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92 results for “Rumen”
FIGURES 17–20 in Rumen Ciliate Fauna of Domestic Sheep (Ovis aries) in İzmir, Turkey and Scanning Electron Microscopic Observations
FIGURES 17–20. SEM images of (17)–(18) Ophryoscolex caudatus m. tricoronatus, (19) Epidinium ecaudatum m. parvicaudatum, (20) Polyplastron multivesiculatum. ACZ: Adoral Ciliary Zone, CP: Cytoproct, CS: Caudal Spine, DCZ: Dorsal Ciliary Zone, O: Operculum, P: Pore of contractile vacuole.
FIGURES 5–8 in Rumen Ciliate Fauna of Domestic Sheep (Ovis aries) in İzmir, Turkey and Scanning Electron Microscopic Observations
FIGURES 5–8. SEM images of (5) Entodinium exiguum, (6) E. minimum, (7) E. simulans m. caudatum, (8) E. dilobum. ACZ: Adoral Ciliary Zone, AL: Adoral Lip, CL: Caudal Lobe, CP: Cytoproct, CS: Caudal Spine, P: Pore of contractile vacuole.
The effects of grass silage additive type and barley grain preservation method on rumen function, microbial ecology, and energy metabolism of dairy cows; supplemental material
<p>Supplementary material related to "The effects of grass silage additive type and barley grain preservation method on rumen function, microbial ecology, and energy metabolism of dairy cows"</p>
Fig. 2 in RUMiNOCOCCUS BOViS sp. nov., a novel species of amylolytic RUMiNOCOCCUS isolated from the rumen of a dairy cow
Fig. 2. JE7A12T phylogenic tree by PhyloPhlan dendrogram; JE7A12 T and type strains of species of the genus Ruminococcus as well as type strains of other close phylogenetic neighbours. JE7A12T is indicated in green type, type strains of members of Ruminococcus group 1 are indicated in blue type. Branch length based on relative concatenated amino acid sequence similarity is appended to each branch. NCBI GenBank accession numbers are appended to each species label.
Fig. 1 in RUMiNOCOCCUS BOViS sp. nov., a novel species of amylolytic RUMiNOCOCCUS isolated from the rumen of a dairy cow
Fig. 1. JE7A12T 16S rRNA phylogenetic tree by MEGA X, dendrogram; JE7A12T and type strains of species of the genus Ruminococcus as well as type strains of closely related species. The tree was reconstructed using 16S rRNA type strain sequences from members of the order Clostridiales in the RDP database by the neighbor-joining method based on the comparison of 1500 nt sequences. JE7A12T node and label are in green type. Ruminococcus group 1 type strains are in blue type. Bootstrap values, resulting from 500 replications, are given at each branch point.
Macronutritional composition of Swedish moose rumen samples collected 2014/15
<p>At northern latitudes, large spatial and temporal variation in the nutritional composition of available foods poses challenges to wild herbivores trying to satisfy their nutrient requirements. Studies conducted in mostly captive settings have shown that animals from a variety of taxonomic groups deal with this challenge by adjusting the amounts and proportions of available food combinations to achieve a target nutrient balance. In this study, we used proportions-based nutritional geometry to analyse the nutritional composition of rumen samples collected in winter from 481 moose (Alces alces) in southern Sweden and examine whether free-ranging moose show comparable patterns of nutrient balancing. Our main hypothesis was that wild moose actively regulate their rumen nutrient composition to offset ecologically imposed variation in the nutritional composition of available foods. To test this, we assessed the macronutritional composition (protein, carbohydrates, and lipids) of rumen contents and commonly eaten foods, including supplementary feed, across populations with contrasting winter diets, spanning an area of approximately 10 000 km2. Our results suggest that moose balanced the macronutrient composition of their rumen, with the rumen contents having consistently similar proportional relationship between protein and non-structural carbohydrates, despite differences in available (and eaten) foods. Furthermore, we found that rumen macronutrient balance was tightly related to ingested levels of dietary fiber (cellulose and hemicellulose), such that the greater the fiber content, the less protein was present in the rumen compared to non-structural carbohydrates. Our results also suggest that moose benefit from access to a greater variety of trees, shrubs, herbs and grasses, which provides them with a larger nutritional space to manoeuvre within. Our findings provide novel theoretical insights into a model species for ungulate nutritional ecology, while also generating data of direct relevance to wildlife and forest management, such as silvicultural or supplementary feeding practices.</p>
FIGURE 6 in Rumen ciliates (Alveolata, Ciliophora) associated with goats: checklist, geographic distribution, host specificity, phylogeny and molecular dating
FIGURE 6. Dated phylogeny obtained through Maximum Likelihood for endosymbiont ciliates of the Trichostomatia subclass. The red vertical line represents the radiation period of the Caprinae subfamily (Ropiquet & Hassanin 2005 a, b). The green circles represent the nodes and the possible period in millions of years of diversification of the Isotrichidae (4.3–15.5) and Ophryoscolecidae (1.0–5.7) families. My—Millions of years.
FIGURE 4 in Rumen ciliates (Alveolata, Ciliophora) associated with goats: checklist, geographic distribution, host specificity, phylogeny and molecular dating
FIGURE 4. Interaction network between ciliate protozoa species associated with goats and other hosts. The bars in grey and black represent some hosts that associate with ciliates and the ciliate protozoa species, respectively. The colored arrows (ranging from black to red) represent the associations between hosts and ciliate species. The size of the grey and black bars represents the hosts and ciliate species with greater or lower association, respectively (Dogiel 1928; Dehority 1974; Vasily & Mitchell 1974; Wilkinson & Van Hoven 1976; Kleynhans & Hoven 1976; Van Hoven et al. 1979; Dehority 1987; Towne et al. 1988; Dehority 1995; Selim et al. 1996; Dehority 1997; Wright & Lynn 1997; Selim et al. 1999; Dehority et al. 1999; Franzolin & Dehority 1999; Su et al. 2000; Imai et al. 2004; Talar et al. 2004; De la Fuente et al. 2006; Obanda et al. 2008; Del Valle et al. 2008; Martinele & D'Agosto 2008; Mishima et al. 2009; Booyse & Dehority 2012; Baraka 2012; Booyse et al. 2014; Booyse et al. 2015; Cerón Cucchi et al. 2016; Cedrola et al. 2016; Cedrola et al. 2017; Kimura et al. 2017; Gürelli 2017; Gürelli 2018; Cedrola et al. 2018).
FIGURE 5 in Rumen ciliates (Alveolata, Ciliophora) associated with goats: checklist, geographic distribution, host specificity, phylogeny and molecular dating
FIGURE 5. Phylogenetic tree obtained through Maximum Likelihood representing evolutionary relationships of some species of ciliates, based on 18S rDNA sequences. The red color represents species observed in studies with rumen samples from goats. Subclass Haptoria was chosen as outgroup. The values in each node of the tree mean, respectively: Maximum Likelihood (ML) bootstrap and Bayesian inference (BI) values of posterior probability. Scale bar represents 3 substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions.
FIGURE 2 in Rumen ciliates (Alveolata, Ciliophora) associated with goats: checklist, geographic distribution, host specificity, phylogeny and molecular dating
FIGURE 2. Schematic representation of the association of ciliate protozoa genera and the host species of the Caprinae subfamily. The numbers around the circle represent the number of times a genus has been observed in a host. The colors red, pink, caramel and dark orange of the bars represent, respectively, the hosts Capra hircus, Rupicapra rupicapra, Capra pyrenaica, and Capra ibex, and the genera associated with them. The lines within the circle indicate the association between host species and the genera.
FIGURE 3 in Rumen ciliates (Alveolata, Ciliophora) associated with goats: checklist, geographic distribution, host specificity, phylogeny and molecular dating
FIGURE 3. Geographic and quantitative distribution of the ciliate protozoa species associated with goats. Some regions in the map (Spain, former Czechoslovakia, Italy, South Korea and Japan), were amplified for better visualization of the geographic boarders (Lubinsky 1955; Christl 1958; Imai et al. 1978; Lee 1979; Crha et al. 1985; Fernandez-Galiano & Campos 1992; Ito et al. 1995; Gurung et al. 2002; Göçmen & Atatur 2002; Göçmen et al. 2002; Mermer et al. 2003; Rastgeld & Göçmen 2003; Göçmen & Rastgeldi 2004; Talar et al. 2004; Göçmen et al. 2005; Göçmen & Karaoðlu 2005; De la Fuente et al. 2006; Mermer et al. 2006; Göçmen & Sezgin 2006; De la Fuente et al. 2009; Baraka 2012; Gürelli 2014; Gürelli et al. 2016; Mohamed 2017).
FIGURE 1 in Rumen ciliates (Alveolata, Ciliophora) associated with goats: checklist, geographic distribution, host specificity, phylogeny and molecular dating
FIGURE 1. Schematic drawings of the rumen ciliate species described in goats (Christl 1958; Fernandez-Galiano & Campos 1992; Göçmen & Rastgeldi 2004; Göçmen et al. 2005). A. Entodinium alpinum; B. Entodinium ibicis; C. Entodinium couturier; D. Entodinium wertheimi; E. Entodinium salmani; F. Ophryoscolex monoacanthus. G-H: frequent species in observations of caprine rumen samples; G. Isotricha prostoma; H. Dasytricha ruminantium; I. Entodinium dubardi; J. Entodinium caudatum; K. Entodinium exiguum; L. Entodinium minimum; M. Entodinium simplex; N. Entodinium longinucleatum; O. Epidinium ecaudatum. Abbreviations: ACZ, adoral ciliary zone; CV, contractile vacuole; CS, caudal spine; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; Ve, vestibulum; Sk, skeletal plate. Scale bar:10μm.
Supplementary material 4 from: Joshi A, Lanjekar VB, Dhakephalkar PK, Callaghan TM, Griffith GW, Dagar SS (2018) Liebetanzomyces polymorphus gen. et sp. nov., a new anaerobic fungus (Neocallimastigomycota) isolated from the rumen of a goat. MycoKeys 40: 89-110. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.40.28337
Table S1 : Explanation note: Fermentation products of Liebetanzomyces polymorphus strain G1SC on different substrates after 5 d of incubation.
Supplementary material 3 from: Joshi A, Lanjekar VB, Dhakephalkar PK, Callaghan TM, Griffith GW, Dagar SS (2018) Liebetanzomyces polymorphus gen. et sp. nov., a new anaerobic fungus (Neocallimastigomycota) isolated from the rumen of a goat. MycoKeys 40: 89-110. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.40.28337
Figure S3 : Explanation note: The Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) plot showing clustering of various carbon sources based on fermentation products. Stress value, 0.012.
Supplementary material 1 from: Joshi A, Lanjekar VB, Dhakephalkar PK, Callaghan TM, Griffith GW, Dagar SS (2018) Liebetanzomyces polymorphus gen. et sp. nov., a new anaerobic fungus (Neocallimastigomycota) isolated from the rumen of a goat. MycoKeys 40: 89-110. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.40.28337
Figure S1 : Explanation note: Photographs showing fungal thalli (marked by arrows) of Liebetanzomyces polymorphus attached to the sides (A) and bottom (B) of glass bottles when grown in liquid medium.
Supplementary material 2 from: Joshi A, Lanjekar VB, Dhakephalkar PK, Callaghan TM, Griffith GW, Dagar SS (2018) Liebetanzomyces polymorphus gen. et sp. nov., a new anaerobic fungus (Neocallimastigomycota) isolated from the rumen of a goat. MycoKeys 40: 89-110. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.40.28337
Figure S2 : Explanation note: The ITS1 based maximum-likelihood tree based on the Tamura 3-parameter model (Tamura 1992) is showing the phylogenetic position of Liebetanzomyces polymorphus with nearest uncultured clones. The genus Anaeromyces mucronatus (accession number: NR_111156) was used as the outgroup. Bootstrap values (>50%) based on 500 replicates are indicated at branching points. The GenBank accession number of each strain is listed before the name. Bar, 0.02 substitutions per site.
FIGURES 3–4 in Rumen Ciliate Fauna of Domestic Sheep in Kastamonu, Turkey, and Infraciliature of Diplodinium quinquespinosum, Metadinium affine, and M. tauricum (Entodiniomorphida, Ophryoscolecidae)
FIGURES 3–4. Photomicrographs of Metadinium affine. 3—after pyridinated silver carbonate impregnation from the left side, 4—in MFS from the right side. AP: adoral polybrachykinety, DP: dorsal polybrachykinety, SP: skeletal plates, VP: vestibular polybrachykinety.
FIGURE 1 in Rumen ciliated protozoa of the Turkish domestic goats (Capra hircus L.)
FIGURE 1. Photomicrographs of the left aspects of Entodinium salmani, seems to be an endemic species of the ciliated fauna in the rumens of Turkish domestic goats. a: salmani form, b: monospinosum form, c: bispinosum form. d: trispinosum form (bars 10 µm, all specimens were fixed and stained with MFS solution).
Macronutritional composition of Swedish moose rumen samples collected 2014/15
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Data from: Oral samples as non-invasive proxies for assessing the composition of the rumen microbial community
Microbial community analysis was carried out on ruminal digesta obtained directly via rumen fistula and buccal fluid, regurgitated digesta (bolus) and faeces of dairy cattle to assess if non-invasive samples could be used as proxies for ruminal digesta. Samples were collected from five cows receiving grass silage based diets containing no additional lipid or four different lipid supplements in a 5 x 5 Latin square design. Extracted DNA was analysed by qPCR and by sequencing 16S and 18S rRNA genes or the fungal ITS1 amplicons. Faeces contained few protozoa, and bacterial, fungal and archaeal communities were substantially different to ruminal digesta. Buccal and bolus samples gave much more similar profiles to ruminal digesta, although fewer archaea were detected in buccal and bolus samples. Bolus samples overall were most similar to ruminal samples. The differences between both buccal and bolus samples and ruminal digesta were consistent across all treatments. It can be concluded that either proxy sample type could be used as a predictor of the rumen microbial community, thereby enabling more convenient large-scale animal sampling for phenotyping and possible use in future animal breeding programs aimed at selecting cattle with a lower environmental footprint.
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