in The genus Manota Williston (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in Peruvian Amazonia, with description of sixteen new species and notes on local species richness
FIGURE 12. Manota micella sp. n. (holotype). A. Hypopygium, ventral view. B. Hypopygium, dorsal view. C. Gonostylus, dorsal view. D. Hypoproct and aedeagus, ventral view. E. Cerci, dorsal view. Scale 0.1 mm. pal = paraapodemal lobe, psl = parastylar lobe.
FIGURE 11 in The genus Manota Williston (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in Peruvian Amazonia, with description of sixteen new species and notes on local species richness
FIGURE 11. Manota limulata sp. n. (holotype). A. Hypopygium, ventral view. B. Hypopygium, dorsal view. C. Hypoproct and aedeagus, ventral view. Scale 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 9 in The genus Manota Williston (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in Peruvian Amazonia, with description of sixteen new species and notes on local species richness
FIGURE 9. Manota flabellata sp. n. (A, B, C holotype, D paratype). A. Hypopygium, ventral view. B. Hypopygium, dorsal view. C. Hypoproct and aedeagus, ventral view, the medial dark stripe on aedeagus is ejaculatory apodeme. D. Posterior part of left side gonocoxa, dorsal view. Scale 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 10 in The genus Manota Williston (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in Peruvian Amazonia, with description of sixteen new species and notes on local species richness
FIGURE 10. Manota iquitosensis sp. n. (holotype). A. Hypopygium, ventral view. B. Hypopygium, dorsal view. C. Hypoproct and aedeagus, ventral view. Scale 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 7 in The genus Manota Williston (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in Peruvian Amazonia, with description of sixteen new species and notes on local species richness
FIGURE 7. Manota digitata sp. n. (holotype). A. Hypopygium, ventral view. B. Hypopygium, dorsal view. C. Hypoproct and aedeagus, ventral view. Scale 0.1 mm. aed = apex of aedeagus, aeda = aedeagal apodeme, ce = cercus, dm = dorsal medial margin of gonocoxa, eja = ejaculatory apodeme, gs = gonostylus, gx = gonocoxa, gxa = gonocoxal apodeme, hpr = hypoproct, jxs = juxtagonostylar seta, psl = parastylar lobe, st9 = sternite 9, vm = ventral medial margin of gonocoxa.
FIGURE 6 in The genus Manota Williston (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in Peruvian Amazonia, with description of sixteen new species and notes on local species richness
FIGURE 6. Manota ciliata sp. n. (holotype). A. Hypopygium, ventral view. B. Hypopygium, dorsal view. C. Hypoproct and aedeagus, ventral view. D. Left side juxtagonostylar megasetae with associated parts, dorsal view. Scale 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 5 in The genus Manota Williston (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in Peruvian Amazonia, with description of sixteen new species and notes on local species richness
FIGURE 5. Manota calva sp. n. (holotype). A. Hypopygium, ventral view. B. Hypopygium, dorsal view. C. Hypoproct and aedeagus, ventral view. Scale 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 20 in The genus Manota Williston (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in Peruvian Amazonia, with description of sixteen new species and notes on local species richness
FIGURE 20. Manota anfracta Hippa & Kurina (Peru). A. Hypopygium, ventral view. B. Hypopygium, dorsal view. C. Hypoproct and aedeagus, ventral view. Scale 0.1 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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