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44 results for “Plexippus”
The role of high-contrast male facial stripes in mitigating female aggression in the jumping spider, Plexippus paykulli
<p>Vibrant male coloration and energetic courtship displays set jumping spiders apart from most arachnids, which typically rely on non-visual stimuli. Like many other spiders, female salticids engage in sexual cannibalism, making courtship a risky but necessary endeavor for males. In this study, we investigated the relationship between male coloration and female aggression to better understand the interplay of attraction and aversion during courtship.</p> <p>Many male jumping spiders sport conspicuous coloration or high-contrast patterns that are reminiscent of the coloration of many aposematic insects. The faces of <em>Plexippus paykulli</em> males are adorned with bold vertical stripes they direct toward females during courtship. We hypothesized that these stripes could function as a sensory trap, leveraging female aversion to the signal to reduce the likelihood of cannibalism.</p> <p>We tested whether spiders exhibit an aversion to stripes in the context of predation by manipulating prey coloration and testing spider preference for prey based on the presence or absence of stripes. Then we conducted two courtship experiments by manipulating male facial coloration to determine whether the presence of male stripes affects female aggression and likelihood of mating. We also manipulated female foraging drive in each courtship experiment (either diet or mating status) to see whether common sources of natural variation among females influenced response to courting males. We found that spiders showed an aversion to stripes while foraging but that this aversion does not confer reduced aggression from females toward striped males vs. males with stripes obscured. However, stripes did affect the likelihood of male reproductive success, as striped males mounted females more frequently than non-striped males. Finally, female condition influenced female response to courting males, with hungrier females showing higher aggression and previously mated females being mounted less frequently than non-mated females.</p>
Danaus plexippus genome annotation and orthofinder results
<p>Funannotate v1.5.3 docker image was used to train Augustus v3.2.3, predict gene models, and perform functional annotation. As input for optimizing the performance of Augustus v3.2.3, funannotate used 2,404 PASA v2.3.3 gene models. To obtain this training gene model set, transcripts were de novo assembled with Trinity v2018-2.8.3 under settings --SS_lib_type RF, using all poly(A) RNA-seq paired reads after adapter removal with Trimmomatic v0.32. These transcripts were aligned to the genome under PASA using BLAT v36, obtaining a first set of gene models. The 500 longest non-redundant ORFs associated with the PASA gene models were used to train TransDecoder v5.2.0. Then the gene models were selected according to their abundance as estimated by Kallisto v0.44.0 under settings --rf-stranded using the Trinity normalized reads. Ultimately, BRAKER v2.0.3b trained Augustus with the retained gene models.<br>For gene prediction, funannotate aligned mRNAs and proteins from the previous annotation (official gene set 2, OGS2) with minimap v2.14-r883 under settings -ax splice --cs -u b -G 3000, and Diamond blastx v0.8.22, respectively. Protein alignments were further refined by funannotate, including 3 kb upstream and downstream of the region of alignment, and subsequently executing Exonerate v2.4.0. Additionally, funannotate parsed the introns supported by alignments of poly(A) RNA-seq reads generated with HISAT v2.1 under settings --rna-strandness RF --max-intronlen 10,000. This combination of hints (protein alignments, transcript alignments, and intron locations) was used by Augustus to predict a second set of 16,756 gene models. Of them, 9,695 were dubbed as highly supported, i.e. had more than 90% of their model supported either by intron hints, transcript alignments, or protein alignments. GeneMark-ET v4.35, under settings --max_intron 3,000 --soft_mask 2,000, was also run independently to predict a third set of gene models but only relying on intron hints.<br>The PASA, Augustus highly supported, Augustus not highly supported, and GeneMark prediction sets were combined by EVidenceModeler, assigning them 10, 5, 1, and 1 relative weights, respectively. The predictions were further filtered by removing genes shorter than 50 aa in length, or that had high sequence similarity (diamond blastp --sensitive --evalue 1e-10) to the repeat database included in funannotate, or that had more than 90% of the model intersecting regions masked by RepeatMasker. The filtered set of gene models was updated in order to include UTR information by two executions of the PASA annotation comparison using the Trinity transcripts and filtering gene models according to transcripts per million as calculated by Kallisto. Alternative transcripts were only kept if they were at least 10% as highly expressed as the most highly expressed transcript per gene.<br>Non-coding genes were annotated with the following tools: tRNA genes, tRNAscan-SE v.2.0; rRNA genes, RNAmmer v.1.2; and for a variety of other RNA genes, Infernal v1.1.1. Specifically, for miRNA-encoding genes, we used BLASTn to locate the most recent annotation of these genes. Lastly, FEELnc classified lncRNAs from the transcripts assembled by StringTie v1.3.2d, and considering protein-coding predictions described above.</p><p>Homology relationships of the predicted protein coding genes were inferred with OrthoFinder (v2.2.6) relative to <i>Bombyx mori, Plutella xylostella, Papilio xuthus, Amyelois transitella, Heliconius melpomene, Plodia interpunctella </i>and<i> Drosophila melanogaster</i>. OrthoFinder was run with the settings "-S diamond -M msa".</p>
Host plant specificity of the monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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The role of high-contrast male facial stripes in mitigating female aggression in the jumping spider, Plexippus paykulli
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Plant water limitation and its impact on the oviposition preferences of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
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Data from: Habitat type influences Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) oviposition and egg survival on Asclepias syriaca (Gentianales: Apocynaceae)
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Monarch (Danaus plexippus) larval records in the western U.S
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Data from: Beyond preference and performance: host plant selection by monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus
The connection between adult preferences and offspring performance is long-standing issue in understanding the evolutionary and ecological forces that dictate host associations and specialization in herbivorous insects. Indeed, decisions made by females about where to lay their eggs have direct consequences for fitness and are influenced by interacting factors including offspring performance, defence, and competition. Nonetheless, in addition to these attributes of the offspring, a female's choices may be affected by her own prior experience. Here we examined oviposition preference, larval performance, and the role of learning in the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus, which encounters diverse milkweed host species across its broad range and over the course of migration. Monarch females consistently preferred to oviposit on Asclepias incarnata subspecies pulchra. This plant, however, was associated with poor caterpillar growth, low sequestration of toxins, and the highest plant defences (latex and trichomes). We examined flexibility in this apparently maladaptive preference by testing the impact of previous experience and competition on preference. Experience laying on an alternative plant species enhanced preference for that species in contrast to A. i. pulchra. In addition, presence of a (competing) conspecific caterpillar on A. i. pulchra had a strongly deterrent effect and reversed host plant preferences. Thus, monarch butterflies exhibit preferences contrary to what would be expected based on offspring development and sequestered defences, but their preferences are altered by learning and competition, which may allow butterflies to shift preferences as they encounter diverse milkweeds across the landscape. Learning and perception of threats (i.e., competition or predation) may be critical for most herbivorous insects, which universally experience heterogeneity among their potential host plants.
Data from: Population genetics of overwintering monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus), from central Mexico inferred from mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite markers
Population genetic variation and demographic history in Danaus plexippus (L.), from Mexico were assessed based on analyses of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI; 658 bp) and subunit II (COII; 503 bp) gene segments and seven microsatellite loci. The sample of 133 individuals included both migratory monarchs, mainly from four overwintering sites within the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve (MBBR) in central Mexico (states of Michoacán and México), and a nonmigratory population from Irapuato, Guanajuato. Haplotype (h) and nucleotide (π) diversities were relatively low, averaging 0.466 and 0.00073, respectively, for COI, and 0.629 and 0.00245 for COII. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) of the COI data set, which included additional GenBank sequences from a nonmigratory Costa Rican population, showed significant population structure between Mexican migratory monarchs and nonmigratory monarchs from both Mexico and Costa Rica, suggesting limited gene flow between the two behaviorally distinct groups. Interestingly, while the COI haplotype frequencies of the nonmigratory populations differed from the migratory, they were similar to each other, despite the great physical distance between them. Microsatellite analyses, however, suggested a lack of structure between the two groups, possibly owing to the number of significant deviations from Hardy Weinberg equilibrium resulting from heterzoygote deficiencies found for most of the loci. Estimates of demographic history of the combined migratory MBBR monarch population, based on the mismatch distribution and Bayesian skyline analyses of the concatenated COI and COII data set (n = 89) suggested a population expansion dating to the late Pleistocene (~35,000 to 40,000 years before present) followed by a stable effective female population size (Nef) of about six million over the last 10,000 years.
Influence of habitat quality and resource density on breeding-season female monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) movement and space use in north-central USA agroecosystem landscapes
<ol> <li> The eastern North American monarch butterfly is at risk of quasi-extinction due, in part, to the loss of breeding habitat in agricultural landscapes of the USA Midwest. Because adult females are not patch residents, egg abundance and distribution across the landscape are a function of their perceptual range, flight directionality, and flight step lengths. Conservation actions that account for habitat use in agricultural landscapes can enhance functional connectivity.</li> <li>Field-captured females (n=114) were released in a 64-ha area containing restored prairies, grass-dominated fields, and crop fields in Floyd County, Iowa, USA, and two 1,000 m linear north-south sections of grass-dominated roadside along secondary roads (~ 35 ha) with different proximity to prairie habitat in rural Story County, Iowa. Radio-tagged or untagged monarchs were released in areas with high-density, low-density, and zero density of forage and oviposition resources, as well as on habitat edges between high and zero-density habitats. Monarchs were observed for one hour. Radio-tagged individuals that flew beyond visual detection were relocated using handheld radio telemetry.</li> <li>Monarchs moved within and between habitat classes and typically performed up-wind search behavior. Monarchs successfully located resources, with some flying over 500 m to find high-density areas, providing evidence that the monarch's perceptual distance is > 100 m. Regardless of habitat class or field site, most step lengths were < 50 m, and turn angles were directional. Large steps (≥ 50 m) crossing habitat boundaries occurred with approximately half of the monarchs, which may indicate initiation of long-range searches for suitable habitat, consistent with their vagile behavior. Establishing habitat patches 50 m apart in agricultural landscapes would facilitate efficient movement.</li> <li>This study provides an extensive dataset of directly observed breeding-season monarch butterflies to assess the utilization of agricultural landscapes. Documentation of step lengths > 50 m in complex, agricultural landscapes would not have been possible without the aid of radio telemetry. Results provide improved estimates of perceptual range and flight patterns within and between habitat patches that support models that simulate natural population dynamics to enable conservation planning at a landscape scale.</li> </ol>
Supplementary material 1 from: Palma L, Vasconcelos S, Palmeirim AF, Cancela JP (2023) History of colonisation and updated distribution of the Monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758) and its hostplants in mainland Portugal, Azores and Madeira. Nota Lepidopterologica 46: 83-101. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.46.89665
Summary of occurrence and colonisation records of the monarch butterfly and its hostplants in the Iberian Peninsula
Supplementary material 3 from: Palma L, Vasconcelos S, Palmeirim AF, Cancela JP (2023) History of colonisation and updated distribution of the Monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758) and its hostplants in mainland Portugal, Azores and Madeira. Nota Lepidopterologica 46: 83-101. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.46.89665
Frequencies (%) of hostplant patch size classes arranged in geometric progression (2× ratio) (N patches = 78)
Figures 1–2. Plexippus luteus Badcock, 1932 in One step forward and two steps back: on three jumping spiders described by H. D. Badcock deposited in the Natural History Museum, London, and two species newly recorded for Argentina (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figures 1–2. Plexippus luteus Badcock, 1932 nomen dubium holotype immature (BMNH
Influence of habitat quality and resource density on breeding-season female monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) movement and space use in north-central USA agroecosystem landscapes
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Data from: The effects of milkweed induced defense on parasite resistance in monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus
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Data from: Transcriptomics of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) reveals that toxic host plants alter expression of detoxification genes and down-regulate a small number of immune genes
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Data from: Population genetics of overwintering monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus), from central Mexico inferred from mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite markers
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Data from: Beyond preference and performance: host plant selection by monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus
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One-to-one orthologs between Danaus plexippus and other insect species
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Fig. 2 in Nuevas citas españolas de dos arácnidos en expansión: Dicranopalpus ramosus (Simon, 1909) y Plexippus paykulli (Audouin, 1826) (Arachnida: Opiliones; Araneae)
Fig. 2.- Macho de Plexippus paykulli (Audouin, 1826) observado sobre las tablas de la pasarela que recorre las salinas desde San Pedro del Pinatar hasta la playa de La Llana, Lo Pagán (Murcia).
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