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Fig. 7 in A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota

Fig. 7. Genital skeletomusculature of Cantharis (Cantharis) (Coleoptera: Cantharidae). A, B, genitalia in situ: A, lateral; B, ventral. CeN, genitalia various aspects and states of dissection: C, whole, dorsal; D, E, stylus and muscle partially removed, dorsal; F, whole, ventral; G, dorsal portion of stylus removed, lateral; H, full stylus and part of penial sclerite removed; I, whole, ventrolateral oblique; J, stylus and muscle partially removed, dorsal; K, L, stylus partially removed, with K in ventrolateral oblique view, L in lateral view; M, N, coxites II and penial sclerite,partially dissected, with M in dorsal view, N in mesal (lateral) view.Abbreviations: CxtSty-art ¼ gonocoxite IIestylar articulation; Cxtpdp ¼ gonocoxite II posterodorsal process; CxtI ¼ "phallobase" (first gonocoxites); CxtII ¼ second gonocoxites (continuous with penis, forming "coxopenis" or CxtII þ Pen); Cxttvl ¼ gonocoxite II transverse lamella; Cxtvma ¼ gonocoxite I ventromedial apodeme; Pen ¼ penis and penial sclerite (continuous with CxtII, forming "coxopenis" or CxtII þ Pen); StIX ¼ sternum IX; Stap ¼ sternal apophysis; Sty ¼ gonostylus; Stydl ¼ gonostylar dorsal lobe; Stypdp ¼ gonostylar prosterodorsal process; Styvt ¼ gonostylar ventral tine; TgIX ¼ tergum IX; Tgap ¼ tergal apophysis. Muscle abbreviations indicated in Table 1.

Fig.16 in A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota

Fig.16. Genital skeletomusculature of Pycnopsyche antica (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae).A, genital and pregenital segments, lateral.B, genital and postgenital segments, posterior.C, same as B, left coxopod removed. D, same as C, lateral oblique. E, genital and postgenital segments, ventral. F, genital appendages, dorsolateral oblique. G, same as F, left gonopod removed. H, right gonopod and piece of postgenital complex, muscles removed, mesal (medial). IeK, penial sclerite and lateropenites: I, dorsolateral; J, dorsolateral, sheath membrane removed; K, ventrolateral, base of penial sclerite torn open. Abbreviations:?Ce ¼ structures possibly homologous with cerci; Cxa ¼ gonocoxa; Lpe ¼ lateropenite; Pen ¼ penis or penial sclerite; Prct ¼ proctiger; Seg ¼ segment; St ¼ sternum; Sty ¼ gonostylus; Tg ¼ tergum.Muscle abbreviations indicated in Table 1. Note: Segment numbers indicated with Roman numerals; addition signs indicate sclerite fusion.

Fig. 17 in A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota

Fig. 17. Key skeletomuscular morphological apomorphies of genitalia here inferred, mapped on the phylogenetic chronogram of the Hexapoda pruned to the specific terminals compared in the present study (tree modified from Misof et al., 2014). Bayesian analysis may provide estimates of rate and timing of inferred transformations.1. Hexapoda: male gonopore(s) situated on a lateromedially-undifferentiated gonopod (the penis). 2. Protura: male gonopores situated on distal (second) endopodal segment. 3. Collembola, Diplura: penes independently reduced to papillae. 4. Ectognatha: male and female genitalia derived from appendages (primary and secondary gonopods) of two successive segments. 5. Ectognatha: male phallic complex reduced to single, simple structure (the penis), modified from gonopores of abdominal segment X. 6. Dicondylia: dorsoventral penial extrinsic muscle lost. 7. Gonapophyses (endopods of coxopods IX) probably lost once in the Odonatoptera (along stem to Odonata) and once or twice in the Chiastomyaria. 8. Odonata: plesiomorphic condition of gamete transfer via spermatophore retained, although the latter is deposited in the autapomorphic secondary genitalia. 9. Ephemeroptera, Neoptera: sperm directly deposited in the female via intromission of the penis.10. Ephemeroptera: gonopods derive multiannulate styli.11. Ephemeroptera: penis laterally articulated with tergum IX, bearing derived tergopenial musculature. 12. Neoptera: sternopenial muscle duplicated, resulting in novel penial promotor. 13. Polyneoptera: secondary gonopods (coxopods IX) not incorporated into penial ("phallic") complex, being rather (usually) undifferentiated from sternum IX.14. Two independent lines of increasing complexity and disparity observed in the penial complex of Polyneoptera, once for the Zoraptera, the other for the Orthopterida (i.e., core Polyneoptera). 15. Two independent lines of penial complex simplification observed in Polyneoptera, once for the Plecoptera, the other for the Dictyoptera (namely, reduction observed in Isoptera).16. Grylloblattodea: coxopods IX secondarily differentiated from sternum IX.17. Eumetabola: gonostyli strengthened for clasping, bearing differentiated abductor and adductor muscles.18. Condylognatha: dorsal extrinsic penial muscle gained. 19. Hemiptera: gonopods undifferentiated from fused tergum and sternum IX, forming pygophore; pygophore also bearing origins of the penial extrinsic muscles. 20. Endopterygota: penis completely integrated with gonopods developmentally and gonopods, as in Hemiptera, bear the origins of the penial extrinsic muscles. 21. Endopterygota: penial musculature is duplicated dorsoventrally, resulting in greater functional potential of copulatory apparatus (penial-gonopodal complex). 22. Endopterygota: lateropenite ("parandrite" or "paramere" sensu Verhoeff) uniquely derived from penial sclerite (skeletomusculature of Psocodea in need of renewed study).23. Hymenoptera: origin of cupula (¼ "basal ring"), which controls overall motion of gonopods. 24. Hymenoptera: parossiculus derived from ventromedial gonocoxa, forming volsellar complex with lateropenite ("digitus"). 25. Sialida (sensu Bodreaux,1979 modified from Handlirsch,1908): gonocoxae migrated dorsally, fusing with tergum IX over the penis. 26. Sialida: external gonopore dissociated from the penial sclerites (probably in correlation with female loss of ovipositor). 27. Coleopterida: lateropenite lost. 28. Strepsiptera: genitalia reduced, with only a penis (or coxopenis) expressed. 29. Coleoptera: ancestral gonocoxa divided into two parts: the first or anterior gonocoxites ("phallobase") bearing the insertions of the extrinsic gonopodal musculature, the second or posterior gonocoxites incorporated to completely integrated with the penis (forming "coxopenis"); gonostyli variably associated with phallobase. 30. Euantliophora: genitalic complexity increases to extreme degree, extant taxa inheriting an autapomorphic aedeagal apodem (present in Siphonaptera and Nannochoristidae). 31. Siphonaptera: gonopodites, bearing styli, fused with tergo-proctiger complex. 32. Siphonaptera: sternum IX with lateral elongate arms. 33. Siphonaptera: sperm-pumping complex significantly modified. 34. Mecoptera: sperm-pumping complex with mittelplatte (note uncertainty of homology for boreid penial sclerites).35. Boreidae: sperm-pumping complex reduced, most slerites lost. 36. Boreidae: spermatophore regained. 37. Pistillifera: pistilltrö ager derived in sperm-pumping complex. 38. Diptera: partial to complete integration of sternum IX with gonopods; increasing genitalic complexity observed. 39. Amphiesmenoptera with relatively unmodified genitalia, although Lepidoptera with lateromedially fused lateropenites ("median plate") and enlarged and unmusculated gonostylus.

Fig.12 in A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota

Fig.12. Genital skeletomusculature of Apterobittacus apterus (Mecoptera:Bittacidae).AeC, genital and pregenital segments: A, lateral; B, distal; C, ventral.DeG, genital appendages and sternum IX: D, dorsal; E, lateral (partially dissected); F, lateral, left fragment of first coxite removed; G, same as F, with more muscle removed. H, left fragment of first coxite, mesal. IeN, complex of second coxite, lateropenite, and penial sclerite: I, lateral, first penial sclerite fragment removed; J, dorsal; K, dorsal, first penial sclerite fragment removed, dorsal.L, second coxites and first penial sclerite fragment removed,dorsal. M, same as L, dorsolateral oblique. N, first penial fragment,ventral (mesal), left and median tines partially broken. Abbreviations: Apd ¼ apodeme; Ce ¼ cercus; Cxa ¼ gonocoxa or first gonocoxites; Cxt# ¼ gonocoxite fragment; Lpe ¼ lateropenite; Pen# ¼ penial sclerite fragment; Prct ¼ proctiger; Sclbr-b-a'' ¼ sclerotic bridge between mittelplatte and second fragment of aedeagal apodem; Sclbr-cxt-cxt ¼ sclerotic bridge between first gonocoxites; SegVII ¼ seventh abdominal segment; Seg VIII ¼ abdominal segment VIII; StIX ¼ sternum IX; Sty ¼ stylus; TgIX ¼ tergum IX. Muscle abbreviations indicated in Table 1. Note: Sclerite fragment numbers indicated with Roman numerals; addition signs indicate sclerite fusion.

Fig.15 in A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota

Fig.15. Genital skeletomusculature of Tipula (Hesperotipula) californica (Diptera:Tipulidae). AeE, whole genitalia: A, lateral; B, dorsal; C, posteroventral oblique; D, distal; E, distal, tergum and sternum IX removed. F, tergum IX, mesal (ventral). GeI, genitalia with tergum IX and left gonopod removed, dorsolateral: G, with proctiger; H, proctiger partially removed; I, proctiger completely removed. JeL, right coxopod: J, K, mesal (medial); L, distal, oblique. M, genitalia with tergum IX and left coxopod removed, dorsolateral. N, right coxopod and penial sclerites, mesal. O, penial sclerites, lateral. Abbreviations: Ce ¼ cercus; Cxa ¼ gonocoxa; Lpe ¼ lateropenite; Pen ¼ penis; PenI ¼ first penial sclerite; PenI- nd ¼ penial needle; PenII ¼ second penial sclerite; PenIIdt ¼ dorsal tines of second penial sclerite; PenIImd ¼ medial disc of second penial sclerite; PenIII ¼ third penial sclerite; Prct ¼ proctiger; StVIII ¼ sternum VIII; StIX ¼ sternum IX; St-br ¼ sternal bridge; StCxa-sut ¼ sternocoxal suture; Sty ¼ gonostylus; Sty-dt ¼ dorsal tine of gonostylus; Sty- rcpt ¼ stylar receptor; Sty-vt ¼ ventral tine of gonostylus; TgIX ¼ tergum IX. Muscle abbreviations indicated in Table 1.

FIGURE 9 in Diversity and distribution of Anostraca in temporary ponds in Western Africa with description of a new species of Streptocephalus Baird, 1852 (Pancrustacea: Branchiopoda: Streptocephalidae)

FIGURE 9. Streptocephalus wolof sp. nov., male from Diembéreng, Ziguinchor, Senegal: A, head, dorsal view, arrow points a marginal beak; B, tip of first antenna; C, genital and abdominal segments; D, gonopore, lateral view; E, cercopods, ventral view. Scale bars: A–C, E = 0.5 mm; D = 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Diversity and distribution of Anostraca in temporary ponds in Western Africa with description of a new species of Streptocephalus Baird, 1852 (Pancrustacea: Branchiopoda: Streptocephalidae)

FIGURE 8. Streptocephalus wolof sp. nov., male from Diembéreng, Ziguinchor, Senegal: A, genital and abdominal segments., arrow points small cuticle projections; B, gonopods; C, cercopods. lo, lateral linguiform outgrowts; sia, spinulated inner appendix; bp, basal part of gonopods; ep, everted part of gonopods. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 6 in Diversity and distribution of Anostraca in temporary ponds in Western Africa with description of a new species of Streptocephalus Baird, 1852 (Pancrustacea: Branchiopoda: Streptocephalidae)

FIGURE 6. Streptocephalus wolof sp. nov., male from Diembéreng, Ziguinchor, Senegal: A, head dorsal view; B, tip of first antenna; C, frontal appendage, lateral view; arrow points acute projection; D, second antenna, dorsal view; E, labrum lateral view. Aj = apical joint, sp = small papillae, apr = anterior primary ramus, pr = posterior ramus, s = spur. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 5. A in Diversity and distribution of Anostraca in temporary ponds in Western Africa with description of a new species of Streptocephalus Baird, 1852 (Pancrustacea: Branchiopoda: Streptocephalidae)

FIGURE 5. A, temporary pond in Diembéreng, habitat of Streptocephalus wolof sp. nov.; B, several living male specimens of S. wolof sp. nov. from the same pond figured in A; note the presence/absence of the red coloration in the cercopods; C, habitus of a female specimen from the same pond figured in A; note the brood pouch coloration and the red color extended over the cercopods and the last abdominal segments.

FIGURE 4 in Diversity and distribution of Anostraca in temporary ponds in Western Africa with description of a new species of Streptocephalus Baird, 1852 (Pancrustacea: Branchiopoda: Streptocephalidae)

FIGURE 4. Bayesian phylogenetic relationships of Streptocephalus based on concatenated coxI and ITS markers. High posterior probabilities (>0.90) are depicted by black dots.

FIGURE 3 in Diversity and distribution of Anostraca in temporary ponds in Western Africa with description of a new species of Streptocephalus Baird, 1852 (Pancrustacea: Branchiopoda: Streptocephalidae)

FIGURE 3. Electronic scanning microscope images of the eggs of: A, Streptocephalus wolof sp. nov., 2 km north of Podor; B, Streptocephalus zeltneri, Bandafassi; C, Streptocephalus sudanicus, Gourel Yoba; D, Branchinella (B.) chudeaui, Tilagne Tokossel. Scale bar indicates 100 µm for each egg sample.

FIGURE 7 in Diversity and distribution of Anostraca in temporary ponds in Western Africa with description of a new species of Streptocephalus Baird, 1852 (Pancrustacea: Branchiopoda: Streptocephalidae)

FIGURE 7. Streptocephalus wolof sp. nov., male from Diembéreng, Ziguinchor, Senegal: A, first thoracopod; B, detail of endites 3–5 of first thoracopod; C, seventh thoracopod; D, detail of endites 3–5 of seventh thoracopod; E, eleventh thoracopod. EX = exopodite, EN = endopodite, EP = epipodite, PE = preepipodite, 1–5 = endites. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Diversity and distribution of Anostraca in temporary ponds in Western Africa with description of a new species of Streptocephalus Baird, 1852 (Pancrustacea: Branchiopoda: Streptocephalidae)

FIGURE 2. Map of Senegal showing the known localities of the four recorded freshwater species of Anostraca, including their respective type localities in Senegal and Mali. The three eco-regions are depicted by different colored areas.

FIGURE 1 in Diversity and distribution of Anostraca in temporary ponds in Western Africa with description of a new species of Streptocephalus Baird, 1852 (Pancrustacea: Branchiopoda: Streptocephalidae)

FIGURE 1. Different sampled water masses with presence of Anostraca across Senegal: A, Tilagne, Sahel eco-region, habitat of Branchinella chudeaui; B, Bandafassi, Sudanian savanna, habitat of Streptocephalus zeltneri; C, Bokiladji, Sahel eco-region, both are habitats of Streptocephalus wolof sp. nov.; D, Gourel Yoba, Sudanian savanna, habitat of Streptocephalus sudanicus.

FIGURE 3 in New leptestherid clam shrimps (Pancrustacea: Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata Leptestheriidae) from peninsular India

FIGURE 3. Leptestheria chalukyae sp. nov. A. Carapace (male), B. Head (male), C. Habitus (male), D. Dorsal armature (male), E. Head (female), F. Cercopod tip (female) (Scale bars 1mm for A,B,C,E, 0.5mm for D, 0.1 mm for F).

FIGURE 2 in New leptestherid clam shrimps (Pancrustacea: Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata Leptestheriidae) from peninsular India

FIGURE 2. Occipital condyle shapes seen in Indian leptestherids. A. Rounded, B. Projecting, C. Prolonged.

FIGURE 6 in New leptestherid clam shrimps (Pancrustacea: Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata Leptestheriidae) from peninsular India

FIGURE 6. Leptestheria chalukyae sp. nov. A. Telson (female); Leptestheria gomantaki sp. nov. B. Telson (female) (Scale bars 0.5 mm for A–B).

FIGURE 1 in New leptestherid clam shrimps (Pancrustacea: Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata Leptestheriidae) from peninsular India

FIGURE 1. Collection localities of the two new Leptestheria species (Square: L. chalukyae sp. nov.; Circle: L. gomantaki sp. nov.)& Localities of Indian leptestherid species. Top figure shows type localities of the new species while the bottom figure shows locations of all Indian species

FIGURE 4 in New leptestherid clam shrimps (Pancrustacea: Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata Leptestheriidae) from peninsular India

FIGURE 4. Leptestheria chalukyae sp. nov. A. Clasper I (male), B. Telson (male) (Scale bars 0.25 mm for A, 0.5 mm for B).

FIGURE 9. Leptestheria nobilis. A in New leptestherid clam shrimps (Pancrustacea: Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata Leptestheriidae) from peninsular India

FIGURE 9. Leptestheria nobilis. A. Head (male), B. Telson (male), C. Head (female), D. Telson (female) (Scale bars 1mm for A–D).