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55 results for “Male territoriality”
Data from: Factors leading to the evolution and maintenance of a male ornament in territorial species
Male ornamentation is assumed to have evolved primarily from selection by female mate choice. Yet this is only one possible reason for ornament evolution. Ornaments might also be useful in aggressive competition by improving opponent assessment between males, or they might function to enhance signal detection by making males more conspicuous in the environment. We tested both these ideas in territorial Anolis lizards in which female choice is either absent or secondary to males competing for territories that overlap female home ranges. Male tail crests only evolved in species in which territory neighbors were distant, consistent with the signal detection hypothesis. Once the tail crest had evolved, however, it seems to have become a signal in itself, with variation in the frequency and size of tail crests within species correlating with variables predicted by the aggressive competition hypothesis. Our study presents an apparent example of a male ornament in which the selection pressure leading to variation among species in ornament expression is different from the selection pressure acting on variation within species. The Anolis tail crest is therefore likely to be an exaptation. We caution that conclusions made on the evolution of male ornaments are dependent on the phylogenetic perspective adopted by a study. Studies restricted to single species are useful for identifying selection pressures in contemporary settings (i.e., the current utility of traits), but may lead to erroneous conclusions on the factors that initially lead to the origin of traits.
FIGURES 1–4. Male details. 1. Didineis clavimana, foretibia. 2–3. Antenna. 2. D. bucharica. 3. D. crassicornis. 4. D in The digger wasps of the genus Didineis Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae: Bembicinae) of Russia and adjacent territories, with a key to species and new synonymies
FIGURES 1–4. Male details. 1. Didineis clavimana, foretibia. 2–3. Antenna. 2. D. bucharica. 3. D. crassicornis. 4. D. sibirica.
Supplementary File 1 Feeney et al., 2023 An audio clip of a typical uninterrupted territorial vocalization bout exhibited by the male lion (Shanto) on 03/11/2021 at 17:05
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FIGURE 11. Dendarus spp., male inner sternite VIII. A in Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Dendarus Dejean, 1821 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Blaptinae: Dendarini) from Iran, Turkmenistan and some adjacent territories
FIGURE 11. Dendarus spp., male inner sternite VIII. A = D. armeniacus; B = D. crenulatus; C = D. leonhardi; D = D. matthewsi sp. n.; E = D. transcaspicus; F = D. vagabundus. sVIII—inner sternite VIII, tVIII—inner tergite VIII, tIX—inner tergite IX.
FIGURE 10. Dendarus spp., male tergite VIII. A in Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Dendarus Dejean, 1821 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Blaptinae: Dendarini) from Iran, Turkmenistan and some adjacent territories
FIGURE 10. Dendarus spp., male tergite VIII. A = D. armeniacus; B = D. crenulatus; C = D. leonhardi; D = D. matthewsi sp. n.; E = D. transcaspicus; F = D. vagabundus.
FIGURE 9. Dendarus spp., male protibia. A in Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Dendarus Dejean, 1821 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Blaptinae: Dendarini) from Iran, Turkmenistan and some adjacent territories
FIGURE 9. Dendarus spp., male protibia. A = D. armeniacus; B = D. crenulatus; C = D. leonhardi; D = D. simplex; E = D. matthewsi sp. n.; F = D. transcaspicus; G = D. vagabundus.
Figs 1–16. Aphrophora spp., male calling signal oscillograms. 1–11 ― A in Review of the Aphrophora salicina (Goeze, 1778) (Homoptera: Cercopoidea: Aphrophoridae) species group of Russia and adjacent territories with description of a new species
Figs 1–16. Aphrophora spp., male calling signal oscillograms. 1–11 ― A. salicina; 12–13 ― A. willemsi; 14–16 ― A. itiliensis sp.n. Faster oscillograms of the parts of signals indicated as "17–31" are given under the same numbers, signal recording localities are given under the oscillograms. Scale mark at the bottom is the same for all oscillograms. Рис. 1–16. Aphrophora spp., осциллограммы приЗывных сигналов самцов. 1–11 ― A. salicina; 12–13 ― A. willemsi; 14–16 ― A. itiliensis sp.n. Фрагменты сигналов, помеченные цифрами "17–31", представлены при большей скорости раЗвёртки на осциллограммах под соответствуюЩими номерами, места сбора насекомых длЯ Записи сигналов укаЗаны под осциллограммами. Отметка времени вниЗу обЩаЯ длЯ всех осциллограмм.
Figs 17–31. Aphrophora spp., male calling signal oscillograms. 17–26 ― A in Review of the Aphrophora salicina (Goeze, 1778) (Homoptera: Cercopoidea: Aphrophoridae) species group of Russia and adjacent territories with description of a new species
Figs 17–31. Aphrophora spp., male calling signal oscillograms. 17–26 ― A. salicina; 27–28 ― A. willemsi; 29–31 ― A. itiliensis sp.n. Signal recording localities are given under the oscillograms. Scale mark at the bottom is the same for all oscillograms. Рис. 17–31. Aphrophora spp., осциллограммы приЗывных сигналов самцов. 17–26 ― A. salicina; 27–28 ― A. willemsi; 29–31 ― A. itiliensis sp.n. Места сбора насекомых длЯ Записи сигналов укаЗаны под осциллограммами. Отметка времени вниЗу обЩаЯ длЯ всех осциллограмм.
Data from: Male and female Rufous-and-white Wrens do not match song types with same-sex rivals during simulated territorial intrusions
In birds with song repertoires, song-type matching occurs when an individual responds to another individual's song by producing the same song type. Song-type matching has been described in multiple bird species and a growing body of evidence suggests that song-type matching may serve as a conventional signal of aggression, particularly in male birds in the temperate zone. Few studies have investigated song-type matching in tropical birds or female birds, in spite of the fact that avian biodiversity is highest in the tropics, that female song is widespread in the tropics, and that female song is the ancestral state among songbirds. In this study of rufous-and-white wrens (Thryophilus rufalbus), a resident neotropical songbird where both sexes sing, we presented territorial males and females with playback that simulated a territorial rival producing shared and unshared songs. In response, both males and females sang matched song types at levels statistically equal to levels expected by chance. Furthermore, males and females exhibited similar levels of aggression and similar vocal behaviours in response to playback of both shared and unshared songs. These results indicate that rufous-and-white wrens do not use song-type matching in territorial conflicts as a conventional signal of aggression. We discuss alternative hypotheses for the function of song-type sharing in tropical birds. In particular, we point out that shared songs may play an important role in intra-pair communication, especially for birds where males and females combine their songs in vocal duets, and this may supersede the function of song-type matching in some tropical birds.
Data from: Song rate as a signal of male aggressiveness during territorial contests in the wood warbler
Aggressive signaling is an important component in animal communication, as it provides an efficient mechanism for settling conflicts over resources between competitors. In songbirds, a number of singing behaviors have been proposed to be aggressive signals used in territory defense, including song rate. Although aggressive signaling in songbirds has received considerable research attention, adequate evidence for most putative aggressive signals is not available. In this study, we experimentally investigated whether the song rate of male wood warblers (Phylloscopus sibilatrix) is a signal of their aggressive intent in male-male interactions. We found that males responded differentially to simulated territorial intrusions depending on the song rate of an intruder. Moreover, males that continued to sing during territorial contests increased their song rates, and this behavior predicted the strength of aggressive escalation by the signaler. These results suggest that song rate is an aggressive signal during male-male interactions in the wood warbler. We also found high intra-individual repeatability in the strength of aggressive response to simulated intrusions, likely reflecting differences in personality (aggressiveness) or quality of male wood warblers. We conclude that changes in singing rate may be an efficient mechanism of signaling immediate shifts in motivation of signalers during territorial contests, especially in species that lack large repertoires or have simple songs.
Data from: Black goby territorial males adjust their ejaculate's characteristics in response to the presence of sneakers
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>In many species males can rapidly adjust their ejaculate performance in response to changing levels of sperm competition, an ability that is probably mediated by seminal fluid adaptive plasticity. In the black goby, <i>Gobius niger</i>, female spawning in the nest of a territorial male can last hours, and males attach a viscous ejaculate to the nest roof, from which sperm are slowly released. During spawning, sneaker males attempt to approach the nest and release their sperm, and territorial males intensify their defensive effort at the increasing of sneaking pressure. We show here that territorial males adjust the characteristics of their seminal fluid in response to the number of competitor sneakers. Territorial males produce an ejaculate from which sperm are released at a rate that decreases as the number of surrounding competitor sneakers increases. Field observations showed that multiple sneaking attempts occurred sequentially, forcing territorials to frequently leave the nest. Overall these results suggest that the adjustment of seminal fluid viscosity may guarantee a continuous release of sperm from the ejaculate, although at a lower rate, when the territorial male is engaged in prolonged nest defense possibly minimizing the postcopulatory cost of an increased precopulatory mate guarding. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Figure 1 in Natural history of Phyllomedusa megacephala (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926) (Anura: Hylidae) in southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of its breeding biology and male territorial behaviour
Figure 1. Photographs taken during field work to show the colour patterns on the right flanks of Phyllomedusa megacephala for individual recognition. The figure shows pictures of two individuals.
Figure 2 in Natural history of Phyllomedusa megacephala (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926) (Anura: Hylidae) in southeastern Brazil, with descriptions of its breeding biology and male territorial behaviour
Figure 2. (A) Summary of the events observed as part of the territorial behaviour of Phyllomedusa megacephala males. (B) Summary of the events observed as part of the breeding behaviour of P. megacephala.
Figure 2 in Male size and territoriality in the cicada killer wasp Sphecius speciosus (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae)
Figure 2. The same marked male of SPheCIUS SPeCIOSUS perched on the leaf of a magnolia tree several metres from the fringe of the garden and the emergence hole where the male also sometimes perched.
Figure 1. A in Male size and territoriality in the cicada killer wasp Sphecius speciosus (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae)
Figure 1. A marked male of SPheCIUS SPeCIOSUS perched on the ground next to the emergence hole that was the focus of the male's territoriality.
Data from: Intra-sexual selection: kin competition increases male-male territorial aggression in a monogamous cichlid fish
<p>During intrasexual competition, individuals of the same sex compete for access to breeding sites and mating partners, often accompanied by aggressive behavior. Kin selection theory predicts different kin directed social interactions ranging from cooperation to aggression depending on the context and the resource in question. Kin competition reducing indirect fitness might be avoided by actively expelling relatives from territories and by showing higher aggression against kin. The West-African cichlid <i>Pelvicachromis taeniatus</i> is a monogamous cave breeder with males occupying and defending breeding sites against rivals. This species is capable of kin recognition and shows kin-preference during juvenile shoaling and mate choice. However, sub-adults of <i>P. taeniatus</i> seem to avoid the proximity of same-sex kin. In the present study, we examined territorial aggression of territory holders against intruding related and unrelated males as well as intruder's behavior. We observed higher aggression among related competitors suggesting that related males are less tolerated as neighbors. Avoidance of intra-sexual competition with relatives might increase indirect fitness of males in monogamous species.</p>
FIGURES 76–79. Abiskomyia virgo orientalis subsp. nov., male. 76, flagellomeres 1–13 in Review of the genus Abiskomyia Edwards (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), with description of new taxa from the Russian Far East and bordering territories
FIGURES 76–79. Abiskomyia virgo orientalis subsp. nov., male. 76, flagellomeres 1–13; 77, scutum and scutellum; 78, basal part of wing; 79, hypopygium in dorsal view. Figs. 76–77—200 µm; Fig. 79—50 µm.
Age-specific survival of territorial and nonterritorial male chamois
<p><span>How alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) are maintained in wildlife populations is one of the major questions in evolutionary biology. As a dominant status, territoriality is typically linked to increased mating opportunities, and one explanation for why this behaviour coexists with other tactics is that dominance implies survival costs. Such a trade-off may occur in the Northern chamois <em>Rupicapra</em> <em>rupicapra</em>, as reproductive advantages of territorial males over nonterritorial males could be counterbalanced by a reduction in survival mediated through energy expenditure, stress and parasitic infections, ultimately favouring ART coexistence. Here, we analysed age-dependent survival probabilities of territorial (n=15) and nonterritorial (n=16) adult chamois using information collected over 12 years between 2010 and 2021 in the Gran Paradiso National Park (Western Italian Alps). Survival rates were estimated with a CMR approach using Burnham's joint modelling of live encounter and dead recovery data. The model selection procedure, based on AICc value minimisation, supported a linear decrease of survival with age but did not match our predictions, as territorial chamois did not have lower survival rates than nonterritorial chamois. In contrast, territorial males appeared to enjoy reproductive success at lower survival costs. This, in turn, supports the role of other factors, such as snow-dependent environmental stochasticity, in the maintenance of ARTs in chamois populations. The limited sample size, however, calls for caution in interpretation, and </span><span>long-term studies of lifetime reproductive success and survival are necessary to clarify</span><span> the mechanisms underlying the expression and coexistence of different reproductive behaviours in this species.</span></p>
Data from: Female Dark-eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis thurberi) produce male-like song in a territorial context during the early breeding season
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Data from: Intruder colour and light environment jointly determine how nesting male stickleback respond to simulated territorial intrusions
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