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FIGURE 6 in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 6. Abrodictyum parviflorum (Poir.) Bauret & Dubuisson. A. typical habit, here as terrestrial (La Réunion, 'Mare Longue'). B. Brush-like 'meifolium' form (La Réunion, 'Grand Etang'). C. Plane 'parviflorum' form (La Réunion, 'Grand Etang'). D. Detail of subcapillary ultimate segments and sori (photographs. A: C. Chaussidon; B, D: L. Bauret; C: J.-Y. Dubuisson).

FIGURE 5 in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 5. Distribution of Hymenophyllaceae species richness in relation to elevations, here on the windward side of La Réunion and on Mauritius (data are reported in Appendices 1 & 2). The range of each taxon is assumed to correspond to the range between the minimum and the maximum elevation at which they have been observed, even if the taxon has not been observed in all intermediate localities between such limits.

FIGURE 14. A in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 14. A. Hymenophyllum fumarioides Bory ex. Willd, as epiphyte (La Réunion, 'Mare Longue'). B. H. fumarioides, detail of curled/crisped segments and sori with toothed margins. C. H. peltatum (Poir.) Desv., as epiphyte (La Réunion, 'Pitons Mare à Boue'). D. H. peltatum, detail of toothed/serrulate laminar margins. E. H. sibthorpioides (Bory ex Willd.) Mett. ex Kuhn, as epiphytic (La Réunion, 'Vallée Heureuse'). F. H. sibthorpioides, fertile frond and sori with toothed margins (photographs. A, E: C. Chaussidon; B, F: L. Bauret; C: J.-Y. Dubuisson; D: J.-M. Tamon).

FIGURE 4. Mauritian ecosystems. A in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 4. Mauritian ecosystems. A. Lowland Sapotaceae rainforest, here invaded by the exotic Malagasy traveller's trees Ravenala madagascariensis (Strelitziaceae) ('Vallée d'Osterlog' forest, ~260 m). B. 'Pétrin' locality showing particular habitat with thickets of the endemic Erica brachyphylla (Ericaceae) (~670 m) (photographs by J.-Y. Dubuisson).

FIGURE 11 in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 11. Crepidomanes trinerve (Baker) Dubuisson & Ebihara. A. As lithophyte in a wet ravine of the western side of La Réunion ('Les Canots'; photograph by J.-M. Tamon). B. Habit (from Comores, F. Rakotondrainibe 6651, P00310478; modified from Dubuisson et al. 2013).

FIGURE 3. Particular Mascarenan ecosystems. A in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 3. Particular Mascarenan ecosystems. A. Hyperhumid montane 'Avoune' vegetation dominated by the endemic Erica reunionensis (Ericaceae), with most trunks and branches fully covered by epiphytes (liverworts, mosses, peat mosses, lycopods and ferns, especially here Hymenophyllum capillare and H. inaequale, and orchids) (La Réunion, 'Pitons Mare à Boue', ~1,600 m). B. Montane 'Tamarinaie' dominated by endemic Acacia heterophylla (Fabaceae), showing as for 'Avoune' tree-trunks and branches fully covered by epiphytes, including here H. inaequale (La Réunion, 'Bélouve', ~1,520 m). C. Remnant of leeward lowland semi-dry forest (La Réunion, 'Ilet Solitude', ~550 m). D. Typical wet ravines that host lithophytic Hymenophyllaceae on the wet and shaded rocks close to streams and waterfalls. (photographs. A: J.-Y. Dubuisson; B–C: J.-M. Tamon; D: A. Mercier).

FIGURE 8. A in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 8. A. Crepidomanes bipunctatum (Poir.) Copel., as epiphyte on a tree-trunk (Mauritius, 'Bar le Duc'). B. C. bipunctatum, detail of segments with false veins parallel to the margins (fv). C. C. bipunctatum, sori (s) with triangular lips. D. C. bonapartei (C.Chr.) J.P.Roux, as lithophyte on wet rock (La Réunion, 'Grand Etang'). E. C. bonapartei, detail of subsessile or short-stipitate fronds and one sorus (photographs. A: J.-Y. Dubuisson; B–C: L. Bauret; D–E: E. Grangaud).

FIGURE 2. Wet Mascarenan ecosystems. A in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 2. Wet Mascarenan ecosystems. A. Lowland windward rainforest dominated by Sapotaceae trees, showing the understory with numerous low epiphytic and terrestrial free-sporing plants (liverworts, mosses, ferns, lycopods and spikemosses) and a few herbaceous angiosperms (especially orchids) (La Réunion, 'Mare Longue' forest, ~450 m). B. Montane rainforest dominated by Dombeyoideae (Malvaceae) trees and Alsophila spp. tree-ferns (Cyatheaceae) as emergents from the canopy (La Réunion, 'Cassé de Takamaka, Bébour', 1,100–1,200 m). C. Montane ericoid thickets (La Réunion, 'Enclos du Piton de la Fournaise', ~2,200 m). (Photographs. A, C: C. Chaussidon; B: J.-M. Tamon).

FIGURE 10. A in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 10. A. Crepidomanes inopinatum (Pic.Serm.) J.P.Roux var. inopinatum, as lithophyte (La Réunion, 'Petite Plaine'). B. C. inopinatum var. tamonii Y.Robert & Dubuisson, habit (Y. Robert 913, P02433924). C. C. minutum (Blume) K.Iwats. var. minutum, as epiphyte (La Réunion, 'Bébour'). D. C. minutum var. minutum, frond with long terete wingless stipe. E. C. minutum var. minutum, showing stipe proliferation, scale = 1 cm (from Madagascar, F. Rakotondrainibe 3698, P00085267). F. C. minutum var. mascarenense Pynee & Dubuisson, as epiphyte (La Réunion, 'Grand Etang'). G. C. minutum var. mascarenense, detail of fronds with short stipes. (photographs. A: J.-Y. Dubuisson; C–D: C. Chaussidon; F–G: E. Grangaud).

FIGURE 13 in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 13. Didymoglossum cuspidatum (Willd.) Ebihara & Dubuisson. A. Typical sub-circular, and lanceolate to deltoid sterile forms as usually observed (La Réunion, 'Mare Longue'). B. Linear sterile forms (La Réunion, 'Grand Etang'). C. Ovate to lanceolate fertile fronds with apical sori (La Réunion, 'Forêt de Bon Accueil, Les Makes'). D. Narrowly lanceolate fertile frond with apical sori (La Réunion, 'Grand Etang'). E. Small sub-circular/ovate fertile frond with a single sorus, showing sub-marginal false vein (mfv) and false veins parallel to true veins (fv) (photographs. A–D: J.-Y. Dubuisson; E: L. Bauret).

FIGURE 17. A in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 17. A. Hymenophyllum balfourii Baker, holotype (La Réunion, I.B. Balfour s.n., K000435603). B. H. inaequale (Poir.) Desv., as epiphyte, narrowly lanceolate form (La Réunion, 'Mare Longue'). C. H. inaequale, widely lanceolate to ovate form (La Réunion, 'Forêt de Bon Accueil, Les Makes'). D. H. inaequale, detail of glabrous segments and sori (photographs. B. L. Bauret; C–D: J.-Y. Dubuisson).

FIGURE 1 in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 1. Location of the Mascarene Archipelago (or Mascarenes) in the western Indian Ocean (from Pynee et al. 2012).

FIGURE 16. A in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 16. A. Hymenophyllum hirsutum (L.) Sw., as epiphyte (La Réunion, 'Grand Etang'). B. H. hirsutum, detail of a frond showing the hairy winged stipe. C. H. hirsutum, detail of bilabiate hairy sori. D. H. hygrometricum (Poir.) Desv., as epiphyte (La Réunion, 'Bébour'). E. H. hygrometricum, wet fronds become greener as shown here (photographs. A: J.-Y. Dubuisson; B–C: L. Bauret; D–E: C. Chaussidon).

FIGURE 20 in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications

FIGURE 20. Elevational distribution on each Hymenophyllaceae taxon on the windward (red plots) and leeward (blue plots) sides of La Réunion, and correspondence with thermal zones or ranges according to Cadet (1980) and provided here for the windward side, with ranges of annual average temperatures. The dotted horizontal lines correspond to the limits of leeward ecosystems. The plots indicate the average elevation. Crepidomanes trinerve is here lacking because it was only observed at a single locality on the leeward side ('Les Canots' at ~800 m). The range of each taxon, as illustrated by the vertical lines, is assumed to correspond to the range between the minimum and the maximum elevation at which they have been observed, even if the taxon has not been observed in all the intermediate localities between such limits.

FIGURE 4. A in Taxonomic study of the fern genera Abrodictyum C.Presl and Trichomanes L. (Hymenophyllaceae, Polypodiidae) in the western Indian Ocean, and description of a new Abrodictyum species for Madagascar

FIGURE 4. A. Habitus of Abrodictyum angustimarginatum (Bonap.) J.P.Roux (L. Bauret et al. 144, P02434057). B. Habitus of A. pachyphlebium (C.Chr.) Bauret & Dubuisson (G. Rouhan et al. 331, P00749278).

FIGURE 1 in Taxonomic study of the fern genera Abrodictyum C.Presl and Trichomanes L. (Hymenophyllaceae, Polypodiidae) in the western Indian Ocean, and description of a new Abrodictyum species for Madagascar

FIGURE 1. Polymorphism in lamina shape of some similar Abrodictyum species in the western Indian Ocean. A. Narrowly cylindrical brush-like Malagasy A. cylindratum Dubuisson sp. nov. (G. Rouhan 1219; photograph by G. Rouhan). B. Habitus of a narrowly cylindrical brush-like Malagasy A. cylindratum Dubuisson sp. nov. (G. Rouhan et al. 1595, P02434066). C. Habitus of La Réunion A. meifolium (Bory ex. Willd) Ebihara & K.Iwats. exhibiting the shape of the species type with elliptic-lanceolate brush-like fronds (J.-Y. Dubuisson HR-2003- 2, P). D. Habitus of La Réunion A. meifolium with lanceolate plane fronds, specimen with such frond shape would correspond to distinct Trichomanes parviflorum Poir. according to Tardieu-Blot (2008) (J.-Y. Dubuisson HR-2003-2, P). E. Plane form of T. parviflorum in the wild, La Réunion (photograph by L. Bauret).

FIGURE 6. A in Taxonomic study of the fern genera Abrodictyum C.Presl and Trichomanes L. (Hymenophyllaceae, Polypodiidae) in the western Indian Ocean, and description of a new Abrodictyum species for Madagascar

FIGURE 6. A. Habitus of Trichomanes boivinii Bosch (F. Rakotondrainibe 1788, P00100302). B. Habitus of T. madagascariense (Bosch) T.Moore (G. Rouhan et al. 367, P00749322).

FIGURE 5 in Taxonomic study of the fern genera Abrodictyum C.Presl and Trichomanes L. (Hymenophyllaceae, Polypodiidae) in the western Indian Ocean, and description of a new Abrodictyum species for Madagascar

FIGURE 5. Abrodictyum tamarisciforme (Jacq.) Ebihara & Dubuisson A. As epiphytes on a tree fern trunk in montane forest in La Réunion (photograph by L. Bauret). B. Habitus (J.-Y. Dubuisson HR-1999-11, P).

FIGURE 3 in Taxonomic study of the fern genera Abrodictyum C.Presl and Trichomanes L. (Hymenophyllaceae, Polypodiidae) in the western Indian Ocean, and description of a new Abrodictyum species for Madagascar

FIGURE 3. Bayesian phylogeny inferred from rbcL sequences showing relationships within genus Abrodictyum (noted A) and Trichomanes (noted T). Support values on nodes are posterior probabilities. The new taxonomic treatment discussed here is indicated on the right. Taxa in coloured boxes represent Afro-western Indian Ocean clades here noted α and β as discussed in the text.

FIGURE 2 in Taxonomic study of the fern genera Abrodictyum C.Presl and Trichomanes L. (Hymenophyllaceae, Polypodiidae) in the western Indian Ocean, and description of a new Abrodictyum species for Madagascar

FIGURE 2. Anatomical details of pinnae, pinnules and segments for Abrodictyum and Trichomanes species of the western Indian Ocean. A. Capillary segments with a thin lamina of one row of cells of brush-like A. meifolium (Bory ex Willd.) Ebihara & K.Iwats (J.-Y. Dubuisson HR-2003-2, P). B. Details of capillary segments of brush-like A. meifolium (J.-Y. Dubuisson HR-2003-21, P). C. Segments with thin lamina of A. meifolium (H. Humbert 17766, P01526554), such similar segments are also observed in plane T. parviflorum Poir. D. Details of segments with thin lamina of A. meifolium (H. Humbert 17766, P01526554), such similar segments are also observed in plane T. parviflorum. E. Segments with homogeneous thin lamina of A. angustimarginatum (Bonap.) J.P. Roux (F. Rakotondrainibe 6392, P00244962, first identified as T. aff. meifolium). F. Pinnules of A. pachyphlebium (C.Chr.) Bauret & Dubuisson (G. Rouhan et al. 331, P00749278). G. Segments of A. tamarisciforme (Jacq.) Ebihara & Dubuisson with the particular distinct marginal row of cells (as detailed in inset) (J.-Y. Dubuisson HR-2002-15, P02433297). H. Pinnules of T. boivinii Bosch (F. Rakotondrainibe 1788, P00100302). I. Pinnae of T. madagascariense (Bosch) T. Moore (G. Rouhan et al. 367, P00749322).