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61 results for “Red wood ants”
Fig. 6 in Red wood Ants (Formica rufa-group) prefer mature pine forests in Variscan granite environments (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Fig. 6 – Preferred terrain exposure of RWA nests in a, MG (n=2,328) and b, FB (n=2,829) study area.
Fig. 1 in Distribution and habitat requirements of red wood ants in Switzerland: Implications for conservation
Fig. 1. Distribution of mounds of red wood ants (Formica rufa group) in Switzerland, based on a systematic survey of forest plots. Each triangle denotes a plot in which one or more mounds were recorded. a) All F. rufa group species. b) F. lugubris. c) F. paralugubris. d) F. aquilonia. e) F. rufa. f) F. polyctena. Solid line: border between Swiss Plateau and Alps. Dashed line: border between Jura Mountains and Swiss Plateau.
Fig. 35 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants
Fig. 35: Nest-sample means of the discriminant score and the first factor of principal component analysis of workers of For- mica truncorum (white dots) and of Formica sinensis (black rhombs) considering seven phenotypic characters. The posi- tions of the single type specimens of F. truncorum FABRICIUS, 1804 (abbreviation TM), Formica truncicola NYLANDER, 1846 (TA), and Formica yessensis WHEELER, 1913 (YE) and of the type series of Formica approximans WHEELER, 1933 (AP), F. sinensis WHEELER, 1913 (SI), and Formica wongi WU, 1990 (WO) are indicated by arrows.
Fig. 34 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants
Fig. 34: Nest-sample means of a linear discriminant analysis and principal component analysis of workers of Formica frontalis (black rhombs) and Formica truncorum (white dots). Six phenotypic characters were considered.
Fig. 25 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants
Fig. 25: Position of the type samples of Formica major NY- LANDER, 1849 (MA) and Formica constricta KARAVAJEV, 1929 (CO) in a linear discriminant analysis considering 58 nest samples of Formica polyctena (black squares), 27 nest samples of Formica aquilonia × polyctena or backcrosses (white dots), and 75 nest samples of F. aquilonia (black rhombs). The type samples were run as wild-cards. Sixteen phenotypic characters were considered.
Fig.26 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants
Fig.26: Principal component analysis of gynes of Formica polyctena (black squares, n = 33), Formica aquilonia × polyctena or backcrosses (white dots, n = 18), and F. aquilonia (black rhombs, n = 29). Twenty-four phenotypic characters were considered.
Fig.23 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants
Fig.23: Linear discriminant analysis of 169 samples of workers of Formica rufa (white rhombs), Formica polyctena × rufa and backcrosses (black squares), and F. polyctena (white dots) considering 12 morphological characters. The missing gaps between the clusters indicate introgression and prevent a clear discrimination of hybrids from parental species. Note that the frequency of hybrids in the analysis is about fivefold larger than expected for random sampling all over Europe.
Figs.14-20 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants
Figs.14-20: (14-lugu) Formica lugubris, worker, normal morph, head; central vertex suggestedly shiny due to weaker transverse microsculpture. (15-lugu) Formica lugubris, worker, Hippie morph, head; central vertex suggestedly shiny due to weaker transverse microsculpture. (16-helv) Formica helvetica sp.n., worker, holotype, head. (17-helv) Formica helvetica sp.n., worker, holotype, lateral. (18-trun) Formica truncorum, worker, head. (19-trun) Formica truncorum, gyne, head. (20-sine) Formica sinensis, worker, lateral; note the contrast between weak pronotal and strong gular pilosity.
Fig.2 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants
Fig.2: Formica polyctena, gyne; paramedian surface of the dorsum of first gaster tergite. There is some trend to show stronger transverse microripples and a more dilute pubescence than Formica rufa.
Fig. 36 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants
Fig. 36: Worker nest-sample means of principal component analysis of Formica aquilonia (white squares, 75 nest samples) and of Formica lugubris (black dots, 217 nest samples) from the whole Palaearctic range considering 10 phenotypic char- acters. The black square marks the F. aquilonia sample from Severobaikalsk with a mtDNA haplotype clustering with that of syntopic F. lugubris. Formica lugubris samples with very large scores of first principal component do mainly or fully contain workers of the Fennoscandian Hippie morph.
Fig.3 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants
Fig.3: Formica lugubris, gyne; paramedian surface of the dorsum of first gaster tergite. The transverse microsculpture is as weak as in Formica rufa, but the density of pubescence and microfoveolae is much higher.
F in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants
F ig. 21: Data of 49 samples from of E Saxony / Germany with Formica rufa (white rhombs), Formica polyctena × rufa (black squares), and F. polyctena (white dots). The first canonical vector of a three-class LDA, separating the parental species and considering 12 morphological characters, is plotted against the percentage of F. polyctena alleles determined by BAPS clustering (with K = 5) of 19 microsatellite markers (from SEIFERT & al. 2010, changed).
Figs.5-13 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants
Figs.5-13: (5-ussu) Formica ussuriensis sp.n., worker, holotype, head. (6-ussu) Formica ussuriensis sp.n., worker, holotype, lateral. (7-ussu) Formica ussuriensis sp.n., gyne, head; note the more trapezoid head shape. (8-aqui) Formica aquilonia, gyne, head; note the more rounded head shape. (9-prat) Formica pratensis, worker, neotype, head; note the more reticulate microsculpture of central vertex compared with Formica lugubris (Figs.14, 15), producing a matt surface appearance. (10-prat) Formica pratensis, worker, neotype, lateral aspect. (11-prat) Formica pratensis, gyne, P morph, lateral; almost no setae on head, mesosoma, and first gaster tergite. (12-prat) Formica pratensis, gyne, N morph, lateral; many setae on head, mesosoma, and first gaster tergite. (13-kupy) Formica kupyanskayae, gyne, head.
Fig.33 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants
Fig.33: Principal component analysis of gynes of Formica paralugubris (black dots), Formica lugubris morph A1 (squares), F. lugubris morph A3 (triangles), and Formica helvetica sp.n. (rhombs). Eight phenotypic characters were considered. The placement of the four entities within the plot is similar to that in workers (Fig. 32).
Fig. 38 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants
Fig. 38: Schematic presentation of hybridization and reticulate evolution in Palaearctic Formica rufa group ants as it is apparent in the younger evolutionary history. The arrows connecting the main branches indicate the direction of gene flow after backcrossing of hybrids – for example, brown arrows directed from Formica pratensis to Formica lugubris indicate that Formica pratensis × lugubris hybrids have backcrossed with F. pratensis. Examples of both uni- and bidirectional gene flow are shown. The number of arrows is proportional to the supposed frequency of hybridization or backcrossing. Formica paralugubris is likely to be of hybridogenous origin. For details, see the main text.
Fig. 4 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants
Fig. 4: Formica pratensis, gyne; paramedian surface of the dorsum of first gaster tergite. The strength of transverse mi- croripples is at maximum within the Formica rufa group and pubescence density comparable with Formica lugubris.
Fig. 37 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants
Fig. 37: Worker nest-sample means of a linear discriminant analysis separating Formica aquilonia (squares), Formica lugubris (triangles), and Formica rufa (discs). The 10 and nine worker individuals of the hybrid samples F. lugubris × rufa (black rhombs) were run as wild-cards. Ten phenotypic characters and a total of 165 nest samples with 794 individuals of the three species compared were considered.
Fig.27 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants
Fig.27: Classification by four variants of NC-clustering of 75 nest samples of workers of Formica aquilonia (grey bars) and 10 nest samples of Formica ussuriensis sp.n. (black bars). The mean error of four exploratory data analyses is 0.6%. Eight phenotypic characters were considered.
Fig. 31 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants
Fig. 31: Nest-sample means of a linear discriminant analysis and principal component analysis of Formica lugubris complex gynes considering eight phenotypic characters; Formica helvetica sp.n. (white dots), F. lugubris morph A1 (black squares), F. lugubris morph A3 (squares with white center). The means were calculated from 28, 38, and 18 individuals for each entity.
Fig. 28 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants
Fig. 28: Classification by three variants of NC-clustering of 225 nest samples of workers of Formica lugubris (black bars) and 76 nest samples of Formica pratensis (grey bars). The mean error of three analyses is 0.2%. Ten phenotypic characters were considered. The small, well separated sub-branch in the F. lugubris cluster represents Fennoscandian nest samples containing exclusively Hippie morph workers.
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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