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FIGURES 33-34 in Nests, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of the Bee Haetosmia vechti (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Osmiini)

FIGURES 33-34. Diagrams of immatures of Haetosmia vechti, lateral views, drawn to same scale = 1.0 mm. 33. Postdefecating larva, demonstrating overall shape; vestiture not indicated. The specimen used for this illustration did not preserve well, so that the illustration lacks accuracy, although overall form is correct; the description is believed to be far more reliable. 34. Male pupa with vestiture indicated.

FIGURES 28–32. Adult Haetosmia. 28 in Nests, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of the Bee Haetosmia vechti (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Osmiini)

FIGURES 28–32. Adult Haetosmia. 28. Female of Haetosmia vechti masticating a leaf of Centaurea procurrens. 29. Male of Haetosmia vechti feeding on flowers of Heliotropium. 30. Pollen-collecting female of Haetosmia circumventa on Heliotropium sp. 31. SEM micrograph of female proboscis of Haetosmia vechti with specialized pollen-harvesting bristles densely covering the second segment of both labial palpi. 32. SEM micrograph of pollen-harvesting bristles on the right labial palpus of Haetosmia vechti.

FIGURES 20–26 in Nests, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of the Bee Haetosmia vechti (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Osmiini)

FIGURES 20–26. SEM micrographs of cells and cocoons of Haetosmia vechti. 20. Front end of cocoon in figure 18, showing filter area. 21. Filter area of another cocoon. 22. Same, close-up, showing surrounding fibrous area. 23, 24. Inner cocoon surface demonstrating: (1) transparency of silk surface; note debris seeming to "float" on surface and (2) the near disappearance of elongate streak of white material (arrows), which reflects shape and not color; figure 24 with cocoon on left and edge of wall with thin fecal layer and resin wall on right. 25. Another area of cell wall with cocoon on left, showing cluster of presumed microorganisms on inner surface of wall beneath cocoon and impression of organism indicated on undersurface of cocoon. 26. Closeup of microorganisms, suggesting that more than one species may be involved.

FIGURES 12–19 in Nests, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of the Bee Haetosmia vechti (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Osmiini)

FIGURES 12–19. Macrophotographs of cells of Haetosmia vechti, anterior ends at top when in lateral view. 12. Entire cell, exterior surface, showing urn shape. 13. Same cell as figure 12 turned 90°, showing asymmetry. 14. Cell top, showing elevated rim surrounding closure. 15. Cell closure, inner surface. 16. Same closure as figure 15, exterior surface. 17. Inner surface of cell showing transparent cocoon covering dark feces and streaks of white material (arrows); scale bar at left. Note ribbons of feces best seen at anterior end. 18. Another opened cell with anterior end of cocoon still attached with filter (circle) identified. 19. Another cell showing inner surface, with white material (arrows); scale bar for figures 18, 19 at lower right.

FIGURES 35–38 in Nests, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of the Bee Haetosmia vechti (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Osmiini)

FIGURES 35–38. Microphotographs of last larval instar of Haetosmia vechti. 35, 36. Right mandible, inner and ventral views, respectively. 37. Lateral lobe of abdominal segment 8 left side, showing spiracle and 8 setae (arrows). 38. Spiracle side view, showing elongate subatrium with barrel-shaped chambers.

FIGURES 1–11 in Nests, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of the Bee Haetosmia vechti (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Osmiini)

FIGURES 1–11. Nesting site and nests of Haetosmia vechti in Rehovot, Israel. 1. The sand hillock where nests were discovered is behind the person. 2. Part of the artificial sand hillock in which nests of Haetosmia vechti were discovered. The location of two adjacent nests is indicated by an arrow. 3. Female entering her burrow, concealed under dry leaves (arrow). 4. Exposed burrow entrance of Haetosmia vechti. 5. Female Haetosmia vechti digging a burrow. 6. An excavated nest with cell chamber (arrow). 7, 8. Two cell clusters from August 2013. 9. Cell cluster from October 2011 (with running ant). 10. Detail of cell wall from October 2011, showing needlelike structures characteristic of Heliotropium. 11. Dissected cell from October 2011, showing pollen mass and dead egg/larva on top.

FIGURES 81–86 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 81–86. Macroptic photographs of last larval instar of Stelis ater. 81. Entire postdefecating form, lateral view. 82–84. Head of same, front, lateral, and ventral views, respectively; atp = anterior tentorial pit. 85. Entire early fifth instar, lateral view. 86. Posterior part of abdomen of another specimen, lateral view, showing segmentation of abdominal apex.

FIGURES 64–66 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 64–66. SEM micrographs of inner layer of Stelis ater cocoon. 64. Front end showing opening behind nipple. 65. Close-up of area identified by rectangle in figure 64. 66. Rear of cocoon, to same scale as figure 65, showing lack of fenestrations. FIGURES 67–69. Radiographs of cocoon of Stelis ater with live larva, side view. 67. Entire cocoon. 68. Close-up of anterior end; for explanation, see text. 69. Slice of CT-scan anterior end.

FIGURES 52–57 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 52–57. SEM micrographs of cocoons of Stelis ater. 52. Cross section of cocoon wall showing three layers. 53. Close-up of area identified by rectangle in figure 52. Note non-fenestrated surface and thinness of inner layer in figs 52, 53. 54. Exterior surface of outer layer of nipple removed from rest of cocoon showing nature of fabric. 55. Close-up of area identified by rectangle in figure 54. 56. Under surface of outer layer of nipple removed from cocoon showing dense fibers. 57. Close-up of area identified by rectangle in figure 56, showing texture of fabric.

FIGURES 44–51 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 44–51. Microphotographs of cocoons of Stelis ater. 44. Inner surface of rear of cocoon cut longitudinally. 45. Entire cocoon, with outer lining removed from front end, revealing nearly black inner surface of nipple and middle layer of cocoon, lateral view. 46. Exterior surface of outer layer of nipple end, lateral view. 47. Interior surface of outer layer of nipple showing mass of silk fibers that surrounds and covers passageway to interior. 48. Inner layer of nipple with outer layer removed showing opening of passageway to rest of filter system, approximate lateral view. 49. Front view of opening to inner layer showing open passageway to screen

FIGURE 41 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURE 41. Early fifth instar of Stelis ater attacking fourth instar of Osmia chalybea. FIGURE 42. Wound (arrow) in same fourth instar caused by attack.

FIGURES 35–40 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 35–40. Immatures of Stelis ater. 35. Egg deep in provisions; eggs were encountered both in the provisions and on the front surface of the provisions, as discussed in text. 36. Early instar (arrow) deep in the provisions and feeding larva of Osmia chalybea (right) on front surface of provisions. 37. Egg of Stelis ater (arrow) and probable first instar of Osmia chalybea (left) on front surface of provisions with trachea now visible. 38. Same cell some time later with Stelis ater (arrow) now early feeding instar having not yet encountered Osmia chalybea, which has become an intermediate instar. 39. Early instar of Osmia chalybea being attacked simultaneously by two early instars of Stelis ater; one of which (arrow) is barely visible to the left of the others. Presumably one S. ater larva would later kill the other, since we never found more than one cocoon in a cell. 40. Two feeding early instars of Stelis ater (arrows) from eggs deposited deep in provisions.

FIGURES 73–77 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 73–77. SEM micrograph of anterior ends of eggs of Osmia chalybea and Stelis ater. 73. Anterior pole of egg of O. chalybea. 74. Micropylar area of same identified by rectangle in figure 73. 75. Close-up of micropylar disc of same. 76. Anterior pole of Stelis ater. 77. Micropylar area of same identified by rectangle in figure 76.

FIGURES 58–63 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 58–63. SEM micrographs of nipple end of cocoon of Stelis ater with outer layer of cocoon removed. 58. Part of nipple removed to expose passageway from tip of nipple to screened surface. 59. Close-up of screen forming base of chamber. 60. Part removed from nipple, showing texture of inner surface thought to result from larva pushing silk forward from inside the cocoon. 61–63. Close-ups of area identified by rectangles in figure 61, respectively; note changes in surface texture of silk, with silk of inner chamber shiniest.

FIGURES 18–22 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 18–22. Microphotographs of cocoons of Osmia chalybea. 18. Inner surface of cocoon with cap of filter removed, cut longitudinally, showing white inner layer on anterior section fusing posteriorly with middle layer to produce dark semitransparent surface; note dark outer screen of nipple (pointer). 19. Front end viewed from inside, showing white silk of inner lining and inner screen (pointer). 20. Rear end viewed from inside, showing shiny, semitransparent inner surface with fecal streaks. 21. Front end of cocoon in early stages of construction viewed from inside, showing deposit of silk (pointer) that will make up hard cap of completed cocoon. 22. Front end of cocoon before inner lining applied, viewed from inside, showing undersurface of outer screen (pointer) before turning dark.

FIGURES 11–13. Osmia chalybea. 11 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 11–13. Osmia chalybea. 11. Photograph of adult female. 12. Microptic photograph of cocoon, front end up, lateral view. 13. Close-up of nipple of same with outer cocoon layer removed and cap pried up to show outer screen beneath, near lateral view. FIGURES 14–16. Stelis ater. 14. Photograph of adult female. 15. Microptic photograph of entire cocoon, front end up, lateral view. 16. Microphotograph of same, showing characteristic elongate fecal pellets, lateral view.

FIGURES 1–7 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 1–7. Trap nests used in the study of Osmia chalybea and Stelis ater. 1. Two trap nests deployed in the field. 2. Front end of U-shaped trap nest. 3. Front end of circular trap nest, showing circular openings to boreholes lined with paper straws and unlined; note that two exhibit nest closures. 4. U-shaped trap nest seen

FIGURES 33, 34 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 33, 34. Radiographs of cocoons of Osmia chalybea, side view. 33. X-rayed cell containing mature larva surrounded by its cocoon. 34. Slice of CT scan of another cocoon showing anterior end of cocoon close to rear of preceding cell; note components of filter system at nipple although fine, loose silk not visible.

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FIGURES 78–80 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 78–80. Last larval instar of Osmia

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FIGURES 23–29 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 23–29. SEM micrographs of cocoons