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276 results for “Small population”
Figure 7 in Diurnal activity pattern of age-sex groups of a small and fragmented population of Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra L.) in Western Haryana, India
Figure 7. Major behavioural activities vs. total time spent on each activity by different age-sex animal.
Fig. 1 in Population Dynamics Of Arboreal And Terrestrial Small Mammals In A Tropical Rainforest, Sarawak, Malaysia
Fig. 1. Temporal patterns at Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia, from August 1997 to December 2005. (a) percentage of fruiting trees obtained by phenology observation (%; black circle), together with weight of dried fruits obtained by seed traps from November 2000 to December 2005 (g/m2; white circle); (b) population dynamics per 100 trapnights of arboreal and terrestrial small mammals; (c) percentage of the two age classes (immature and adult) of Maxomys rajah. Total numbers of captured M. rajah at each census were shown.
Data from: Sporadic genetic connectivity among small insular populations of the rare geoendemic plant Caulanthus amplexicaulis var. barbarae (Santa Barbara Jewelflower)
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Data from: Potential drivers and implications of a balanced breeding sex ratio in a small population of an imperiled species with environmental sex determination
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Inbreeding avoidance and cost in a small, isolated trout population
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Data from: Long-term persistence of monotypic dengue transmission in small size isolated populations, French Polynesia, 1978-2014
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Data from: Spatial sorting caused by downstream dispersal: Implication for morphological evolution in isolated populations of fat minnow inhabiting small streams flowing through terraced rice paddies
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Genetic diversity and the implications of captive rearing for a small population of Black‐tailed Godwits
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Mesoscale variation in fish populations in two small Appalachian streams (fish population data) at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in 1996
We examined the reach-scale distributions of three fish species to determine which biotic and abiotic factors are influential in the fishes distributions.
Mesoscale variation in fish populations in two small Appalachian streams (light data) at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in 1996
We examined the reach-scale distribution of macroinvertebrates to determine if photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is influential in the distribution of the macroinvertebrates and macroinvertebrate functional feeding groups.
Gunnison's Prairie Dog Restoration Experiment (GPDREx): Small Mammal Mark-Recapture Population Assessment within Grasslands at the Sevilleta National Widlife Refuge, New Mexico (2013-2014)
Prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) are burrowing rodents considered to be ecosystem engineers and keystone species of the central grasslands of North America. Yet, prairie dog populations have declined by an estimated 98% throughout their historic range. This dramatic decline has resulted in the widespread loss of their important ecological role throughout this grassland system. The 92,060 ha Sevilleta NWR in central New Mexico includes more than 54,000 ha of native grassland. Gunnison’s prairie dogs (C. gunnisoni) were reported to occupy ~15,000 ha of what is now the SNWR during the 1960’s, prior to their systematic eradication. In 2010, we collaborated with local agencies and conservation organizations to restore the functional role of prairie dogs to the grassland system. Gunnison’s prairie dogs were reintroduced to a site that was occupied by prairie dogs 40 years ago.  This work is part of a larger, long-term study where we are studying the ecological effects of prairie dogs as they re-colonize the grassland ecosystem. With this project, we would like to further investigate the impact that Gunnison’s prairie dogs have on the landscape. Gunnison’s prairie dog monitoring data has been collected from the beginning of the reintroduction project, but little information has been collected on how grassland species respond to the sudden presence of prairie dogs on the refuge. This project will help determine if the prairie dog reintroduction has had positive impacts on the grassland ecosystem. Prairie dogs benefit grasslands in many ways, but their role as ecosystem engineers directly impacts other species by creating new habitat that would not be present without prairie dogs. We have documented physical landscape changes, but we have not specifically documented benefits to other grassland species. This work will help determine if the reintroduced prairie dog populations on Sevilleta NWR are now acting as a keystone species in a grassland ecosystem by monitor
Data from: Does gene flow aggravate or alleviate maladaptation to environmental stress in small populations?
Environmental change can expose populations to unfamiliar stressors, and maladaptive responses to those stressors may result in population declines or extirpation. Although gene flow is classically viewed as a cause of maladaptation, small and isolated populations experiencing high levels of drift and little gene flow may be constrained in their evolutionary response to environmental change. We provide a case study using the model Trinidadian guppy system that illustrates the importance of considering non-adaptive forces (i.e., gene flow and genetic drift) when predicting (mal)adaptive response to acute stress. We compared population genomic patterns and acute stress responses of inbred guppy populations from headwater streams either with or without a recent history of gene flow from a more diverse mainstem population. Compared to 'no-gene flow' analogues, we found that populations with recent gene flow showed higher genomic variation and increased stress tolerance – but only when exposed to a stress familiar to the mainstem population (heat shock). All headwater populations showed similar responses to a familiar stress in headwater environments (starvation) regardless of gene flow history, whereas exposure to an entirely unfamiliar stress (copper sulphate) showed population-level variation unrelated to environment or recent evolutionary history. Our results suggest that (mal)adaptive responses to acutely stressful environments are determined in part by recent evolutionary history and in part by previous exposure. In some cases, gene flow may provide the variation needed to persist, and eventually adapt, in the face of novel stress.
Data from: Abundance models of endemic birds of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, northern South America, suggest small population sizes and dependence on montane elevations
<p>Abundance measures are almost non-existent for several bird species threatened with extinction, particularly range-restricted Neotropical taxa, for which estimating population sizes can be challenging. Here we use data collected over nine years to explore the abundance of 11 endemic birds from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM), one of Earth's most irreplaceable ecosystems. We established 99 transects in the "Cuchilla de San Lorenzo" Important Bird Area within native forest, early successional vegetation, and areas of transformed vegetation by human activities. A total of 763 bird counts were carried out covering the entire elevation range in the study area (~175–2650 m). We applied hierarchical distance-sampling models to assess elevation- and habitat-related variation in local abundance and obtain values of population density and total and effective population size. Most species were more abundant in the montane elevational range (1800–2650 m). Habitat-related differences in abundance were only detected for five species, which were more numerous in either early succession, secondary forest, or transformed areas. Inferences of effective population size indicated that at least four endemics likely maintain populations no larger than 15,000–20,000 mature individuals. Estimates of species' area of occupancy and effective population size were lower than most values previously described, a possible consequence of increasing anthropogenic threats. At least four of the endemics exceeded criteria for threatened species listing and a thorough evaluation of their extinction risk should be conducted. Population strongholds for most of the study species were located on the northern and western slopes of the SNSM between 1500–2700 m. We highlight the urgent need for facilitating effective protection of native vegetation in premontane and montane ecosystems to safeguard critical habitats for the SNSM's endemic avifauna. Follow-up studies collecting abundance data across the SNSM are needed to obtain precise range-wide density estimations for all species.</p>
Data from: Pace and parity predict short-term persistence of small plant populations
<p>Life history traits are used to predict asymptotic odds of extinction from dynamic conditions. Less is known about how life history traits interact with stochasticity and population structure of finite populations to predict near-term odds of extinction. Through empirically parameterized matrix population models, we study the impact of life history (reproduction, pace), stochasticity (environmental, demographic), and population history (existing, novel) on the transient population dynamics of finite populations of plant species. Among fast and slow pace and either uniform or increasing reproductive intensity or short or long reproductive lifespan, slow, semelparous species are at the greatest risk of extinction. Long reproductive lifespans buffer existing populations from extinction while the odds of extinction of novel populations decreases when reproductive effort is uniformly spread across the reproductive lifespan. Our study highlights the importance of population structure, pace, and two distinct aspects of parity for predicting near-term odds of extinction. </p>
Population genetics of caribou in the Alaska-Yukon border region: implications for designation of conservation units and small herd persistence
<p>Better knowledge of genetic relationships between the Fortymile caribou herd and its neighbors is needed for conservation decision-making in Canada. Here, we contribute the first fine-scale analysis of genetic population structure in nine contiguous caribou herds at the geographic boundaries between Barren-ground and Northern Mountain caribou, and at the Alaska-Yukon border. Using pairwise differentiation metrics, STRUCTURE, and discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) to analyze 15 microsatellite loci in 379 caribou, we found complex patterns of genetic differentiation. The Fortymile was the only herd assigned to more than one genetic cluster, indicative of its history as a larger herd whose range expansions and gene flow to other herds were likely important to maintaining diversity across a functioning genetic metapopulation. Some small herds (Chisana, Klaza, and White Mountains) were genetically distinct, while others (Hart River, Clear Creek, Mentasta) exhibited little differentiation from herds they occasionally overlap, including herds assigned to different conservation units (DUs). This genetic connectivity does not result from demographic connectivity, as episodic contact during rut, rather than herd switching, is the likely mechanism. Unusually, one small herd (White Mountains) maintained genetic differentiation despite rut overlap with Fortymile. Our data reveal that some herds with different ecological and behavioral attributes are demographically independent but nonetheless genetically connected. Thus, we suggest that managing caribou for an appropriate level of genetic connectivity, while also supporting herd persistence, will be essential to conserve caribou genetic diversity in the region.</p>
The Effects of Terrain Properties upon the Small Crater Population Distribution at Giordano Bruno: Implications for Lunar Chronology
<p>Derived data files from Williams et al. (2022) The Effects of Terrain Properties upon the Small Crater Population Distribution at Giordano Bruno: Implications for Lunar Chronology, submitted.</p>
Small giants: Tributaries rescue spatially structured populations from extirpation in a highly fragmented stream
<p>Habitat fragmentation is a pervasive threat to biodiversity. Linearly arranged habitats such as stream networks are particularly vulnerable to fragmentation. As the landscape becomes increasingly human-dominated, conservation values of fragmented habitat patches cannot be overlooked. It is critical to understand the demographic mechanisms of population persistence or extirpation in fragmented patches.</p> <p>We studied the dynamics of spatially structured populations of two Japanese landlocked salmonids persisting for > 30 years in a headwater stream network that is highly fragmented due to low-head dams in the mainstem. We parameterised and analysed spatial matrix population models using 9-year mark-recapture data.</p> <p>Tributaries supported higher survival rates in some life stages, and movement was asymmetrical from the tributaries to the mainstem. Accordingly, population growth rates were higher in the tributary patches than the mainstem in both species despite the tributaries occupying only 12 or 18% of the study stream network by surface area. The tributaries harboured more physically and hydraulically complex instream habitats (i.e., higher wood density and flow refugia), indicating that habitat patch quality was more important than habitat patch size in determining the dynamics of these spatially structured populations.</p> <p>Tributary locations in the stream network were important in the trajectory of these populations. The upstream-dwelling charr persisted in the highly fragmented mainstem patch (i.e., six impassable infrastructures in a < 500 m patch) due to immigration of fish from upstream including the tributary. However, the downstream-dwelling salmon have been gradually extirpated from the uppermost section of the fragmented mainstem patch because they could not maintain a positive population growth rate after the loss of emigrants was accounted for and immigration was prevented due to fragmentation.</p> <p>Synthesis and applications: We conclude that small tributaries have rescued the spatially structured populations from extirpation (charr) or at least slowed down extirpation (salmon). Legal protection of headwaters as aquatic habitats is weak globally. Our results suggest that stream management plans underestimating the demographic value of small tributaries will likely fail to conserve populations of headwater inhabitants and therefore endanger aquatic biodiversity. We discuss conservation implications of this study related to habitat connectivity and fisheries management.</p>
Data from: Small but connected islands can maintain populations and genetic diversity under climate change
<p>In response to the striking effects of environmental change, conservation strategies often include the identification of conservation areas that can effectively maintain vulnerable species. Consequently, identifying system-specific conditions that maintain the demographic and genetic viability of species of conservation concern is essential. Connectivity plays a critical role in the persistence of populations. Islands have been model systems to understand connectivity and metapopulation processes and have emerged as particularly favorable targets for conservation. While islands can be isolated from mainland disturbances, it is unknown what degree of isolation is necessary to avoid unfavorable changes but remain sufficiently connected to maintain population viability. To test this question, we explored connectivity within the Apostle Islands, an archipelago of 22 islands within Lake Superior, by comparing historical and contemporary trends in ice bridge connectivity and by simulating the effect of reduced connectivity within this system. We developed a demographically informed individual-based model to explicitly test the role of connectivity to influence the persistence and genetic diversity of American marten (<em>Martes americana</em>), a forest carnivore at risk across its southern range boundary. We found that genetic diversity was resilient to moderate changes in ice cover, but a complete loss of connectivity resulted in rapid genetic erosion. Despite genetic erosion, populations persisted as long as nominal connectivity occurred between islands. Our work suggests that connectivity will decline, but martens would be resilient to moderate changes, and, in the short term, the Apostle Islands can act as a refuge along this species' southern range boundary. Identifying thresholds in connectivity that maintain populations but allow for isolation from disturbance will be necessary to identify suitable areas for species conservation across space and time.</p>
Fig. 1 in Genetic And Morphological Variability Of Small Vendace (Coregonus Albula (Linnaeus, 1758)) Population In Three Latvian Lakes
Fig. 1. The location of sampling sites. - Lake Sventes, Lake Nirzas and Lake Rāznas.
Figure 1 in Diurnal activity pattern of age-sex groups of a small and fragmented population of Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra L.) in Western Haryana, India
Figure 1. Map of the study site.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.