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Fig. 3 in Nesting ecology and nest site selection of green-legged partridge

Fig. 3. Location of a green-legged partridge nest between the buttress of a large tree. The arrow shows the location of nest.

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Fig. 1. Precipitation during 2009 and 2010 in Nesting ecology and nest site selection of green-legged partridge

Fig. 1. Precipitation during 2009 and 2010 and the nesting period for the same two years of green-legged partridge at Khao Yai National Park.

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Fig. 2 in Nesting ecology and nest site selection of green-legged partridge

Fig. 2. Hourly variations (mean ± SD) in departure and return times of incubating female green-legged partridge (N = 6) at the Mo Singto Plot, Khao Yai National Park during 2009 and 2010.

Figure S1 in Natural selection on various sites of ribosomal proteins: a cladistic view

Figure S1. Conserved sites of ribosomal protein 40S subunit labeling on crystal structure. The ribbons colored in red represent the synapomorphic s. str. sites of Eukaryota, the green ones represent the synapomorphic s. lat. sites of Eukaryota, and the blue ones represent the potential autapomorphic sites of clades lower than Eukaryota. The magenta ribbons represent the sites related to DBA, and the sites presented by sticks and balls are also synapomorphic sites. Because there are too many synapomorphic sites according to clades lower than Eukaryota in the RP, only the synapomorphic sites related to DBA are colored in this figure (shown in orange).

Figure S2 in Natural selection on various sites of ribosomal proteins: a cladistic view

Figure S2. Conserved sites of ribosomal protein 60S subunit labeling on crystal structure. The ribbons colored in red represent the synapomorphic s. str. sites of Eukaryota, the green ones represent the synapomorphic s. lat. sites of Eukaryota and the blue ones represent the potential autapomorphic sites of clades lower than Eukaryota. The magenta ribbons represent the sites related to DBA, and the sites shown by sticks and balls are also synapomorphic sites. Because there are too many synapomorphic sites according to clades lower than Eukaryota in the RP, only the synapomorphic sites related to DBA are colored in this figure (shown in orange).

Figure 1 in Natural selection on various sites of ribosomal proteins: a cladistic view

Figure 1. Summarized distribution of group-specific sites in the cladogram of eukaryotic diversification. The numerals shown above the line correspond to RPL, and the numerals shown below correspond to RPS. The Ecdysozoa-Neoptera and Chordata-Mammalia lineages are highlighted with blue and yellow, respectively. The amino acids with equivalent biochemical properties were not taken into account.

Figure 2 in Natural selection on various sites of ribosomal proteins: a cladistic view

Figure 2. Conserved sites in the tertiary structures of RPL11 (A) and RPS19 (B). The red ribbons represent the synapomorphic s. str. sites of Eukaryota, the green ones represent the synapomorphic sites s. lat. of Eukaryota, and the blue ones represent the potential autapomorphic sites of clades lower than Eukaryota. The ribbons with sticks and balls represent sites related to DBA. The synapomorphic sites related to DBA are shown in orange. The magenta ones represent the sites for which it is difficult to deduce the synapomorphy but appear to be related to DBA.

FIGURES 42–45 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 42–45. SEM micrographs of inner surface of cocoons of Lithurgopsis apicalis. 42. Longitudinal section of cocoon, front removed, showing long shiny inner surface of wall and modified apical tip showing cushion of multiple layers of silk fibers. 43. Close-up of surface of multiple layers identified by rectangle in figure 42. 44. Posterior end of another cocoon, inner view, showing cushion of multiple layers of silk fibers, somewhat off center. 45. Close-up of cushion of multiple layers of silk fibers identified by rectangle in figure 44.

FIGURE 1 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURE 1. Road leading from Dos Cabezas, Cochise County, Arizona, where nests of Lithurgopsis apicalis were first discovered in the decapitated stalks of Agave palmeri. FIGURES 2–6. Study area 8 mi north of Portal, Cochise Co., Arizona. 2. Landscape; note presence of Agave palmeri and Opuntia. 3. Female Lithurgopsis apicalis in flower of food plant Opuntia. 4. Base of Agave plant with rosette of basal leaves, which once dry fortifies bee nests from predations by vertebrates. 5. H.G.H. removing leaves from another Agave. 6. Crack (arrow) in Agave stalk that allows females of Lithurgopsis apicalis access for nesting.

FIGURES 39–41 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 39–41. Microphotographs of cocoons of Lithurgopsis apicalis. 39. Sample of cocoons most of which had been opened to remove larvae, showing variation in color, texture, and external shape. 40. Longitudinal section of front of one side of front end of cocoon, showing outer layer of dark silk between which thin line of white fine-grained layer of discharge is sandwiched by inner thick layer of dark silk. 41. Longitudinal section of posterior end of cocoon showing multiple layers of silk fibers.

FIGURES 19–23 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 19–23. Microphotographs of nest components of Lithurgopsis apicalis. 19. Assorted discs showing variation primarily in views of posterior surfaces from numerous cells. 20. Young larva, probably first instar, facing posterior surface of disc, but not yet feeding. 21. Two preserved eggs, side view. 22. Newly emerged fifth instar compared with fully grown fifth instar. 23. Plastic rearing dish containing five live larvae, which permitted us to observe feeding and cocoon-spinning activities throughout the study period.

FIGURES 12–14 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 12–14. Single cell provisions of Lithurgopsis apicalis from various nests. FIGURE 15.Two cells in linear series. FIGURES 16–18. Eggs of Lithurgopsis apicalis attached to disc, and same egg with attachment to disc now broken, and another egg and disc, respectively.

FIGURES 7, 8 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 7, 8. Nests of Lithurgopsis apicalis. 7. Cross section of Agave stalk where multiple nests were first found, showing pollen-filled cells (arrows), open tunnels, and tunnels filled with wood chips (gray). 8. Closeup of burrow wall through fine-grained plant tissue showing characteristic transverse patterning created by the female's mandibles during excavation.

FIGURES 9–11 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 9–11. Diagrams of nest found near Dos Cabezas, Cochise County, Arizona. 9. Entire nest, side view containing two burrows, with close-up of section containing three cells, one of which had not been closed. 10. Single cell containing two eggs, each associated with small open space ("egg chamber") and with disc of firmer provisions. 11. Close-up of disc and egg.

FIGURES 46, 47 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 46, 47. SEM macrographs of thin film of cocoon fabric spun on June 44, 2013, as identified in photomicrograph, figure 36, 46. showing small apertures that presumably would have been closed with more applications of silk, and 47. edge of same, showing texture of silk that is extruded, respectively. These macrographs plus observations made at the time strongly suggest that the inner surface of cocoons is composed solely of silk; see text for further explanation.

FIGURES 27–31 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 27–31. Microphotographs of cleared larvae of Lithurgopsis apicalis. 27. Entire first instar, lateral view, with cast chorion and pollen grains adhering to posterior end. 28. Head of same, frontal view. 29. Head capsule of third/fourth instar, frontal view, showing pollen grain being ingested. 30. Same but more dorsal view showing pollen grains being ingested sequentially into esophagus. 31. Lower part of head of early fifth instar; note pollen grain being ingested behind mandibular apices.

Fig. 1 in Sleeping site selection in two Asian viverrids: effects of predation risk, resource access and habitat characteristics

Fig. 1. Home ranges, core areas and sleeping sites of binturongs (Arctictis binturong) and masked palm civets (Paguma larvata). Home ranges (minimum convex polygon [MCP] 95%) and core areas (MCP 50%) with sleeping sites overlaid of (a) three masked palm civets and a female binturong at Tikong, (b) a male binturong at Sesawo, and (c) location of study sites (Sesawo and Tikong) within the study area (Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary – West). Different gray shades within home ranges represent core areas of each animal.

Fig. 4 in Sleeping site selection in two Asian viverrids: effects of predation risk, resource access and habitat characteristics

Fig. 4. Use and reuse of sleeping sites. Cumulative number of unique sleeping sites in relation to the total number of sites observed for two binturongs (Arctictis binturong) and three masked palm civets (Paguma larvata). Numbers of unique sleeping sites (sites that are not re-used) versus total sleeping sites observed and study areas are indicated in parenthesis.

Fig. 3 in Sleeping site selection in two Asian viverrids: effects of predation risk, resource access and habitat characteristics

Fig. 3. Use of sleeping sites within different forest types. Percentage of different forest types used (denoted as U) for sleeping sites versus forest types available (A) for two binturongs (Arctictis binturong) and three masked palm civets (Paguma larvata). Forest types are: semi-evergreen forest (SEF), mixed deciduous forest (MDF), and dry dipterocarp forest (DDF). Numbers in parenthesis after individual animals represent the number of sleeping sites used in the analysis, excluding reused sites.

Fig. 2 in Sleeping site selection in two Asian viverrids: effects of predation risk, resource access and habitat characteristics

Fig. 2. Use of vertical strata for sleeping sites. Percentage use of different vertical strata of sleeping sites by five radio-collared viverrids (two binturongs Arctictis binturong and three masked palm civets Paguma larvata). Strata are: Above canopy, Canopy, and Sub-canopy. Numbers in parenthesis represent number of sleeping sites where animals were directly observed, excluding reused sites.