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45 results for “Non-breeding”
Data from: Matching geographical assignment by stable isotopes with African non-breeding sites of Barn swallows Hirundo rustica tracked by geolocation
Knowledge on whereabouts within the annual cycle of migratory species is prerequisite for many aspects in ecology and biological conservation. Spatial assignments of stable isotopes archived in tissues allows for later inference on sites where the specific tissue had been grown.. It has been rarely tested whether spatial assignments match directly tracked non-breeding residences, especially for migratory songbirds. We here compare assignments of stable isotopes from feathers of Palaearctic Barn swallows Hirundo rustica with their African non-breeding residence sites tracked by geolocation. Assignments based on δ2H, δ13C and δ15N isotope compositions delineate three main non-breeding regions: a main cluster in central Africa, a second in West Africa, and the third cluster in Northern Africa. Using δ13C, δ15N only, non-breeding sites ranged from clusters in West/Southwest Africa to South East Africa with a centre in Central Africa. The non-breeding areas (50% and 75% Kernel density estimates, KDE) of the birds tracked by geolocation stretched from West Africa via central Africa to southern Africa. We found little overlap of 0.3% (assuming an 1:1 odds ratio) to 1.4 % (3:1 odds ratio) in the three element assignments and KDEs for only 2 and 13 individuals out of 32 birds. Assignment maps for two elements (δ13C, δ15N) and KDEs showed higher consistencies with an overlap of 3.6 and 8.5% for 12 and 18 birds. We argue that the low matching between stable isotope assignments and non-breeding sites in our study arise from insufficient baseline data for Africa (concerning both isoscapes and specific discrimination functions). However, other factors like aerial foraging habit of the species, and a potential mismatch of non-breeding site location and the spatial origin of aerial plankton might further hamper accurate assignments. Finally we call for concerted analyses of tissues i.e. feathers and claws of birds which are grown at known sites across the continent and from species with various ecological requirements (diverse habitats, foraging behaviours, and diet compositions) to establish isoscapes for general applicability.
Data from: Non-breeding range size predicts the magnitude of population trends in trans-Saharan migratory passerine birds
Understanding why populations of some migratory species show a directional change over time, i.e. increase or decrease, while others do not, remains a challenge for ecological research. One possible explanation is that species with smaller non-breeding ranges may have more pronounced directional population trends, and their populations are thus more sensitive to the variation in environmental conditions in their non-breeding quarters. According to the serial residency hypothesis, this sensitivity should lead to higher magnitudes (i.e. absolute values) of population trends for species with smaller non-breeding ranges, with the direction of trend being either positive or negative depending on the nature of the environmental change. We tested this hypothesis using population trends over 2001–2012 for 36 sub-Saharan migratory passerine birds breeding in Europe. Namely, we related the magnitude of the species' population trends to the size of their sub-Saharan non-breeding grounds, whilst controlling for factors including number of migration routes, non-breeding habitat niche and wetness, breeding habitat type and life-history strategy. The magnitude of species' population trends grew with decreasing absolute size of sub-Saharan non-breeding ranges, and this result remained significant when non-breeding range size was expressed relative to the size of the breeding range. After repeating the analysis with the trend direction, the relationship with the non-breeding range size disappeared, indicating that both population decreases and increases are frequent amongst species with small non-breeding range sizes. Therefore, species with small non-breeding ranges are at a higher risk of population decline due to adverse factors such as habitat loss or climatic extremes, but their populations are also more likely to increase when suitable conditions appear. As non-breeding ranges may originate from stochasticity of non-breeding site selection in naive birds ('serial-residency' hypothesis), it is crucial to maintain a network of stable and resilient habitats over large areas of birds' non-breeding quarters.
Data from: Cost of reproduction: a comparison of survival rates of breeding and non-breeding male ortolan buntings
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Data from: Survival varies seasonally in a migratory bird: linkages between breeding and non-breeding periods
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Data from: Matching geographical assignment by stable isotopes with African non-breeding sites of Barn swallows Hirundo rustica tracked by geolocation
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Data from: Across a migratory divide: divergent migration directions and non-breeding grounds of Eurasian reed warblers revealed by geolocators and stable isotopes
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Cory’s, Scopoli’s, and Cabo Verde shearwaters non-breeding locations
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Data from: Non-breeding range size predicts the magnitude of population trends in trans-Saharan migratory passerine birds
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Data from: Non-breeding European robins adjust their songs in noisy environments
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Ecological and social constraints combine to promote evolution of non-breeding strategies in clownfish
<p><span>Individuals that forgo their own reproduction in animal societies represent an evolutionary paradox because it is not immediately apparent how natural selection can preserve the genes that underlie non-breeding strategies. Cooperative breeding theory provides a solution to the paradox: non-breeders benefit by helping relatives and/or inheriting breeding positions;<sup> </sup>non-breeders do not disperse to breed elsewhere because of ecological constraints. However, the question of why non-breeders do not contest to breed within their group has rarely been addressed. Here, we use a wild population of clownfish (<i>Amphiprion percula</i>), where non-breeders wait peacefully for years to inherit breeding positions, to show non-breeders will disperse when ecological constraints (risk of mortality during dispersal) are experimentally weakened. In addition, we show non-breeders will contest when social constraints (risk of eviction during contest) are experimentally relaxed. Our results show it is the combination of ecological and social constraints that promote the evolution of non-breeding strategies. The findings highlight parallels between, and potential for fruitful exchange between, cooperative breeding theory and economic bargaining theory: individuals will forgo their own reproduction and wait peacefully to inherit breeding positions (engage in cooperative options) when there are harsh ecological constraints (poor outside options) and harsh social constraints (poor inside options). </span></p>
Local human population increase in the non-breeding areas of long-distance migrant bird species is only weakly associated with their declines, even for synanthropic species
<p><span>Aim: To show how recent declines in populations of long-distance migrant birds are associated with recent increases in human population growth and agricultural intensification on their tropical non-breeding grounds, except for synanthropic species, where we expect the reverse.</span></p> <p><span>Location: Breeding populations throughout Europe and North America spending the non-breeding season throughout Africa, and Central and South America, respectively. </span></p> <p><span>Methods: </span>We mapped 50 species of long-distance migrant birds from published tagging studies of 126 breeding populations and identified their breeding population trends from 2000-2015 from published Country or State census data. We then matched individual bird non-breeding locations, from each population, to local human population change and crop yield data. We used GLMs to predict whether bird population decline was associated with human population change or crop yield and whether this was dependent on if a species was synanthropic or not, controlling for absolute human population density, breeding and non-breeding location, migratory distance and phylogeny. We predicted that bird populations that spend the non-breeding season in areas of recent higher human population increase or agricultural intensification (crop yield), would show greater declines, but that declines would be less for species that frequently utilize anthropogenic habitats such as secondary woodland and farmland.</p> <p><span>Results: </span>Bird population change, even for synanthropic species, showed a significant negative relationship with relative human population change and crop yield (but this was weak, <2% and 6% of variance respectively), and this relationship was the same for the Neotropics and Africa, despite African human population change being three times larger.</p> <p><span>Main conclusions: </span>The results suggest that local human population change in the non-breeding area is likely to be only a relatively minor driver of migrant declines, and its effects may be through increases in agricultural intensification reducing carrying capacity but we currently lack local studies to confirm this.</p>
Habitat-specific survival of golden-winged warblers (Vermivora chrysoptera) during the non-breeding season in an agricultural landscape
<p>Nearctic-Neotropical migratory birds are considered priority species for conservation because they are subject to threats at distinct breeding, migratory and stopover locations throughout their annual cycle, and many species have undergone severe population declines. Research during the non-breeding season has focused on identifying the locations and habitats that migrants use, but wintering migrants are known to occupy habitats of both high and low quality, especially when the best sites are saturated by conspecifics. Thus, the presence or abundance of a species may not be a reliable indicator of winter habitat quality. The habitat associations of the golden-winged warbler <i>Vermivora chrysoptera</i>, a Nearctic-Neotropical migrant bird species of elevated conservation concern, are relatively well studied, yet conservation efforts are hindered by lack of information about basic demographic rates. In particular, no published estimates exist for non-breeding season survival, which can be a key vital rate affecting population viability, nor how survival rates vary among habitats, which is important to designing conservation programs to support populations during the winter period. We studied a color-banded population of golden-winged warblers in Costa Rica over a 3-year period and estimated overall survival rates, and the effects of habitat characteristics on survival. We found that monthly survival of juveniles (0.881) was lower than adult birds (0.978). Monthly survival during the non-breeding season (0.967) was higher than monthly survival during the rest of the annual cycle (0.930). Survival was negatively related to canopy height, and we observed a significant quadratic effect where survival peaked at intermediate levels of vine tangles and dead hanging leaves, which corresponds to habitat features associated with abundance in prior studies at this same site. Our findings contribute to our existing knowledge about the potential impacts of winter-season events on Nearctic-Neotropical migratory bird populations, and also informs potential conservation strategies for wintering golden-winged warblers.</p>
Data from: Faster migration in autumn than in spring: seasonal migration patterns and non-breeding distribution of Icelandic Whimbrels Numenius phaeopus islandicus
Migration is fundamental in the life of many birds and entails significant energetic and time investments. Given the importance of arrival time in the breeding area and the relatively short period available to reproduce (particularly at high latitudes), it is expected that birds reduce spring migration duration to a greater extent than autumn migration, assuming that pressure to arrive into the wintering area might be relaxed. This has previously been shown for several avian groups, but recent evidence from four tracked Icelandic Whimbrels (Numenius phaeopus islandicus), a long distance migratory wader, suggests that this subspecies tends to migrate faster in autumn than in spring. Here, we (1) investigate differences in seasonal migration duration, migration speed and ground speed of Whimbrels using 56 migrations from 19 individuals tracked with geolocators and (2) map the migration routes, wintering and stopover areas for this population. Tracking methods only provide temporal information on the migration period between departure and arrival. However, migration starts with the fuelling that takes place ahead of departure. Here we estimate the period of first fuelling using published fuel deposition rates and thus explore migration speed using tracking data. We found that migration duration was shorter in autumn than in spring. Migration speed was higher in autumn, with all individuals undertaking a direct flight to the wintering areas, while in spring most made a stopover. Wind patterns could drive Whimbrels to stop in spring, but be more favourable during autumn migration and allow a direct flight. Additionally, the stopover might allow the appraisal of weather conditions closer to the breeding areas and/or improve body condition in order to arrive at the breeding sites with reserves.
Data from: High spatiotemporal overlap in the non-breeding season despite geographically dispersed breeding locations in the eastern whip-poor-will (Antrostomus vociferus)
<p>The eastern whip-poor-will (Antrostomus vociferus) is a Neotropical migrant that has declined by 70% in recent decades, yet when and where populations are limited throughout the annual cycle is poorly understood. We deployed 115 archival GPS tags across a 9.5-degree latitudinal span (~1000 km; midwestern US) on whip-poor-wills in the summers of 2017 and 2019, and extracted data from 52 tags. The associated .csv file exhibits the raw movement data extracted from the archival GPS tags, where each row represents a GPS fix location for a given bird. The columns present are largely those generated by Lotek, although researchers created a few columns to aid in identification of birds and downstream data analysis. Of particular note is the "season" column, where we quantified the likely behavior (e.g., fall migration) of the individual at the given time and location. These points essentially represent the migratory tracks from both fall and spring (when available), including both the breeding and wintering grounds location. We found that whip-poor-wills circumvented the Gulf of Mexico, and populations across a large latitudinal gradient came together in eastern Texas in early October, resulting in decreased connectivity throughout migration. Breeding-winter migratory connectivity was low (MC = 0.22 ± 0.12), with extensive overlap of core wintering areas in southern Mexico and Guatemala. See methods in manuscript for more info.</p>
Figure 3 in Non-breeding season records of the Alpine Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus occisinensis
Figure 3. Bayesian Inference phylogenetic trees based on COI (A) and Cytb (B) genes of collected samples and those downloaded from GenBank, with Yellow-streaked Warbler Phylloscopus armandii serving as an outgroup. Numbers on each node represent percent bootstrap values and posterior probabilities, respectively.
Energetic synchrony throughout the non-breeding season in common guillemots from four colonies
<p>The non-breeding season presents significant energetic challenges to birds that breed in temperate or polar regions, with clear implications for population dynamics. In seabirds, the environmental conditions at non-breeding sites drive food availability and the energetic cost of regulatory processes, resulting in variation in diet, behaviour and energetics; however, very few studies have attempted to understand if and how these aspects vary between populations. We investigated whether non-breeding location influenced diet, behaviour, and energetics in the common guillemot <em>Uria aalge</em>. We studied guillemots from four UK breeding colonies, two located on the west coast of Scotland and two on the east. We quantified non-breeding distribution, foraging behaviour and activity budgets of 39 individuals from July – March, using geolocation-immersion loggers and time-depth recorders, and used feather stable isotope signatures to infer diet during the post-breeding moult. We calculated energy expenditure and investigated whether the peak (an indicator of the potential vulnerability to marine threats) varied between colonies. Individuals were spatially segregated according to the coastline they breed on, with west coast guillemots distributed off the west coast of the UK and east coast guillemots distributed off the east coast. Diet and behaviour were more similar in guillemots that shared a breeding coastline than those that did not, as west coast guillemots foraged at a lower trophic level, spent less time diving, and engaged in more pelagic foraging than east coast guillemots. However, energy expenditure was remarkably similar between colonies, peaking during late February/early March, indicating that, during our study period, there was high synchrony between colonies in the timing of potential vulnerability to threats. Therefore, any anthropogenic changes that result in decreased food availability or increased energy expenditure during late winter may have greater impacts on energy balance, with consequences for population dynamics.</p>
Interspecific variation in non-breeding aggregation: a multi-colony tracking study of two sympatric seabirds
<p>Migration is a widespread strategy for escaping unfavourable conditions during winter, but the extent to which populations that segregate during the breeding season aggregate during the non-breeding season is poorly understood. Low non-breeding season aggregation may be associated with higher likelihood of overlap with threats, but with fewer populations affected, whereas high aggregation may result in a lower probability of exposure to threats, but higher overall severity. We investigated non-breeding distributions and extent of population aggregation in 2 sympatrically breeding auks. We deployed geolocation-immersion loggers on common guillemots <em>Uria aalge</em> and razorbills <em>Alca torda</em> at 11 colonies around the northern UK and tracked their movements across 2 non-breeding seasons (2017-18 and 2018-19). Using 290 guillemot and 135 razorbill tracks, we mapped population distributions of each species and compared population aggregation during key periods of the non-breeding season (post-breeding moult and mid-winter), observing clear interspecific differences. Razorbills were largely distributed in the North Sea, whereas guillemot distributions were spread throughout Scottish coastal waters and the North, Norwegian and Barents Seas. We found high levels of aggregation in razorbills and a strong tendency for colony-specific distributions in guillemots. Therefore, razorbills are predicted to have a lower likelihood of exposure to marine threats, but more severe potential impact due to the larger number of colonies affected. This interspecific difference may result in divergent population trajectories, despite the species sharing protection at their breeding sites. We highlight the importance of taking whole-year distributions into account in spatial planning to adequately protect migratory species.</p>
Data from: Migration strategy and pathogen risk: non-breeding distribution drives malaria prevalence in migratory waders
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Data from: Faster migration in autumn than in spring: seasonal migration patterns and non-breeding distribution of Icelandic Whimbrels Numenius phaeopus islandicus
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Data from: High spatiotemporal overlap in the non-breeding season despite geographically dispersed breeding locations in the eastern whip-poor-will (Antrostomus vociferus)
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