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Fig. 8 in Fig. 1 in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 8. The metamorphic rate of larvae response to chemical cue released by host and non-host coral species. Three replicates of each treatment were scored for cumulative metamorphosis. Error bars represent ± 1 SD.

Fig. 1 in Fig. 6. Pair correlation function g in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 1. Location of the study area in Southern Benin (West Africa). The red points represent visual contacts GPS locations of the red-bellied monkey (N = 22) used in this study. Source: Field work, 2019 and Benin IGN Map, 2018. Spatial reference system: WGS 1984 UTM Zone 31.

Fig. 3 in Fig. 1 in Fig. 6. A in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 3. Sample‐size‐based interpolation-extrapolation sampling curve of spider taxonomic richness in the study region (based on 500 randomizations).

Fig. 2 in Fig. 1 in Fig. 6. A in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 2. Schematic figure showing the disposition of the traps across the classes of riparian vegetation width. Adapted from Viegas et al. (2014) and Pires et al. (2020).

Fig. 1 in Fig. 1 in Fig. 6. A in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 1. Location of the studied fragments of riparian vegetation in the Sinos River basin, Southern Brazil. Adapted from: Moraes et al. (2014), Viegas et al. (2014) and Pires et al. (2020).

Fig. 5 in Fig. 6. Pair correlation function g in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 5. Size distribution of suitable habitats in the study area in southern Benin. The number above each bar represents the percentage of the suitable habitat size class considered.

Fig. 5 in Fig. 1 in Fig. 6. A in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 5. Biplot of the distance-based redundancy analysis (dbRDA) for the relationship between the composition of ground-dwelling spiders and environmental variables across the classes of riparian vegetation width in the study region. CC = canopy cover; LH = leaf litter height.

Fig. 4 in Fig. 1 in Fig. 6. A in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 4. PCoA ordination diagrams of the (a) taxonomic and (b) guild composition of ground-dwelling spider communities among riparian vegetation widths. Abbreviations in (b): HRU = hunting-runner spiders; HAS = hunting-ambusher spiders; SPW = space-web sheet builder spiders.

Fig. 4 in Fig. 6. Pair correlation function g in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 4. Plots of the response curves for each variable depending on the probability of presence and map of their spatial distribution. Each plot represents a Maxent model using only the corresponding variable. The plots are given for the six biophysical variables (A to F) with highest permutation importance> 2% (percent shown on plot). The plots show the average response (red line) and the standard deviation (blue interval around the average). For Land Cover Class, two shades (blue and green) represent upper and lower limit defined by standard deviation.

Fig. 3 in Fig. 6. Pair correlation function g in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 3. Probability of red-bellied monkey presence (A) and suitable habitats (upper 0.0898 of red-bellied monkey presence probability) identified with the Maximum Training Sensitivity and Specificity (Max TSS) threshold (B).

Fig. 6. Pair correlation function g in Fig. 6. Pair correlation function g in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 6. Pair correlation function g(r) of suitable habitats. Where the observed gRipley (black line) or gTranslate (red dashed line) is greater than gPois (green dashed line) we can expect more clustering than expected and where the observed gRipley or gTranslate is less than gPois we can expect more dispersion than expected.

Fig. 2 in Fig. 6 in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 2. The UV brightness on the major claw of A. lactea. The UV brightness in A. lactea has no correlation with carapace width (n = 101).

Fig. 6 in Fig. 6 in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 6. The time needed for successful courtship among the three courtship events. The time usage was significantly different among events (Kruskal-Wallis test, χ2 = 19.38, d.f. = 2, p <0.001, n = 133). The text in the plot shows the Dunn post hoc test results.

Fig. 1 in Fig. 6 in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 1. Four parts of the major claw were measured by a spectrometer: 1-front end of the dactyl, 2-middle of the dactyl, 3-front end of the pollex, and 4-middle of the pollex.

Fig. 5 in Fig. 6 in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 5. Courtship results of the three events presented as pie chart with percentages. A, only one male courting; B, two males courting simultaneously. The filled color represents the results of the courtships. Table 2. Factors affecting the courtship success of fiddler crabs

Fig. 4 in Fig. 6 in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 4. Distribution of UV brightness on the major claw between two treatments. A, The distribution of UV brightness between food-added and foodlimited treatments; B, between food-added and control treatments; C, between control and food-limited treatments. The gray area shows the overlap of the 95% confident interval between two treatments.

Fig. 6. A in Fig. 6. A in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 6. A: Type localities of the four currently recognised species of the Microhyla heymonsi species subgroup. B: The geographical location of Andaman and Nicobar Islands; C: Enlarged view of the Nicobar group of islands; D: The sampling localities of Microhyla nakkavaram sp. nov. in the southern group of Nicobar Islands. Red circle indicates the type locality.

Fig. 5 in Fig. 6. A in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 5. Statistical analyses showing the morphometric distinctness of Microhyla nakkavaram sp. nov. from M. heymonsi with which it was previously confused. A: Scatter plot of the first two principal components recovered from a principal component analysis of morphometric data from seven males of each species. The sampled individuals are enclosed in 95% confidence ellipses; B–E: total contributions of the first four principal components. Dashed line on the histograms indicates the expected average contribution: B: PC1 (34.8% variance); C: PC2 (22.1% variance); D: PC3 (14.8% variance); E: PC4 (10.9% variance); F–J: Box plots depicting differences between the two species with respect to the five most significant diagnostic characters (p <0.001) recovered in the Welch's Two Sample t-test; F: SVL (p = 0.000001019); G: HW/SVL (p = 0.000000007186); H: TL/SVL (p = 0.000001057); I: IN/SVL (p = 0.00001086); J: HL/SVL (p = 0.00006885).

Fig. 1 in Fig. 6. A in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 1. Maximum Likelihood tree for the genus Microhyla showing the phylogenetic position and relationship of the new species based on 532 bp of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene. Values above and below the branches indicate Ultrafast Bootstrap Support (UFB) of> 50% and Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (BPP)> 0.50, respectively. Circles at internal nodes denote species groups. Putative species in the Microhyla achatina species group based on bPTP species delimitation analysis are denoted with dark grey vertical bars (support> 0.90), light grey vertical bars (support> 0.70), or open vertical bars (support <0.70); black bars represent the recognized species. GenBank accession numbers and other sample details are referenced in table 1. Photographs of frogs in life represent species of the Microhyla heymonsi subgroup. Photos: M. heymonsi and M. daklakensis by Jianping Jiang; M. achatina, M. ninhthuanensis and M. nakkavaram sp. nov. by S. D. Biju.

Fig. 4 in Fig. 6. A in Parascorpaena poseidon Chou and Liao 2022

Fig. 4. Colour variation in life among the paratype and referred specimens of Microhyla nakkavaram sp. nov. A–E: Paratypes: A: ZSI/ANRC/ T/14216; B: ZSI/ANRC/T/14220; C: ZSI/ANRC/T/14217; D: ZSI/ANRC/T/14218; E: ZSI/ANRC/T/14219; F: Referred specimen: SDBDU 2019.4203. Seven aspects are depicted in clockwise order: dorsal view, ventral view, lateral view, dorsal view of cloacal region, posterior view of cloacal region, ventral view of hand, and ventral view of foot. Photos: S. D. Biju.