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100 results for “Proteaceae”
Fig. 2 from: Olde, Peter (2021) Grevillea trichantha, a third species with hairy flowers in the Triloba Group (Proteaceae: Grevilleoideae: Hakeinae) from the Marchagee Track, south-west Western Australia. Telopea: 24 303-309 https://doi.org/10.7751/telopea15325
<p>Grevillea trichantha. a. Habit. b. Flower bud before anthesis. c. Flower after anthesis. d. Flower without perianth. e. pistil. f. Tepal inner surface. g, h. Leaf variants. i. Follicle. Scale bar: a = 50 mm; b, c = 12.5 mm; d = 10 mm; e, f. = 5 mm; g, h = 25 mm; i = 33 mm. Illustration: M. Pieroni; modified for publication by L. Elkan.</p>
Fig. 3 from: Olde, Peter (2021) Grevillea trichantha, a third species with hairy flowers in the Triloba Group (Proteaceae: Grevilleoideae: Hakeinae) from the Marchagee Track, south-west Western Australia. Telopea: 24 303-309 https://doi.org/10.7751/telopea15325
<p>Grevillea metamorpha. a. Leaf. b. Flower bud before anthesis. c. Flower after anthesis. d. Flower without perianth. e. Pistil. f. Tepal inner surface. Scale bar: a = 25 mm; b, c, d = 12.5 mm; e, f. = 6.25 mm. Illustration: M. Pieroni; modified for publication by L. Elkan.</p>
Xylomelum occidentale (Proteaceae) accesses relatively mobile soil organic phosphorus without releasing carboxylates
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Data from: Links between environment and stomatal size through evolutionary time in Proteaceae
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Data from: Sources of gene tree discordance and their implications for systematics and evolution of a megadiverse Australian plant radiation (subtribe Hakeinae, Proteaceae)
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Data from: Isolation by distance and isolation by environment contribute to population differentiation in Protea repens (Proteaceae L.), a widespread South African species
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Data from: The phylogeny and biogeography of Hakea (Proteaceae) reveals the role of biome shifts in a continental plant radiation
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Data from: Floral display and habitat fragmentation: effects on the reproductive success of the threatened mass-flowering Conospermum undulatum (Proteaceae)
1. Fragmentation of natural vegetation is currently one of the largest threats to plant populations and their interactions with pollinators. Plant reproductive susceptibility to habitat fragmentation has been investigated in many species; however, the response of wild mass-flowering species is poorly known, with research limited to mainly boreal plant species. 2. Here we studied twelve remnant populations of the threatened mass-flowering shrub Conospermum undulatum in the southwest Australian biodiversity hotspot, each presenting different population size, level of isolation, and floral display. We assessed the impact of fragmentation on: 1) fruit and seed production; and 2) seed germination. To gain a deeper understanding of factors influencing the reproductive success of C. undulatum we performed pollinator exclusion and self-pollination treatments to experimentally assess the mating system of this threatened shrub. 3. We found C. undulatum to be strictly self-incompatible and totally reliant on pollinators visiting with an outcrossed pollen load to complete the reproductive cycle. Further, we found that fruit production significantly decreased with decreasing floral display. A decrease in population size and floral display led to a decrease in seed output, while increasing isolation also led to a reduced production of seeds. Overall, seed germination was positively related to population size, and a negative relationship was found between germination and isolation. 4. Our results demonstrate the important relationship between pollinators and floral morphology in plants of southwest Australia that have coevolved with native pollinators and developed characteristic flower morphologies over long timeframes. The self-incompatible C. undulatum cannot rely on its mass-flowering trait to attract pollinators from co-flowering species, neither can it compensate for the lack of visitors by promoting geitonogamy. Consequently, fragmentation has a significant effect on the reproductive output of C. undulatum, and size, isolation, and floral display of populations should be considered when planning conservation actions for the species.
Data from: Reticulate evolution, ancient chloroplast haplotypes, and rapid radiation of the Australian plant genus Adenanthos (Proteaceae)
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Cytonuclear discordance, commonly detected in phylogenetic studies, is often attributed to hybridisation and/or incomplete lineage sorting (ILS). New sequencing technologies and analytical approaches can provide new insights into the relative importance of these processes. Hybridisation has previously been reported in the Australian endemic plant genus <i>Adenanthos </i>(Proteaceae). Like many Australian genera, <i>Adenanthos</i> is of relatively ancient origin, and provides an opportunity to examine long-term evolutionary consequences of gene flow between lineages. Using a hybrid capture approach, we assembled densely sampled low-copy nuclear and plastid DNA sequences for <i>Adenanthos</i>, inferred its evolutionary history, and used a Bayesian posterior predictive approach and coalescent simulations to assess relative contributions of hybridisation and ILS to cytonuclear discordance. Our analyses indicate that strong incongruence detected between our plastid and nuclear phylogenies is not only the result of ILS, but also result from extensive ancient introgression as well as recent chloroplast capture and introgression between extant <i>Adenanthos </i>species<i>. </i>The deep reticulation was also detected from long-persisting chloroplast haplotypes shared between evolutionarily distant species. These haplotypes may have persisted for over 12 Ma in localised populations across southwest Western Australia, indicating that the region is not only an important area for old endemic lineages and accumulation of species, but is also characterized by persistence of high genetic diversity. Deep introgression in <i>Adenanthos</i> coincided with the rapid radiation of the genus during the Miocene, a time when many Australian temperate plant groups radiated in response to large-scale climatic change. This study suggests that ancient introgression may play an important role in the evolution of the Australian flora more broadly. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Evolution of a hotspot genus: geographic variation in speciation and extinction rates in Banksia (Proteaceae)
Background: Hotspots of angiosperm species richness and endemism in Mediterranean-climate regions are among the most striking, but least well-understood, geographic patterns of biodiversity. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of rapid diversification within hotspots, compared to non-hotspot regions, as a major contributor to these patterns. We constructed the first near-complete phylogeny of Banksia (Proteaceae) to test whether diversification rates have differed between lineages confined to the southwest Australian hotspot and those found throughout southern, eastern and northern Australia. We then tested for variation in diversification rates among the bioclimatic zones within the southwest hotspot itself. Results: Although Banksia species richness in the southwest is ten times that of the rest of the continent, we find little evidence for more rapid diversification in the southwest, although this result is inconclusive. However, we find firmer support for substantial rate variation within the southwest hotspot, with more rapid diversification in the semi-arid heaths and shrublands, compared to the high-rainfall forests. Most of the Banksia diversity of the southwest appears to be generated in the heaths and shrublands, with a high migration rate out of this zone boosting diversity of the adjacent forest zone. Conclusions: The geographic pattern of diversification in Banksia appears more complex than can be characterized by a simple hotspot vs. non-hotspot comparison, but in general, these findings contrast with the view that the high diversity of Mediterranean hotspots is underpinned by rapid radiations. Steady accumulation of species at unexceptional rates, but over long periods of time, may also have contributed substantially to the great botanical richness of these regions.
Data from: Isolation, characterization, and cross-amplification of 20 microsatellite markers for the rare Conospermum undulatum (Proteaceae)
Premise of the study: Recent habitat fragmentation is posing a risk to the wavy-leaved smokebush, Conospermum undulatum, a rare plant species endemic to the south-western Western Australia. Microsatellites markers are required to characterize the genetic diversity and structure of the species for conservation purposes and to facilitate ecological studies. Methods and Results: Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing was used to develop 20 novel microsatellite markers for C. undulatum. Polymorphism at each locus was assessed using 72 individuals from three natural populations. Nineteen markers were polymorphic, with the number of alleles per locus ranging from two to 21, and observed and expected heterozygosity ranging from 0.000 to 1.000 and 0.117 to 0.919, respectively. All markers successfully amplified in three congeneric species. Conclusions: The microsatellite markers will be useful for revealing patterns of genetic diversity, dispersal dynamics and hybridization events for C. undulatum to inform future conservation efforts.
Data from: Developing nuclear DNA phylogenetic markers in the angiosperm genus Leucadendron (Proteaceae): a next-generation sequencing transcriptomic approach
Despite the recent advances in generating molecular data, reconstructing species-level phylogenies for non-models groups remains a challenge. The use of a number of independent genes is required to resolve phylogenetic relationships, especially for groups displaying low polymorphism. In such cases, low-copy nuclear exons and non-coding regions, such as 3′ untranslated regions (3′-UTRs) or introns, constitute a potentially interesting source of nuclear DNA variation. Here, we present a methodology meant to identify new nuclear orthologous markers using both public-nucleotide databases and transcriptomic data generated for the group of interest by using next generation sequencing technology. To identify PCR primers for a non-model group, the genus Leucadendron (Proteaceae), we adopted a framework aimed at minimizing the probability of paralogy and maximizing polymorphism. We anchored when possible the right-hand primer into the 3′-UTR and the left-hand primer into the coding region. Seven new nuclear markers emerged from this search strategy, three of those included 3′-UTRs. We further compared the phylogenetic potential between our new markers and the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS). The sequenced 3′-UTRs yielded higher polymorphism rates than the ITS region did. We did not find strong incongruences with the phylogenetic signal contained in the ITS region and the seven new designed markers but they strongly improved the phylogeny of the genus Leucadendron. Overall, this methodology is efficient in isolating orthologous loci and is valid for any non-model group given the availability of transcriptomic data.
Data from: Evolutionary radiations of Proteaceae are triggered by the interaction between traits and climates in open habitats
Aim: Ecologically driven diversification can create spectacular diversity in both species numbers and form. However, the prediction that the match between intrinsic (e.g. functional trait) and extrinsic (e.g. climatic niche) variables may lead to evolutionary radiation has not been critically tested. Here, we test this hypothesis in the Southern Hemisphere plant family Proteaceae, which shows a spectacular diversity in open mediterranean shrublands in the Southwest Australian Floristic Region (SWAFR) and the Cape Floristic Region (CFR). Species in the Proteaceae family occupy habitats ranging from tropical rain forests to deserts and are remarkably variable in leaf morphology. Location: Southern Hemisphere. Methods: We built a phylogenetic tree for 337 Proteaceae species (21% of the total), representing all main clades, climatic tolerances and morphologies, and collected leaf functional traits (leaf area, sclerophylly, leaf shape) for 261 species and climatic niche data for 1645 species. Phylogenetic generalized least squares regression and quantitative-trait evolutionary model testing were used to investigate the evolutionary pathways of traits and climatic niches, and their effect on diversification rates. Results: We found that divergent selection may have caused lineages in open vegetation types to evolve towards trait and climatic niche optima distinct from those in closed forests. Furthermore, we show that the interaction between open habitats, dry, warm and/or mediterranean climates, and small, sclerophyllous, toothed leaves increases net diversification rates in Proteaceae. Main conclusions: Our results suggest that the evolution of specific leaf adaptations may have allowed Proteaceae to adapt to variable climatic niches and diversify extensively in open ecosystems such as those in the CFR and SWAFR. This match between morphology and environment may therefore more generally lead to evolutionary radiation.
Data from: Population density and size influence pollen dispersal pattern and mating system of the predominantly outcrossed Banksia nivea (Proteaceae) in a threatened ecological community
Gene flow is a critical component of plant mating systems and influences population fitness, yet pollen dispersal can be highly variable and influenced by natural and anthropogenic fragmentation. Gene flow through pollen dispersal was investigated in two populations of contrasting size and habitat context in Banksia nivea ssp. uliginosa, a rare species in the Busselton ironstone threatened ecological community with a naturally fragmented distribution. Paternity analysis was conducted with seven microsatellite loci to determine mating system parameters and patterns of pollen dispersal. Outcrossing was high in both populations with a similar level of selfing for both populations despite differences in population size, density and vegetation matrix. Most mating occurred within 10 m of a mother plant in the small, clumped population, while more dispersed mating, up to 50 m from a mother plant, was recorded in the large, less dense population. Our results show that population density and size are important influences on mating system parameters and level of pollen dispersal.
Fig. 1 in Leaf fossils show a 40-million-year history for the Australian tropical rainforest genus Megahertzia (Proteaceae)
Fig. 1. Megahertzia paleoamplexicaulis leaf specimens. All except (a) are scans by R. S. Hill, University of Adelaide, of D. C. Christophel photographs that were obtained using yellow filtering and fluorescence to show venation; all such images are held in the D.T. Blackburn collection at the University of Adelaide. Compare features shown in Fig. 3. (a, b) P257421 (holotype); (a) recent image, (b) image first shown as fig. 7C in Christophel et al. (1987). (c) AN1806. Note the amplexicaul leaf base. (d) P257291. Note the spinose, acute apex. (e) P257303. (f) P257294. This specimen is likely to have five lobes (including the terminal lobe). (g) AN1807. Scale bar: 1 cm.
Fig. 2 in Leaf fossils show a 40-million-year history for the Australian tropical rainforest genus Megahertzia (Proteaceae)
Fig. 2. Images of Megahertzia paleoamplexicaulis cuticle under (a–d, i) light and (e–h, j) scanning electron microscopy. Compare features shown in Fig. 3. (a) Slide P231730, showing stomata on abaxial side within small areoles. (b) Slide P231734. Note trichome base at upper left and sinuous anticlinal walls. (c) Slide P231730. Note trichome base at upper left and relatively straight anticlinal walls. (d) Slide P231730. Note striations. (e) Outer abaxial surface from leaf AN1806, showing stomatal pores and fine striations. (f) Inner abaxial cuticle from slide P231732. Note slightly granular surface mostly associated with normal pavement cells, and evidence of subsidiary cell striations. (g) Inner abaxial cuticle from leaf P257295. Note granulations. (h) Inner abaxial cuticle from an uncatalogued leaf specimen. Note granulations especially associated with pavement cells. (i) P231735, showing trichome base on adaxial side associated with 11 cells. Note striations radiating from base. (j) Inner adaxial cuticle from slide P231732, showing the position of a trichome base associated with five cells at upper left. Scale bars: (a) 200 µm; (b, c) 100 µm; (e) 50 µm; (d, i) 25 µm; (f, g, j) 20 µm; (h) 10 µm.
Fig. 3 in Leaf fossils show a 40-million-year history for the Australian tropical rainforest genus Megahertzia (Proteaceae)
Fig. 3. Images of extant Megahertzia foliage (a, b), and cuticle, under (c–e, h) light and (f, g, i) scanning electron microscopy. Compare features shown in Fig. 1 and 2. (a) Note amplexicaul leaf bases (courtesy G. Sankowsky, Tolga, Qld). (b) AQ020534. Note lobes, spinose teeth and the acute apex of the lobe at upper right. (c) AQ645333. Note the stomata within obvious areoles. (d) AQ645333. Note cuticular striations; a trichome base is located near centre. (e) AQ645333. Note cuticular striations. (f) Outer abaxial surface, showing stomatal pores and striations. (g) Inner abaxial cuticle associated with a stomate. Note granulations. (h) AQ645333, showing obvious striations. (i) Outer adaxial cuticle showing a trichome base at lower left with radiating striations. Scale bars: (c) 200 µm; (d) 100 µm; (i) 50 µm; (e, h) 25 µm; (f, g) 20 µm.
Figure 26 in Phylogenetics and taxonomy of the Indo-Australian genus Ulonemia sensu Drake (Hemiptera: Tingidae), with the recognition of new genera and species collected from Proteaceae in Australia
Figure 26. Male genitalia of Ulonemia concava incertae sedis: pygophore, dorsal view (A); pygophore, ventral view (B); left paramere, dorsal view (C); right paramere, lateral view (D); right paramere, dorsal view (E); aedeagus, dorsal view (F); aedeagus, ventral view (G); aedeagus, right lateral view (H). See Methods for abbreviations. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
Figure 25. Distribution map for Ulonemia leai and U in Phylogenetics and taxonomy of the Indo-Australian genus Ulonemia sensu Drake (Hemiptera: Tingidae), with the recognition of new genera and species collected from Proteaceae in Australia
Figure 25. Distribution map for Ulonemia leai and U. concava incertae sedis. Locality information taken from the PBI database.
Figure 24 in Phylogenetics and taxonomy of the Indo-Australian genus Ulonemia sensu Drake (Hemiptera: Tingidae), with the recognition of new genera and species collected from Proteaceae in Australia
Figure 24. Male genitalia of Ulonemia leai: pygophore, dorsal view (A); pygophore, ventral view (B); left paramere, dorsal view (C); right paramere, lateral view (D); right paramere, dorsal view (E); aedeagus, dorsal view (F); aedeagus, ventral view (G); aedeagus, right lateral view (H). See Methods for abbreviations. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
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