Find research datasets worth reusing

Figure 10 in Rediscovery and description of Paramormyrops sphekodes (Sauvage, 1879) and a new cryptic Paramormyrops (Mormyridae: Osteoglossiformes) from the Ogooué River of Gabon using morphometrics, DNA sequencing and electrophysiology

Figure 10. Distribution map of West-Central Africa showing collection localities of specimens of P. sphekodes (blue), P. ntotom sp. nov. (red) and P. curvifrons (green). Stars mark collection locations of holotypes (or lectotype) and circles mark locations of other specimens.

Figure 6 in Rediscovery and description of Paramormyrops sphekodes (Sauvage, 1879) and a new cryptic Paramormyrops (Mormyridae: Osteoglossiformes) from the Ogooué River of Gabon using morphometrics, DNA sequencing and electrophysiology

Figure 6. Relevant portion of the phylogram produced from maximum likelihood analysis in RAxML of cyt-b sequences from nine individuals of the 'short EOD' form (blue), eight specimens of species 'SN4' from the Doumé and Sébé sites (red) aligned to data matrix (73 Paramormyrops individuals) of Sullivan et al. (2002), rooted with sequence of M. ntemensis (not shown). Sequence of P. curvifrons individual is shown in green. For species codes, follow Sullivan et al. (2002). Bootstrap values are shown at nodes (filled circles). Haplotypes of SN4 and 'short EOD' do not constitute monophyletic groups. However, no haplotypes are shared between these forms and nowhere on the tree do haplotypes from the two forms appear as nearest relatives. This result is consistent with the hypothesis of heterospecificity of the two forms.

Figure 7 in Rediscovery and description of Paramormyrops sphekodes (Sauvage, 1879) and a new cryptic Paramormyrops (Mormyridae: Osteoglossiformes) from the Ogooué River of Gabon using morphometrics, DNA sequencing and electrophysiology

Figure 7. Five specimens of P. sphekodes from Ogooué basin of Gabon. From top to bottom: specimen tag number 1192, female, 113.5 mm; 1201, female, 111 mm from the Ogooué River at Doumé; 1214, male, 112.5 mm; 1230, male, 133 mm and 1238, male, 119 mm from the Sébé River nearby. Scale bars = 1 cm.

Figure 3 in Rediscovery and description of Paramormyrops sphekodes (Sauvage, 1879) and a new cryptic Paramormyrops (Mormyridae: Osteoglossiformes) from the Ogooué River of Gabon using morphometrics, DNA sequencing and electrophysiology

Figure 3. The Paramormyrops specimens with short EODs, and those called SN4 have overlapping meristics but differ in a number of morphometric ratios. Here, the short EOD specimens are shown as blue circles, while '*' indicates the lectotype of P. sphekodes and '+' indicates the paralectotype. The red circles show those with longer EODs referred to as SN4 specimens. The short EOD forms have elevated ratios of interorbital width to snout length and correspondingly blunter snout angles than the SN4 specimens. They also have slightly reduced caudal peduncle depth to length ratios. There is overlap in each ratio taken separately, but combined they provide a convenient morphological basis for diagnosis between these two EOD types. EOD traces are 10 ms long.

Figure 1 in Rediscovery and description of Paramormyrops sphekodes (Sauvage, 1879) and a new cryptic Paramormyrops (Mormyridae: Osteoglossiformes) from the Ogooué River of Gabon using morphometrics, DNA sequencing and electrophysiology

Figure 1. (A) Paramormyrops sphekodes (Sauvage, 1877) MNHN A.893 photographed in 1984 by W. Harder at which time the lot contained two specimens, suspended vertically in a tall jar from a glass floater. The original MNHN catalogue shows two specimens accessioned in 1878 under this number. The larger specimen (SL = 113.8 mm) is currently catalogued as A 893; the smaller specimen (SL = 98.7 mm) was subsequently catalogued in 1998 as MNHN 1050-1998. Sauvage's original description indicates multiple specimens with a largest of 140 mm total length, but he designated no holotype. We regard these specimens as syntypes prior to our designation of the larger as lectotype. (B) Radiograph of MNHN A893.

Figure 2 in Rediscovery and description of Paramormyrops sphekodes (Sauvage, 1879) and a new cryptic Paramormyrops (Mormyridae: Osteoglossiformes) from the Ogooué River of Gabon using morphometrics, DNA sequencing and electrophysiology

Figure 2. Electric organ discharge (EOD) waveforms recorded from 40 specimens of P. sphekodes-like mormyrids from the Ogooué River Basin of Gabon suggest the possibility of two species with distinct EOD waveforms. (A) For each specimen, EOD duration is plotted against standard length (SL). (B) Histogram of EOD durations reveals two modal peaks: one for short EODs, <2 ms duration, and one for longer EODs,> 2 ms. (C) EOD waveforms of longer (above) and shorter duration (below) are superimposed after each EOD's amplitude is normalized to the same peak-to-peak height and centred on the zero-crossing between positive and negative peaks. Blue lines are males and red lines are females. Head positivity is upward. EOD duration is measured between T1 and T2 (in E), first and last points of the waveform that deviate above or below the baseline by more than 2% of the peak-to-peak height. In previous publications, the longer EOD type was referred to by the code name 'SN4'. The fish with the 'short EOD' waveform is new to this study. (D) Histograms of SLs of all 40 specimens separated by EOD-type and by sex/age class show that within each EOD type there are males recognized by their dimorphic anal fins. Within each group, males tend to have the longest duration waveforms. This sex difference is especially pronounced for SN4 males recorded during the breeding season. Fish of both EOD types co-occur at two sites in Gabon: the main channel of the Ogooué River at Doumé and the Sébé River nearby (see map). (E) EOD waveform of specimen CUMV 98177 tag JPS-1238 showing how EOD duration is measured.

Figure 5 in Rediscovery and description of Paramormyrops sphekodes (Sauvage, 1879) and a new cryptic Paramormyrops (Mormyridae: Osteoglossiformes) from the Ogooué River of Gabon using morphometrics, DNA sequencing and electrophysiology

Figure 5. Morphometrics and ratios from the three species of Paramormyrops included in this study. (A–C) and (E–G) show measurement ratios useful in diagnosis of these three species. Snout angle measurements (see Material and Methods) are compared in (D) and (G). (D) plots snout angle against IOW/SNL. Holotypes or lectotypes are indicated by '*' symbols and paratypes are indicated by 'x' symbols. (H) compares IOW/SNL for specimens of differing standard lengths. Superimposed on the data points in (A–C) and (E–G) are box plots showing range, 25% quartile, median and 75% quartile. Black bars above box plots span samples where means differ significantly (P ≤ 0.05) using Tukey–Kramer multiple comparison tests for differences in sample means. See Table 1 for abbreviations.

opennotspecifiedMar 2021View details →

fig. 4 in First record of Osteoglossum bicirrhosum (Cuvier 1829) (Osteoglossiformes: Osteoglossidae) for the state of Maranhão, Brazil

fig. 4. Preserved specimen of O. bicirrhosum: CICCAA 03485, 1 specimen, 52 cm TL (total length). Vila Nova dos Martirios, Tocantins River basin, State of Maranhão, Brazil.

Figure 19 from: Yanwirsal H, Bartsch P, Kirschbaum F (2017) Reproduction and development of the asian bronze featherback Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769) (Osteoglossiformes, Notopteridae) in captivity. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(2): 299-324. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.13341

Figure 19 - Development of the genital papilla of a female Notopterus notopterus, seen in various photographs at high magnification. (a) The emergence of genital papilla, juvenile, stage 35, total length (TL) 52 mm, day 83; note the pair of ventral fins; (b) genital papilla of a stage 36 juvenile with TL 100 mm, 5 months; (c) stage 36, TL=124 mm, 8 months; (d) stage 36 TL= 136 mm, 12 months; (e) stage 37, TL=145 mm, 18 months old specimen; (f) Mature genital papilla obviously longer than the pelvic fins, TL= 230 mm, 24 months old adult female; significant growth of the genital papilla (white arrowhead) in between the ventral fins (arrow) and anal fin. Scale bar= 2 mm (a, c, e); 5 mm (b, d, f)

Figure 16 from: Yanwirsal H, Bartsch P, Kirschbaum F (2017) Reproduction and development of the asian bronze featherback Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769) (Osteoglossiformes, Notopteridae) in captivity. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(2): 299-324. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.13341

Figure 16 - Sequence of caudal fin development starting from hatching until the larval period in Notopterus notopterus. (a) shortly after hatching, day 7; (b) hemal spines and hypural plates (hh) emerged; note the slight regression of fin fold, day 10; (c) fin fold dorsally relatively lower, but intact, caudally completely replaced by 10 caudal fin rays, pterygiolarval phase, stage 30, day 20; (d) well-developed caudal fin in an early juvenile stage 33 in perfect continuity with the anal fin, day 36;Cfm – caudal fin mesenchyme; ff- fin folds; cfr – caudal fin rays; cf – caudal fin; af – anal fin. Arrows indicate the approximate border between caudal and anal fin. Scale bar = 2 mm.

Figure 11 from: Yanwirsal H, Bartsch P, Kirschbaum F (2017) Reproduction and development of the asian bronze featherback Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769) (Osteoglossiformes, Notopteridae) in captivity. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(2): 299-324. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.13341

Figure 11 - Embryonic development in Notopterus notopterus. (a) Stage 17, spoon shape, 48:50; nf- neural fold in the tail region; (b) Stage 18: early trunk-tail bud, note the remnant of the evacuation zone, 51h:05min; note somites (som) and the tail bud (tb) at the posterior part; (c) Stage 19: tail-bud bent; Kupffer's vesicle (Kv) appears in the bent tail bud, 84h:00min;cc - corpus cerebelli around the rhombencephalic area; (d) Stage 20: otic placode (op) and heart beats (h) observed, 92h:25min; (e) Stage 21: fin-fold stage, 95h:25min. Note the lobilineaeliteralis (lll), the otic placode (op) and the embryonic fin fold (ff). (f) Stage 22: eye pigment (e), 122h:05min; note the broadened fin fold (ff) along the body; (g) Stage 23: "C" shape, pre-hatching embryo; note the edge of the caudal fin, and the lobilinealateralis (lll). 146h:50min. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 9 from: Yanwirsal H, Bartsch P, Kirschbaum F (2017) Reproduction and development of the asian bronze featherback Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769) (Osteoglossiformes, Notopteridae) in captivity. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(2): 299-324. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.13341

Figure 9 - Cleavage in Notopterus notopterus and blastula formation. (a) Stage 1: one cell (zygote) with forming blastodisc (bd), 1h:10min; (b) Stage 2: two blastomeres (b), at 2:00h; (c) Stage 3: four cells, 2h:20min; (d) Stage 4: eight cells, 2h:42min; (e) Stage 5: early morula with 16 cells, 3h:45min; (f) Stage 6: asynchronous blastomeres up to circa 32 cells, 4h:30min; (g) Stage 7: blastula with compact knob-like blastodisc, 6h:25min; (h) Stage 8: flat blastula with expanding yolk-sac syncytium (ys), roundish mound of the blastoderm on the top of the yolk, 7:40; (i) Stage 9: late blastula, the surface of blastoderm appears smooth, covering part of the yolk, but the cells are still distinct, 8h:35min. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 2 from: Yanwirsal H, Bartsch P, Kirschbaum F (2017) Reproduction and development of the asian bronze featherback Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769) (Osteoglossiformes, Notopteridae) in captivity. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(2): 299-324. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.13341

Figure 2 - Diagram of the course of the tested environmental factors: specific conductivity (C) and temperature (T) during 339 days in breeding group and tank I containing two females and one male of Notopterus notopterus. 20 spawnings of the female No. 1 were observed within a 5-month period. The breeding experiment was started after 3 months of acclimatization period. A swollen belly of the female was first observed after one month (arrow). * Asterisks refer to observed spawnings.

Figure 14 from: Yanwirsal H, Bartsch P, Kirschbaum F (2017) Reproduction and development of the asian bronze featherback Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769) (Osteoglossiformes, Notopteridae) in captivity. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(2): 299-324. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.13341

Figure 14 - Late embryonic and larval development in Notopterus notopterus. (a) Stage 28: pronounced regression of median fin fold, day 12; note almost completely reduced yolk sac (ys);pectoral fin, arrow; (b) Stage 29: late embryonic phase day 14, pectoral fin buds of both sides seen; (c) Stage 30: beginning of larval period, extrinsic feeding, developed and gas-filled swim bladder, day 17; (d) Stage 31: pigmented iris and cornea are very distinct, day 24; (e) Stage 32: anal and caudal lobe formation, day 36; arrowheads point to the leading edge of the gradually developing dorsal fin. Scale bar = 5 mm.

Figure 18 from: Yanwirsal H, Bartsch P, Kirschbaum F (2017) Reproduction and development of the asian bronze featherback Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769) (Osteoglossiformes, Notopteridae) in captivity. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(2): 299-324. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.13341

Figure 18 - Late juvenile to the maturation stage in Notopterus notopterus. (a) Stage 36: appearance of ventral fin, black arrowhead, day 92; (b) Stage 37: late stage of juvenile with total length of 145 mm, note the change in color and the emergence of scales, 18 months; (c) Stage 38: adult male with total length 275 mm, captured at age of 30 months; note the ventral fin (arrowhead) longer than the genital papilla. Scale bar = 10 mm (a); 20 mm (b); 30 mm (c).

Figure 15 from: Yanwirsal H, Bartsch P, Kirschbaum F (2017) Reproduction and development of the asian bronze featherback Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769) (Osteoglossiformes, Notopteridae) in captivity. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(2): 299-324. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.13341

Figure 15 - Sequence of development of the dorsal fin starting from hatching until the end of the larval period in Notopterus notopterus. (a) shortly after hatching, day 7, first mesenchyme condensation; (b) dorsal fin bud appears, day 8; (c) distinct dorsal fin bud and regression of embryonic fin fold, day 12; (d) well-developed dorsal fin anlage with 9 distinct radials and muscles, 7 fin rays, 17 days; (e) differentiated dorsal fin and regressed fin-fold of a stage 31 larva, 24 days; (f) dorsal fin in transition to a juvenile, 8–9 differentiated lepidotrichia, 36 days. Also note the progressive folding of myomeres and strengthening of myosepta; arrowhead points to developing dorsal fin. Scale bar = 2 mm.

Figure 6 from: Yanwirsal H, Bartsch P, Kirschbaum F (2017) Reproduction and development of the asian bronze featherback Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769) (Osteoglossiformes, Notopteridae) in captivity. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(2): 299-324. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.13341

Figure 6 - Preferred spawning sites of Notopterus notopterus. (a) The eggs attached to the underside (double arrowhead) and (b) on the edge of a large stone; (c) eggs were also found on the edge of the filter. Scale bar = 20 mm (a); 4 mm (b); 10 mm (c).

Figure 10 from: Yanwirsal H, Bartsch P, Kirschbaum F (2017) Reproduction and development of the asian bronze featherback Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769) (Osteoglossiformes, Notopteridae) in captivity. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(2): 299-324. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.13341

Figure 10 - Continuation of epiboly and neurulation in Notopterus notopterus. (a) Stage 10: evacuation zone (ez) at animal pole and the deepening of the marginal zone (mz) between the animal pole and the vegetal pole, 19h:11min; (b) Stage 11: 50 % epiboly, germ ring (gr) positioned in between of animal pole and vegetal pole, 25h:15min; (c) Stage 12: embryonic shield (es) on the animal pole, note the micropyle (m) and the translucent evacuation zone (ez), 27h:00min; (d) Stage 13: onset of neurulation with vertical view, neural plate (npl), 29h:15min; (e) Stage 14: 75 % epiboly on vertical view, note the yolk plug is mostly constricted by the flat and short germ ring (gr), 36h:00min; (f) Stage 14: transversal view, note the rostral (r) and caudal (c) part of the embryonic shield can be distinguished; (g) Stage 15: 90 % epiboly; note the reduced yolk plug (yp), 39h:10min; (h) Stage 16: latest epiboly, note the tiny remnant of the yolk plug (yp), vertical view; (i) Stage 16: transversal view showing the wedge-shaped neural plate and the rostral (r) and caudal (c) part of the embryonic shield. Arrowhead points to notochord 41h:35min. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 8 from: Yanwirsal H, Bartsch P, Kirschbaum F (2017) Reproduction and development of the asian bronze featherback Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769) (Osteoglossiformes, Notopteridae) in captivity. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(2): 299-324. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.13341

Figure 8 - Micropyle (a) and spiralling ridges (b) of the egg envelope in Notopterus notopterus at higher magnification; ev-egg envelope, m -micropyle. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 7 from: Yanwirsal H, Bartsch P, Kirschbaum F (2017) Reproduction and development of the asian bronze featherback Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769) (Osteoglossiformes, Notopteridae) in captivity. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(2): 299-324. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.13341

Figure 7 - Three spawned eggs of Notopterus notopterus. (a) The egg envelope has many spiralling ridges originating from the micropyle; (b) the micropyle (m), located above the animal pole, is clearly marked as an opening in the egg envelope of the ovulated egg; (c) view of an egg from the vegetal pole. Scale bar = 1 mm.