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27 results for “Palaeognathae”
Figure 1 in Metric variation in the postcranial skeleton of ostriches, Struthio (Aves: Palaeognathae), with new data on extinct subspecies
Figure 1. Graphical representations of measurements as defined in Table 1. A, scapulocoracoid in medial view. B, sternum in dorsal view. C, synsacrum and pelvis in cranial (C1), dorsal (C2), lateral (C3) and ventral (C4) view. D, femur in medial (D1), caudal (D2), proximal (D3 and distal (D4) view. E, tibiotarsus in cranial (E1) and medial (E2) view. F, fibula in cranial (F1), lateral (F2) and caudomedial (F3) view. G, tarsometatarsus in proximal (G1), dorsal (proximal end; G2), plantar (G3) and lateral (G4) view. H, phalanx 1 in dorsal (H1), ventral (H2), lateral (H3), medial (H4) and proximal (H5) view. I, pedal digit III phalanx 2 in dorsal (I1), ventral (I2) and medial (I3) view. Anatomical abbreviations: ai, angulus ilii; al, angulus lateralis; am, angulus medialis; at, antitrochanter; c, caput femoris; cc, crista cnemialis cranialis; cn, crista cnemialis lateralis; cp,
Figure 2 in Metric variation in the postcranial skeleton of ostriches, Struthio (Aves: Palaeognathae), with new data on extinct subspecies
Figure 2. Simpson's ratio diagram comparing the lengths of scapulocoracoid (SC), humerus (H), femur (F), tibiotarsus (TT), tarsometatarsus (TM), and the first (III/1), second (III/2), and third (III/3) pedal digit III phalanges of living and extinct ostriches (Struthio), with Struthio camelus australis NHMUK 1857.2.24.10 as a reference (the black straight line at level 0). See the Supporting Information for the adopted lengths of limb segments (Table S17) and their LOG (decimal logarithmic) values (Table S18).
Data from: Whole-genome analyses resolve the phylogeny of flightless birds (Palaeognathae) in the presence of an empirical anomaly zone
Palaeognathae represent one of the two basal lineages in modern birds, and comprise the volant (flighted) tinamous and the flightless ratites. Resolving palaeognath phylogenetic relationships has historically proved difficult, and short internal branches separating major palaeognath lineages in previous molecular phylogenies suggest that extensive incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) might have accompanied a rapid ancient divergence. Here, we investigate palaeognath relationships using genome-wide data sets of three types of noncoding nuclear markers, together totalling 20,850 loci and over 41 million base pairs of aligned sequence data. We recover a fully resolved topology placing rheas as the sister to kiwi and emu + cassowary that is congruent across marker types for two species tree methods (MP-EST and ASTRAL-II). This topology is corroborated by patterns of insertions for 4,274 CR1 retroelements identified from multi-species whole genome screening, and is robustly supported by phylogenomic subsampling analyses, with MP-EST demonstrating particularly consistent performance across subsampling replicates as compared to ASTRAL. In contrast, analyses of concatenated data supermatrices recover rheas as the sister to all other non-ostrich palaeognaths, an alternative that lacks retroelement support and shows inconsistent behavior under subsampling approaches. While statistically supporting the species tree topology, conflicting patterns of retroelement insertions also occur and imply high amounts of ILS across short successive internal branches, consistent with observed patterns of gene tree heterogeneity. Coalescent simulations indicate that the majority of observed topological incongruence among gene trees is consistent with coalescent variation rather than arising from gene tree estimation error alone, and estimated branch lengths for short successive internodes in the inferred species tree fall within the theoretical range encompassing the anomaly zone. Distributions of empirical gene trees confirm that the most common gene tree topology for each marker type differs from the species tree, signifying the existence of an empirical anomaly zone in palaeognaths.
Figure 4. A–E in A new Transantarctic relationship: morphological evidence for a Rheidae-Dromaiidae-Casuariidae clade (Aves, Palaeognathae, Ratitae)
Figure 4. A–E, left parietes dorsales orbitarum and ossa lacrimales in dorsal view: (A) Apteryx australis Shaw, 1813 (BMNH 1939-12-9-1488); (B) Struthio camelus (MNHN-LAC 1923-954); (C) Rhea americana (Linnaeus, 1758) (MNHN- LAC 1876-730); (D) Dromaius novaehollandiae (MNHN-LAC 1989-89); (E) Casuarius sp. (MNHN-LAC 1966-245). F–I, crania, ossa maxillarum and palatorum in ventral view: (F) Rhynchotus rufescens (Temminck, 1815) (MNHN-LAC 1877-649); (G) S. camelus (MNHN-LAC 1944-69); (H) R. americana (MNHN-LAC 1876-730); (I) D. novaehollandiae (MNHN-LAC 1900-429). J–M, Sterna in dorsal view: (J) Apteryx haastii (BMNH 1900-1-4-4); (K) S. camelus (MNHN-LAC, unnumbered); (L) R. americana (MNHN-LAC 1876-730); (M) Casuarius sp. (MNHN-LAC A-4146). Scale bars: 10 mm.
Figure 1 in Comparative ossification sequence and skeletal development of the postcranium of palaeognathous birds (Aves: Palaeognathae)
Figure 1. Lateral view of the forelimbs of palaeognath embryos. A–C, Dromaius novaehollandiae: A, stage 35 (RM 8053); B, stage 36 (day 25 of incubation, RM 8023); C, stage 40+ (day 43 of incubation, RM 8039). D–F, Struthio camelus: D, day 15 of incubation (YPM 112437); E, day 21 of incubation (YPM 112444); F, day 36 of incubation (YPM 112461). G, H, Eudromia elegans: G, day 10 of incubation (YPM 112519); H, day 15 of incubation (YPM 112525). I, J, Rhea americana: I, stage 34 (day 14 of incubation, RM 7217); J, stage 40+ (day 26 of incubation, RM 7223). Grey shaded regions represent cartilage; black regions represent ossified tissue. The density of stippling reflects the relative degree of ossification. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B, D, E, G, I); 5 mm (C, F, H, J).
Data from: Whole-genome analyses resolve the phylogeny of flightless birds (Palaeognathae) in the presence of an empirical anomaly zone
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Figure 1. Palaeognathae phylogenies published 2007–2010. A in New morphological evidence supports congruent phylogenies and Gondwana vicariance for palaeognathous birds
Figure 1. Palaeognathae phylogenies published 2007–2010. A, nuclear genomic (Harshman et al., 2008); B, mitochondrial genomic (Phillips et al., 2010); C, mitochondrial genomic (Baker & Pereira, 2009); D, morphological (Bourdon et al., 2009); E, morphological, Livezey & Zusi (2007), original topology; F, morphological, Livezey & Zusi (2007) amended topology. K/T: Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary.
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