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72 results for “Nepenthes”
Data from: Subgenome dominance shapes novel gene evolution in the decaploid pitcher plant Nepenthes gracilis
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Data from: Keeping an eye on coloration: ecological correlates of the evolution of pitcher traits in the genus Nepenthes (Caryophyllales)
Nepenthes is a genus of carnivorous pitcher plants with high intra- and interspecific morphological diversity. Many species produce dimorphic pitchers, and the relative production rate of the two morphs varies interspecifically. Despite their likely ecological importance to the plants, little is known about the selective context under which various pitcher traits have evolved. This is especially true of color-related traits, which have not been examined in a phylogenetic context. Using field observations of one polymorphic species (N. gracilis) and phylogenetic comparative analysis of 85 species across the genus, we investigate correlations between color polymorphism and ecological factors including altitude, light environment, and herbivory. In N. gracilis, color does not correlate to amount of prey-capture, but red pitchers experience less herbivory. Throughout the genus, color polymorphism with redder lower pitchers appears to be evolutionarily favored. We found a lack of phylogenetic signal for most traits, either suggesting that most traits are labile or reflecting the uncertainty regarding the underlying tree topology. This work highlights ecological correlates of the vast phenotypic diversity of this group of tropical plants. We point to a need for future work examining herbivores of Nepenthes and experimental investigations on color polymorphism.
Inquiline predator increases nutrient-cycling efficiency of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers
<p>The modified-leaf pitchers of <i>Nepenthes rafflesiana</i> pitcher plants are aquatic, allochthonous ecosystems which are inhabited by specialist inquilines and sustained by the input of invertebrate prey. Detritivorous inquilines are known to increase the nutrient-cycling efficiency (NCE) of pitchers but it is unclear if predatory inquilines which prey on these detritivores decrease the NCE of pitchers by reducing detritivore populations or increase the NCE of pitchers by processing nutrients that may otherwise be locked up in detritivore biomass. <i>Nepenthosyrphus </i>is a small and poorly studied genus of hoverflies and the larvae of one such species is a facultatively detritivorous predator which inhabits the pitchers of <i>N. rafflesiana</i>. We fitted a consumer–resource model to experimental data collected from this system. Simulations showed that systems containing the predator at equilibrium almost always had higher NCEs than those containing only prey (detritivore) species. We showed using a combination of simulated predator/prey exclusions that the processing of the resource through multiple pathways and trophic levels in this system is more efficient than that accomplished through fewer pathways and trophic levels. Our results thus support the vertical diversity hypothesis which predicts that greater diversity across trophic levels results in greater ecosystem functioning.</p>
FIGURE 1. Pristina armata n in Description of Pristina armata n. sp. (Clitellata: Naididae: Pristininae) from a carnivorous plant (Nepenthes sp.) in Borneo, Indonesia
FIGURE 1. Pristina armata n. sp. A. Location of the type locality (circle) on the island of Borneo. B. Position of holotype and the paratypes (A–E) mounted together on one microscopic slide. C. Paratype: specimen with prostomium as wide as long, arrow: sign of future fission. D. Holotype, arrow: dorsal giant hook-like chaeta at IV and hair chaetae at II–V.
FIGURE 2. Pristina armata n in Description of Pristina armata n. sp. (Clitellata: Naididae: Pristininae) from a carnivorous plant (Nepenthes sp.) in Borneo, Indonesia
FIGURE 2. Pristina armata n. sp. A. Holotype, sexually immature, with giant dorsal chaetae. B. Dorsal giant hook-like chaeta at IV; C. Dorsal needle chaeta at V. D. Dorsal needle chaeta at VI. E. Ventral bifid chaeta at IV.
FIGURE 1 in Nepenthes candalaga (Nepenthaceae), a new species from eastern Mindanao, Philippines
FIGURE 1. Map of Mount Candalaga, Maragusan, Davao de Oro and showing the inventoried trails to summit.
FIGURE 2. Nepenthes candalaga. A in Nepenthes candalaga (Nepenthaceae), a new species from eastern Mindanao, Philippines
FIGURE 2. Nepenthes candalaga. A) Aerial pitcher lateral view, B) lid adaxial, C) lid abaxial showing lid spur, D) seed, E) tepal showing floral nectar glands, F) dehisced capsule, G) female flower, H) lid spur, I) close up of the lid appendage, J) close up of lid nectar glands, K) close up of the peristome teeth-like projections and nectar glands in the inner margin, L) aerial pitcher anterior view, M) close up of the aerial pitcher wings, N) pitcher interior showing wax and digestive glands, O) climbing stem with infructescence and female flowers, P) leaf lamina showing longitudinal nerves. Scale bars: A, O = 5 cm; B, C = 2 cm; D = 1 cm; E, G, H = 5 mm; M = 1 cm. Illustration by S. dela Rosa.
FIGURE 3 in Nepenthes candalaga (Nepenthaceae), a new species from eastern Mindanao, Philippines
FIGURE 3. General morphological details of Nepenthes candalaga. A) habit with aerial pitchers, B) infructescence with dehisced capsules, C) leaf lamina showing winged petioles, D) lateral view of aerial pitchers, E) lateral view of aerial pitchers, F) aerial pitcher long section, G) close up of dehiscing capsules, H) seed, I) adaxial and abaxial surface of the lid, J) lid spur, K) lid appendage, L) peristome showing teeth and nectar glands, M) waxy zone, N) digestive zone showing digestive glands, O) aerial pitcher wings. Scale bars: B, C, D, E, F; I = 1 cm; G, H, J, K, L, M, N, O = 1 mm. Photographs by N.E. Lagunday.
FIGURE 3 in Nepenthes kampalili (Nepenthaceae), a new species of pitcher plant from the eastern mindanao biodiversity corridor, Philippines
FIGURE 3. Nepenthes distribution along vegetation type and elevation gradient in Mt. Kampalili, Davao de Oro.
FIGURE 1. Nepenthes kampalili. A in Nepenthes kampalili (Nepenthaceae), a new species of pitcher plant from the eastern mindanao biodiversity corridor, Philippines
FIGURE 1. Nepenthes kampalili. A) Plant habit; B&E) ground pitchers with slightly varying architecture; C) ground pitcher partly buried in moss; D) unopened juvenile pitchers; F) pubescent ground pitcher (lateral view); G) ground pitcher long-section, digestive zone indicated by dark coloration (arrow);H) infructescence; I) 1-flowered inflorescence; J) 2-flowered male inflorescence; K) 2-flowered male inflorescence, L) 1-flowered female inflorescence; M) ovary long-section, showing placentation; N) seed; O&P) lid upper surface; Q) lid lower surface; R) leaf adaxial; S) peristome neck; T) ground pitcher wings; U) peristome teeth; V) pubescent abaxial leaf; W) pubescent leaf bud. Scale bar = 1 cm (photograph by N. E. Lagunday).
FIGURE 2. Nepenthes candalaga. A in Nepenthes kampalili (Nepenthaceae), a new species of pitcher plant from the eastern mindanao biodiversity corridor, Philippines
FIGURE 2. Nepenthes candalaga. A) Plant habit (male); B-D) aerial pitchers with varying coloration; E) ground pitcher; F) aerial pitcher wing below the peristome constricted region (yellow arrow); G) unbranched lid spur; H) hook-shaped lid appendage; I) peristome teeth (arrows); J,L) lid dorsal surface with varying coloration; K,M) lid ventral surface with varying coloration; N) leaf adaxial; O) male inflorescence with bract in the rachis base (arrow); P) female inflorescence; Q) 2-flowered male inflorescence; R) anther head; S) opening tepals partially showing the anther head; T) 2-flowered female inflorescence. Scale bar = 1 cm (photographs by N. E. Lagunday).
FIGURE 2. Nepenthes barcelonae. A in Nepenthes barcelonae (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Luzon, Philippines
FIGURE 2. Nepenthes barcelonae. A) climbing stem, terete-winged, showing sessile leaves; B) primary upper pitcher showing inset mouth, and lid column; C) secondary upper pitcher, note green colouration and coiled tendril; D) primary upper pitcher, note red colouration and non-coiled tendril; E) lower surface of lid, secondary upper pitcher, note absence of nectar glands from midline; F) Side view of peristome of primary upper pitcher. Photos of Tandang 1727 by Pelser.
FIGURE 1. Nepenthes barcelonae A in Nepenthes barcelonae (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Luzon, Philippines
FIGURE 1. Nepenthes barcelonae A) habit of stem, showing sessile leaf-blade bases; B) primary upper pitcher (side view); C) plan view of B, showing the orbicular pitcher mouth and ovate lid; D) indumentum of outer pitcher surface; E) secondary upper pitcher, frontal view; F) transversely elliptic nectar glands from lower surface of lid (from E); G) portion of inflorescence. All drawn from Tandang 1727 by Cheek.
FIGURE 1. Nepenthes parvula A in Nepenthes parvula (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Cape York, Queensland, Australia
FIGURE 1. Nepenthes parvula A habit with upper pitchers; B lower pitcher showing alae with fimbriae; C female flower, showing nectar glands on adaxial surface of tepals; D male flower; E section of peristome showing teeth on inner margin; F lid of upper pitcher, lower surface. A,B,C,E,F from Wilson & Venter 724 (CNS-138857), D from Wilson & Venter 745 (CNS-140326). Drawings by I. Noziac.
FIGURE 3. Nepenthes parvula A in Nepenthes parvula (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Cape York, Queensland, Australia
FIGURE 3. Nepenthes parvula A habit with upper pitchers; B male plant with inflorescence with receptive flowers (l) and opened flowers (r); C female inflorescence; D male inflorescence. Images by S. Venter.
FIGURE 2 in Nepenthes parvula (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Cape York, Queensland, Australia
FIGURE 2. The habitat association of four species of Nepenthes in the eight transects at Jardine Swamp Cape York, Queensland (data summed for analysis). Type 1: Dry Acacia-dominated with Melaleuca sp. Shrubland or Low Woodland with scattered Hakea pedunculata, Banksia dentata and Asteromyrtus lysicephala on siliceous sands on sand sheets and slight rises; Type 2: Seasonally inundated ecotone with scattered Hakea pedunculata and Asteromyrtus lysicephala with Baloskion tetraphyllum and herb species (often carnivorous) on siliceous sands. Type 3: Permanently moist/inundated swamp with water pH~5 dominated by forbs, herb species, (often carnivorous), and dwarf Asteromytus lysicephala on a variable peat layer on a siliceous sand substrate. Type 4: Permanently moist/inundated swamp dominated by Ghania sp. ±Hanguana malayana, on a variable peat layer on a siliceous sand substrate—slightly (10–20 mm) elevated above 3.
FIGURE 12 in Revisions in Nepenthes following explorations of the Kemul Massif and the surrounding region in north-central Kalimantan, Borneo
FIGURE 12. Pitchers and leaves of Nepenthes mollis. Top row Kemul Massif, middle row Mt. Murud. A & D—lower pitchers. B & E—intermediate pitchers. C & F—upper pitchers. G—petiolate bases of rosette leaves (Kemul Massif). H—decurrent bases of climbing stem leaves, abaxial perspective, and I—lateral perspective (both Kemul Massif). Photographs A, B, D, E, F, H by A.S. Robinson; C, I by M.R. Golos; G by S.R. McPherson.
FIGURE 11. Nepenthes mollis Danser. A in Revisions in Nepenthes following explorations of the Kemul Massif and the surrounding region in north-central Kalimantan, Borneo
FIGURE 11. Nepenthes mollis Danser. A—rosette with right lower and left intermediate pitchers. B—climbing stem bearing upper pitchers and male inflorescence, note increasing leaf decurrency. C—adaxial detail of a climbing stem leaf showing leaf attachment. D—detail of leaf margin and adaxial surface. E—detail of upper pitcher lid, left adaxial surface, middle abaxial surface, right lateral view showing keel. F—cross section of peristome. G—male flowers. H—dehiscing seed capsules. Scale bars: A, B, C, E, F = 1 cm, D, H = 5 mm, G = 2 mm. Based on Endert 4282 and supplemented with photographs and measurements made of in situ material. Illustrated by M. Barer.
FIGURE 10 in Revisions in Nepenthes following explorations of the Kemul Massif and the surrounding region in north-central Kalimantan, Borneo
FIGURE 10. Pitchers of Nepenthes zakriana. A—lower pitcher (Mamut copper mine). B—lower pitcher (Mt. Trus Madi). C—upper pitcher (Mt. Trus Madi). D—upper pitcher (Mt. Alab). E—climbing stem with pitchers, showing non-decurrent leaf bases (Mamut copper mine). Photographs A–E by A.S. Robinson.
FIGURE 9 in Revisions in Nepenthes following explorations of the Kemul Massif and the surrounding region in north-central Kalimantan, Borneo
FIGURE 9. Nepenthes zakriana (J.H.Adam & Wilcock) J.H.Adam & Hafiza. A—climbing stem. B—lower pitcher. C—abaxial surface of lid of lower pitcher. D—upper pitchers, top right Mamut copper mine, bottom left, Mt. Trus Madi. E—abaxial surface of lid of upper pitcher. F—cross section of peristome. G—inflorescence. H—dehiscing seed capsules. Scale bars: A, B, D, G, H = 1 cm, C, E, F = 5 mm. Based on Beaman 9957 and Hobbs 17, and supplemented with photographs and measurements made of in situ material. Illustrated by M. Barer.
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