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214 results for “Native American”
Fig. 3 in Native anuran species as prey of invasive American Bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus, in Brazil: a review with new predation records
Fig. 3. Spatial distribution of Lithobates catesbeianus invasive populations and predation reports of native anurans in Brazil. White circles: American Bullfrog populations in Brazil (Both et al. 2011; Instituto Horus 2016); yellow stars: predation reports of adult Boana raniceps and adult Phyllomedusa distincta in southern and southeastern Brazil; light green circles: locations of 41 published predation records.
Fig. 2 in Native anuran species as prey of invasive American Bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus, in Brazil: a review with new predation records
Fig. 2. (A) Predation of an adult Phyllomedusa distincta by Lithobates catesbeianus, (B) Adult P. distincta partially digested, removed from the oral cavity of L. catesbeianus.
Fig. 1 in Native anuran species as prey of invasive American Bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus, in Brazil: a review with new predation records
Fig. 1. Adult Lithobates catesbeianus swallowing an adult Boana raniceps in an artificial permanent pond within pasture area in southern Brazil.
Fig. 2. A in Digestive tract nematode infections in non-native invasive American mink with the first molecular identification of Molineus patens
Fig. 2. A phylogram based on the small subunit of 18S rRNA nuclear gene fragments for the 58 sequences obtained from the parasites isolated from different parts of the American mink digestive tract: s – stomach; d – duodenum; si – small intestine (bold – Aonchtheca putorii, navy blue and bold – Molineus patens) and sequences achieved from GeneBank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/) (in italics) of the other 8 Trichuridae species (phylum Nematoda). All newly achieved sequences are in bold (details in Appendix 1, Fig. S2). The evolutionary relationships of the taxa were implied using the maximum likelihood estimation method (Tamura and Nei, 1993) embedded in MEGA6 software (Tamura et al., 2013). The tree with the highest log likelihood (– 1262.9129) is shown. The evolutionary distances were computed using the maximum composite likelihood method (Tamura et al., 2004) and are expressed as a number of base substitutions per site. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated. There were a total of 456 positions in the final dataset.
Fig. 1 in Digestive tract nematode infections in non-native invasive American mink with the first molecular identification of Molineus patens
Fig. 1. Relation between the number of nematodes in the stomach of American mink and the number of nematodes in other parts of the digestive tract (duodenum, small intestine, and large intestine).
Fig. 3 in Gastrointestinal parasite diversity of South American camelids (Artiodactyla: Camelidae): First review throughout the native range of distribution
Fig. 3. Parasitic richness of South American camelid throught the native distribution range based on data available to date.
Fig. 2 in Gastrointestinal parasite diversity of South American camelids (Artiodactyla: Camelidae): First review throughout the native range of distribution
Fig. 2. Geographical location of the documents compiled in the present review (red dots). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Linked collectors and determiners for: Seven new species of Cephennium Müller & Kunze (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae, Cephenniini) from California with a key to native North American species.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Seven new species of Cephennium Müller & Kunze (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae, Cephenniini) from California with a key to native North American species". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/ab7d8c5f-f732-4f73-9e1f-5fe2bae6c9a7">https://bionomia.net/dataset/ab7d8c5f-f732-4f73-9e1f-5fe2bae6c9a7</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/ab7d8c5f-f732-4f73-9e1f-5fe2bae6c9a7">https://gbif.org/dataset/ab7d8c5f-f732-4f73-9e1f-5fe2bae6c9a7</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
FIG. 37. Tapirus indicus AMNH M-77875 in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate
FIG. 37. Tapirus indicus AMNH M-77875, juvenile specimen. Left caudal cranium in oblique A, ventral and B, dorsal views, on facing pages with accompanying stereopairs. In B, endocranial sulcus (1) rostral to carotid incisure resembles that of Equus, which houses cavernous sinus and S-shaped loop of cerebral carotid before latter pierces dura mater (Bradley, 1923, p. 145; see also fig. 5); a second vascular sulcus (2) is situated where
FIG. 40 in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate
FIG. 40. Transverse segments comparing vascular routes in mastoid region in Equus caballus AMNH M-204155 (A–E) and Tetramerorhinus lucarius AMNH VP-9245 (F–I) on this and facing page, each series in caudorostral order. Equus series: In A–C, sulcus for arteria diploetica magna/caudal meningeal artery (single asterisk) crosses lateral face of petrosal mastoid in a deep sulcus covered by overlying squamosal (thus forming posttemporal foramen, so-called mastoid foramen of equine anatomies). Artery's trackway is located below, but converges with, sulcus for temporal sinus in separate compartment. In D, at transverse level of external acoustic meatus, sulcus for artery enters short canal (canal Y) that penetrates dorsal surface of petro-
FIG. 35. Rhinoceros unicornis AMNH M-274636, perinatal specimen. A in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate
FIG. 35. Rhinoceros unicornis AMNH M-274636, perinatal specimen. A, general view of caudal cranium, ventral aspect; B, right auditory region, oblique ventrolateral view (stereopair); C, right auditory region, oblique dorsolateral view (skull cap removed, cut edge indicated by hachure); D, aspect as in C, but viewed from slightly different vantage point in order to view entotympanic sulci (stereopair). In ventral views (A, B), note deep grooves on medial and lateral sides of ventral process of entotympanic for accommodation of internal carotid artery (1) and mandibular nerve (2), as well as incisures (3) on alisphenoid's ventral margin (facing basicapsular fenestra). Route of internal carotid is best described as extratympanic, because it grooves rather than tunnels through entotympanic and does not actually touch promontorium. In dorsal views C and D, plane of slice passes through sulci for posttemporal and temporal vasculature, obscuring their relationship. Note entotympanic's dorsal process (4) projecting between squamosal and petrosal, to form a small part of
FIG. 29 in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate
FIG. 29. Toxodon sp., selected basicranial features. A, MCL 5192 (adult), caudal cranium in ventral aspect, with undivided rostral (piriform) portion of basicapsular fenestra; B, MACN Pv 16615 (juvenile), right auditory region in ventral aspect, with divided fenestra (C, closeup of area in box in B). Key: 1, vascular sulcus crossing tympanic tympanic floor externally; 2, medial portion of rostral basicapsular fenestra, transmitting internal carotid; 3, vascular sulcus crossing entoglenoid region, presumably conducting tributaries of basicranial venous plexuses; 4, auditory bulla; 5, vascular sulcus between jugular area and hypoglossal canal,?for anastomosis between ventral petrosal sinus and condylar emissary vein; 6, squamoectotympanic suture. Van Kampen (1905: 615) reasonably assumed that feature 1, seen crossing external surface of bulla in A, was a
FIG. 41. Equus asinus AMNH M-204141 in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate
FIG. 41. Equus asinus AMNH M-204141, isolated left petrosal in oblique caudodorsal aspect, showing osteological (top) and inferred vascular (bottom) features based on known anatomy of domestic horse. Arteries (red): Sulci for occipital artery and arteria diploetica magna (= caudal meningeal artery of equine anatomies) are continuous; small vessel leaving occipital trunk is meant to suggest muscular branches to m. obliquus capitis cranialis (Ellenberger and Baum, 1908: 672), which leave no trace osteologically. As in figure 40, sulcus for arteria diploetica magna passes dorsally over tympanic roof, then diverges medially along a somewhat narrower trackway that runs through a short tube, canal Y. Trackway reemerges, crosses (asterisk) petrosal's mediodorsal face, then continues into middle cranial fossa to join or become cranioorbital artery. Veins (blue): In equines there is no equivalent of vena diploetica magna closely accompanying arteria diploetica magna. Small vein (dashed blue line) within canal Y is included for purposes of illustration only; no such vein is found in the horse, but its presence (as vena diploetica magna) would be generally expected in other taxa possessing arteria diploetica magna. Although hard to appreciate from this aspect, transverse sinus, temporal sinus, and vein of temporal meatus are individually situated at higher horizontal positions than trackway for arteria diploetica magna (cf. figs. 39A, 40). Temporal sinus enters canal that partly parallels sulcus for arteria diploetica magna, but continues rostrally to leave skull as retroarticular vein via retroarticular incisure (fig. 40).
FIG. 39. Equus caballus AMNH M-204155 in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate
FIG. 39. Equus caballus AMNH M-204155, left caudal cranium in A, lateral and B, ventral aspects, with C, ventral stereopair of auditory region. Key: 1, incisura carotidis; 2, incisura ovalis; 3, incisura spinosa. In A, planes corresponding to approximate location of segments illustrated in figure 40A–E are indicated on lower right. In B, white asterisks, impressions for?tributaries of basicranial plexuses and retroarticular emissary vein; black asterisk, impression for?craniooccipital vein or emissarium from ventral petrosal sinus (see fig. 6). Even though this a young animal, suture line between ectotympanic and entotympanic is already obliterated (see Maier et al., 2013).
FIG. 26 in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate
FIG. 26. Trigonostylops wortmani AMNH VP-28700. A, B, basicranium in rostroventral aspect, with interpretative diagram based on updated version of Simpson's (1933a) figure 5, drawn in similar orientation; C, left auditory region (stereopair) in oblique rostroventral aspect, to reveal matrix-filled rostral (piriform) part of basicapsular fenestra; and D, left auditory region (stereopair) in oblique caudoventral aspect, to reveal close proximity of tympanic cavity and aditus of extratympanic sinus. In A, contour lines on basicranium rostral to ectotympanic (not in original illustration) approximate extent of matrix-filled basicapsular fenestra (see C). Labeling conforms to identifications and nomenclature used in this paper. Key: 1, caudal carotid incisure in ectotympanic; 2, Simpson's "foramen lacerum medium & Eustachian canal," actually medial limit of matrix-
FIG. 31. Digital 3D in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate
FIG. 31. Digital 3D reconstructions of left osseous labyrinths of Trigonostylops wortmani AMNH VP-28700 and Astrapotherium magnum MACN A 3208 in lateral, ventral, and dorsal views. Both specimens are damaged (area of fenestra vestibuli in AMNH VP-28700; fenestra cochleae in MACN A 3208: arrow).
FIG. 25 in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate
FIG. 25. Trigonostylops wortmani AMNH VP-28700, right orbital and infratemporal regions. A, oblique right lateral aspect (stereopair), B, interpretative diagram (on page opposite), based on Simpson's (1933a) original figure 2 but relabeled to conform with identifications and nomenclature used in this paper. Zygomatic arch shown in section (hachure). Conspicuous groove running dorsorostrally from cranioorbital foramen is probably vascular; in some mammals (e.g., rodents, many eulipotyphlans) a similarly positioned trackway carries retained orbital branch of stapedial ramus superior (Bugge, 1974). Multiple infraorbital foramina are more obvious in figure 24. Single asterisk, small aperture, possibly but not certainly a foramen. Double asterisks, groove for lesser palatine neurovascular bundle, passing around caudal end of maxillary tuberosity.
FIG. 27. Astrapotherium magnum, selected basicranial features. A in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate
FIG. 27. Astrapotherium magnum, selected basicranial features. A, AMNH VP-9278, right basicranium in ventral aspect. Prominent impression labelled "?vasc sulc" may have conducted extracranial venous structures similar to basicranial plexuses seen in extant Equus (fig. 6; see also similarly positioned sulcus in Tapirus, fig. 38: feature 5). Basicapsular fenestra is hidden in this perspective, except for extreme rostral and caudal ends. B, Digitally reconstructed left petrosal of A . magnum MACN A 3208, reversed and rotated to permit com-
FIG. 24 in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate
FIG. 24. Trigonostylops wortmani AMNH VP-28700, right facial region, showing multiple infraorbital foramina (stereopair). See also figure 25. Lacrimal foramen (arrow) and tubercle also visible on orbital rim.
FIG. 34 in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate
FIG. 34. Strict consensus of 138 most parsimonious trees (MTPs) of 467 steps each, obtained from parsimony analysis of modified version of data matrix developed by Billet et al. (2015) (see appendix 3, 4). Monophyly of Perissodactyla (Tapirus + Equus + Palaeotherium) was imposed using "force" command in TNT 1.1 (Goloboff et al., 2008). Numbers above and below nodes are Bremer and bootstrap values, respectively. Bremer support values were calculated by searching for suboptimal trees (up to 8 extra steps). Bootstrap values were assessed from 10,000 iterations of bootstrap resampling on consensus tree, with standard resampling, absolute frequencies, and perissodactylan monophyly enforced.
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