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41 results for “Meles”
Data from: Pathogen burden, co-infection and major histocompatibility complex variability in the European badger (Meles meles)
Pathogen-mediated selection is thought to maintain the extreme diversity in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes, operating through the heterozygote advantage, rare-allele advantage and fluctuating selection mechanisms. Heterozygote advantage (i.e., recognizing and binding a wider range of antigens than homozygotes) is expected to be more detectable when multiple pathogens are considered simultaneously. Here, we test if MHC diversity in a wild population of European badgers (Meles meles) is driven by pathogen-mediated selection. We examined individual prevalence (infected or not), infection intensity and co-infection of 13 pathogens from a range of taxa, and examined their relationships with MHC class I and class II variability. This population has a variable, but relatively low, number of MHC alleles and is infected by a variety of naturally-occurring pathogens, making it very suitable for the investigation of MHC-pathogen relationships. We found associations between pathogen infections and specific MHC haplotypes and alleles. Co-infection status was not correlated with MHC heterozygosity, but there was evidence of heterozygote advantage against individual pathogen infections. This suggests that rare-allele advantages and/or fluctuating selection, as well as heterozygote advantage are likely to be the selective forces shaping MHC diversity in this species. We show stronger evidence for MHC-associations with infection intensity than for prevalence, and conclude that examining both pathogen prevalence and infection intensity is important. Moreover, examination of a large number and diversity of pathogens, and both MHC class I and II genes (which have different functions), provide an improved understanding of the mechanisms driving MHC diversity.
Supplementary material 1 from: Tortorici F, Bombi P, Loru L, Mele A, Moraglio ST, Scaccini D, Pozzebon A, Pantaleoni RA, Tavella L (2023) Halyomorpha halys and its egg parasitoids Trissolcus japonicus and T. mitsukurii: the geographic dimension of the interaction. NeoBiota 85: 197-221. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.85.102501
List of references including geographic records of Trissolcus japonicus and T. mitsukurii distribution
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Data from: The population and landscape genetics of the European badger (Meles meles) in Ireland.
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Data from: Re-visiting the phylogeography and demography of European badgers (Meles meles) based on broad sampling, multiple markers and simulations
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Data from: Pathogen burden, co-infection and major histocompatibility complex variability in the European badger (Meles meles)
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Data from: Ranging behaviour of badgers Meles meles vaccinated with Bacillus Calmette Guerin
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Data from: MHC class II assortative mate choice in European badgers (Meles meles)
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Temperature drives inter-annual variation in badger (Meles meles) predation of lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) on Scottish hill-edge farmland
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Data from: Seasonal variation in daily patterns of social contacts in the European badger Meles meles
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Data from: Reproductive biology including evidence for superfetation in the European badger Meles meles (Carnivora: Mustelidae)
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Data from: No energetic cost of tuberculosis infection in European badgers (Meles meles)
1. Energy availability and energy use directly influence an organism's life history, fitness and ecological function. In wild animals, abiotic factors such as ambient temperature, season and rainfall, and biotic factors such as body mass, age, social group size and disease status, all potentially influence energy balance. 2. Relatively few studies have examined the effects of disease on the energy expenditure of wild animals. Such studies could further our understanding of factors influencing the transmission of zoonotic diseases. The European badger (Meles meles) is a medium-sized carnivore that occurs in mixed-sex, familial groups across much of its range. In the UK they are a protected species but are also involved in the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in cattle. 3. We measured the daily energy expenditure (DEE) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) of wild badgers and related this to their TB infection status and a range of other interacting factors including season, group size, disease status, sex, age, body mass and body fat. 4. Individuals were larger and fatter when they were older and fatter during the winter. Males were also heavier than females during the summer. In addition, individuals from smaller groups that were exposed to TB tended to have lower body mass. 5. There were no direct effects of disease status on DEE or RMR, however, there was a significant interaction whereby DEE increased with body mass in small groups but decreased with body mass in large groups. 6. Results are consistent with the costs of TB infection being met by compensatory mechanisms enabling badgers to survive for extended periods without exhibiting measurable energetic consequences.
Data from: Neighbouring-group composition and within-group relatedness drive extra-group paternity rate in the European badger (Meles meles)
Extra-group paternity (EGP) occurs commonly among group-living mammals and plays an important role in mating systems and the dynamics of sexual selection; however, socio-ecological and genetic correlates of EGP have been underexplored. We use 23 years of demographic and genetic data from a high-density European badger (Meles meles) population, to investigate the relationship between the rate of EGP in litters and mate availability, mate incompatibility and mate quality (heterozygosity). Relatedness between within-group assigned mothers and candidate fathers had a negative quadratic effect on EGP, whereas the number of neighbouring-group candidate fathers had a linear positive effect. We detected no effect of mean or maximum heterozygosity of within-group candidate fathers on EGP. Consequently, EGP was associated primarily with mate availability, subject to within-group genetic effects, potentially to mitigate mate incompatibility and inbreeding. In badgers, cryptic female choice, facilitated by superfecundation, superfoetation and delayed implantation, prevents males from monopolizing within-group females. This resonates with a meta-analysis in group-living mammals, which proposed that higher rates of EGP occur when within-group males cannot monopolize within-group females. In contrast to the positive meta-analytic association, however, we found that EGP associated negatively with the number of within-group assigned mothers and the number of within-group candidate fathers; potentially a strategy to counter within-group males committing infanticide. The relationship between the rate of EGP and socio-ecological or genetic factors can therefore be intricate, and the potential for cryptic female choice must be accounted for in comparative studies.
Figure 6 in Cranial variation in the European badger Meles meles (Carnivora, Mustelidae) in Scandinavia
Figure 6. Histograms for length between the angular process and infradentale in different forms of the European badger: 1, 'south-western Norwegian' form; 2, 'main Fennoscandian' form; 3, 'non–Fennoscandian' form.
Figure 4 in Cranial variation in the European badger Meles meles (Carnivora, Mustelidae) in Scandinavia
Figure 4. The range of the 'Fennoscandian badgers' based on posterior classification probabilities (females and males are combined): 0–0.3, 'non–Fennoscandian' badgers; 0.3–0.6, unclear classified specimens (2.2%), 0.6–1.0, 'Fennoscandian' badgers.
Supplementary material 4 from: Tortorici F, Bombi P, Loru L, Mele A, Moraglio ST, Scaccini D, Pozzebon A, Pantaleoni RA, Tavella L (2023) Halyomorpha halys and its egg parasitoids Trissolcus japonicus and T. mitsukurii: the geographic dimension of the interaction. NeoBiota 85: 197-221. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.85.102501
Map of global distribution of locations recorded for H. halys, T. japonicus and T. mitsukurii
Supplementary material 2 from: Tortorici F, Bombi P, Loru L, Mele A, Moraglio ST, Scaccini D, Pozzebon A, Pantaleoni RA, Tavella L (2023) Halyomorpha halys and its egg parasitoids Trissolcus japonicus and T. mitsukurii: the geographic dimension of the interaction. NeoBiota 85: 197-221. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.85.102501
Variance Inflation Factors for the variables included in the models at the three scales
Supplementary material 3 from: Tortorici F, Bombi P, Loru L, Mele A, Moraglio ST, Scaccini D, Pozzebon A, Pantaleoni RA, Tavella L (2023) Halyomorpha halys and its egg parasitoids Trissolcus japonicus and T. mitsukurii: the geographic dimension of the interaction. NeoBiota 85: 197-221. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.85.102501
Percentage of surface of each continent/country/region in the different conditions
Data from: Neighbouring-group composition and within-group relatedness drive extra-group paternity rate in the European badger (Meles meles)
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Data from: No energetic cost of tuberculosis infection in European badgers (Meles meles)
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