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FIGURE 18. Diplacanthus tenuistriatus isolated shoulder girdle complexes. 1–4, NMS G.2014.15.21 in The diplacanthid fishes (Acanthodii, Diplacanthiformes, Diplacanthidae) from the Middle Devonian of Scotland

FIGURE 18. Diplacanthus tenuistriatus isolated shoulder girdle complexes. 1–4, NMS G.2014.15.21 from Marwick, Orkney: 1, external surface of scapulocoracoid, pectoral fin spine, pinnal plate and admedian spine; 2, admedian spine; 3, 4, scale-like ornament on pinnal plate; 5, NMS G.2014.15.22 from Marwick, Orkney, internal surface; 6–9, transverse sections of NMS G.2014.4.20 from Marwick, Orkney: 6, pinnal plate; 7, multiple odontode on plate; 8, scalelike ornament; 9, transverse section through pinnal plate, pectoral fin spine base, scapulocoracoid and perichondral bone sheet; 10, 11, NMS G.2014.4.27 from Flashes, Hoy, Orkney, transverse section through base of admedian spine and inner perichondral bone sheet; 10, whole width; 11, scale-like ornament in groove. Scale bars equal 1 cm in 1, 5; 5.0 mm in 2; 1.0 mm in 3, 4, 6; 0.5 mm in 9, 10; 0.1 mm in 7, 8, 11; 0.05 mm in 4.

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FIGURE 7. Diplacanthus crassisimus shoulder girdles. 1, NMS G in The diplacanthid fishes (Acanthodii, Diplacanthiformes, Diplacanthidae) from the Middle Devonian of Scotland

FIGURE 7. Diplacanthus crassisimus shoulder girdles. 1, NMS G.Canon Kyle no. 2 from Tynet Burn, Moray, showing ventral view of the shoulder girdle complexes; 2, NHM P.1357a from Tynet Burn, Moray, pectoral girdle region; 3, NHM P.22198 from Achanarras Quarry, Caithness, complete specimen; 4, NMS G.2014.44.3 from the Edderton, Ross and Cromarty; 5, 6, left shoulder girdle complex of NMS G.2014.4.30 from Cruaday Quarry, Orkney; 7, NMS G.2014.44.4 from the Edderton, Ross and Cromarty, natural transverse section through articulated uncompressed shoulder girdle region (prepelvic spines subsequently Sollas sectioned). Scale bars equal 1 cm.

Figure 7 in The taxonomic history of Black-shouldered Peafowl; with Darwin's help downgraded from species to variation

Figure 7. Pl. 7 in Mutationsstudien XXIV (Stresemann 1926, in Journal für Ornithologie), showing differences in plumage colour between Black-shouldered Peafowl (mutation) and Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus (Hein van Grouw)

Figure 3 in The taxonomic history of Black-shouldered Peafowl; with Darwin's help downgraded from species to variation

Figure 3. Black-shouldered Peafowl specimen from Temminck's collection, which was used as a model by Jean-Gabriel Prêtre (1768–1849) for his illustration (see Fig. 4), and is held at the Naturalis Biodiversity Center, RMNH.AVES.225015 (© Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden)

Figure 1 in The taxonomic history of Black-shouldered Peafowl; with Darwin's help downgraded from species to variation

Figure 1. Normal-coloured Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus, male (A) and female (B), Whipsnade Zoo, England, 18 June 2010 (Hein van Grouw)

Figure 6 in The taxonomic history of Black-shouldered Peafowl; with Darwin's help downgraded from species to variation

Figure 6. 'Black-winged Peafowl', pl. 89 in A monograph of the pheasants (Beebe 1922); the first depiction of the chicks of this mutation. Juvenile plumage in both sexes is like that of the adult female and therefore nearly white (Hein van Grouw, © Natural History Museum, London)

Figure 2 in The taxonomic history of Black-shouldered Peafowl; with Darwin's help downgraded from species to variation

Figure 2. Black-shouldered Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus, male (A) and female (B), Whipsnade Zoo, England, 18 June 2010; other than parts of the wing and shoulders, the black-shouldered mutation does not change male appearance, but it has a major effect on female plumage (Hein van Grouw)

Figure 5 in The taxonomic history of Black-shouldered Peafowl; with Darwin's help downgraded from species to variation

Figure 5. 'Pavo nigripennis' in A monograph of the Phasianidae or family of the pheasants (Elliot 1872) drawn by Joseph Wolf (1820–99), lithograph by Joseph Smit (1836–1929) (Hein van Grouw, © Natural History Museum, London)

Figure 4 in The taxonomic history of Black-shouldered Peafowl; with Darwin's help downgraded from species to variation

Figure 4. Watercolour of Black-shouldered Peacock specimen RMNH.AVES.225015 from Temminck's collection, painted by Prêtre but never printed (© Naturalis Biodiversity Center). Temminck intended to publish an illustrated two-volume work in folio format on Galliformes, entitled Histoire naturelle générale des gallinacés. It was never published as it became financially impossible to produce such a luxury edition with the ending of Napoleon's reign (Brouwer 1953: 43).

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Text-fig. 5. Disarticulation marks on the head of humerus 98- 594-B-P (1) to disarticulate the shoulder joint, for the metrics of this bone see Table 12. in Consumption Of Canid Meat At The Gravettian Předmostí Site, The Czech Republic

Text-fig. 5. Disarticulation marks on the head of humerus 98- 594-B-P (1) to disarticulate the shoulder joint, for the metrics of this bone see Table 12.

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Fig. 82. Character changes associated with avialan shoulder girdle evolution. A in A Review Of Dromaeosaurid Systematics And Paravian Phylogeny

Fig. 82. Character changes associated with avialan shoulder girdle evolution. A, right coracoid of Deinonychus antirrhopus (YPM 5236; top) and Sinovenator changii (IVPP 12583; bottom); B, Sapeornis chaoyangensis (IVPP V13396) in ventral view; C, Jeholornis prima (IVPP V13274) in ventral view; D, Jixiangornis orientalis (CAGS uncataloged) in dorsal view.

Figure 4 in An integrative phylogenetic and extrapolatory approach to the reconstruction of dromaeosaur (Theropoda: Eumaniraptora) shoulder musculature

Figure 4. Right scapulocoracoid and humerus of Cygnus buccinator showing osteological features and muscle origins (shaded) and insertions (unshaded). Scapulocoracoid in lateral view (posterior aspect of coracoid) (A) and medial view (anterior aspect of coracoid) (B). Arrows in B indicate extent of the M. rhomboideus superficialis insertion onto the anterior edge of the scapular blade. Right coracoid in lateral (C) and medial (D) views. Humerus in ventral (E) and dorsal (F) views. Not drawn to scale. Lower-case abbreviations are skeletal elements and ligaments, upper-case abbreviations are muscles.

Figure 1 in An integrative phylogenetic and extrapolatory approach to the reconstruction of dromaeosaur (Theropoda: Eumaniraptora) shoulder musculature

Figure 1. Diagrammatic representation of the theropod right scapulocoracoid. A, developmental orientation and terminology. B, positional orientation of a non-eumaniraptoran theropod scapulocoracoid. C, positional orientation of an eumaniraptoran scapulocoracoid. Abbreviations: A, anterior; D, dorsal; L, lateral; M, medial; P, posterior; V, ventral.

Figure 12 in An integrative phylogenetic and extrapolatory approach to the reconstruction of dromaeosaur (Theropoda: Eumaniraptora) shoulder musculature

Figure 12. Reconstructed right shoulder girdle and upper arm musculature of Saurornitholestes langstoni in anterior aspect. Shaded muscles are those not illustrated in Figure 11A. The reconstructed furcula is based on that of Velociraptor (Appendix). Ulna/radius is diagrammatic. Arrows superimposed onto reconstructed muscles indicate mean direction of muscle action. See text for further details, and for muscle abbreviations. Superscripts: 1, unequivocal muscle with scar; 2, unequivocal muscle with no scar.

Figure 3 in An integrative phylogenetic and extrapolatory approach to the reconstruction of dromaeosaur (Theropoda: Eumaniraptora) shoulder musculature

Figure 3. Right scapulocoracoid and humerus of Caiman sp. showing osteological features and muscle origins (shaded) and insertions (unshaded). Scapulocoracoid in lateral (A) and medial (B) views, and humerus in ventral (C), dorsal (D) and anterior (E) views. Not drawn to scale. In B, the origin of M. costocoracoideus profundus is from the medial scapulosternal ligament. Lower-case abbreviations are skeletal elements and ligaments, upper-case abbreviations are muscles.

Figure 10 in An integrative phylogenetic and extrapolatory approach to the reconstruction of dromaeosaur (Theropoda: Eumaniraptora) shoulder musculature

Figure 10. Flow chart of the cascade of inferences used to determine the presence of shoulder girdle muscles in theropods, their topology of attachment and their functional attributes. This stepwise methodology is similar to that of Bryant & Russell (1992).

Figure 6 in An integrative phylogenetic and extrapolatory approach to the reconstruction of dromaeosaur (Theropoda: Eumaniraptora) shoulder musculature

Figure 6. Right shoulder girdle elements of Saurornitholestes langstoni (TMP 88.121.39) showing osteological features and proposed muscle origins (shaded) and insertions (not shaded). Coracoid in lateral (A) and medial (B) views. The posterior coracoid process was reconstructed based on that of Velociraptor mongoliensis (Appendix). Scapula in lateral (C) and medial (D) views. Arrows in D indicate extent of RS insertion onto the anterior edge of the scapular blade. The acromion process was reconstructed based on that of Velociraptor mongoliensis (Appendix). Humerus in ventral (E) and dorsal (F) views. See text for muscle abbreviations (in upper-case letters). Skeletal elements are not to scale.

Figure 5 in An integrative phylogenetic and extrapolatory approach to the reconstruction of dromaeosaur (Theropoda: Eumaniraptora) shoulder musculature

Figure 5. Right scapulocoracoid and humerus of Struthio camelus showing osteological features and muscle origins (shaded) and insertions (unshaded). Scapulocoracoid in lateral (A) and medial (B) views, and humerus in ventral (C) and dorsal (D) views. Not drawn to scale. Dorsomedial curvature of the scapulocoracoid is removed. In A, the insertion of the M. pectoralis is onto the Ligamentum sternocoracoideum laterale. Lower-case abbreviations are skeletal elements, upper-case abbreviations are muscles.