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58 results for “Social Benefits”
Data from: No energetic benefits from sociality in tropical hibernation
Mammals generally profit from social thermoregulation, and the primary benefit of sociality during hibernation is thought to be the reduction of metabolic demands during periodic arousals. It has even been postulated that the energetic advantages during hibernation might have been the driver for the evolution of sociality in some mammal species. As the necessity to show arousals and the concurring energetic costs depend on the temperature regime in the hibernacula, we tested whether this is also a plausible scenario in tropical hibernators such as the Malagasy lemur Cheirogaleus medius, with comparatively high and often fluctuating temperature regimes in their hibernacula. To this end, we studied group composition and energy budgets (skin temperature patterns, metabolic rate) over three hibernation and activity seasons in a total of 53 free-ranging C. medius. Our results show that C. medius mostly occupied tree hollows solitarily during hibernation, contrary to the active season, and that the energetic savings were comparable for individuals hibernating socially in groups or solitarily (both about 74% compared to the resting metabolic rate of the active season). However, in larger groups hibernation patterns were less regular and synchronized and individual torpor-arousal cycles were more frequently interrupted by euthermic group members than in individuals hibernating solitarily or in pairs. We conclude that sociality during hibernation is not necessarily driven by energetic demands, and might even be energetically disadvantageous in tropical species (at least in larger groups). Other factors, like social coherence or ecological and behavioural constraints, may be of greater influence for the evolution of sociality under tropical conditions.
Data from: Inclusive fitness benefits mitigate costs of cuckoldry to socially paired males
Background: In socially monogamous species, reproduction is not always confined to paired males and females. Extra-pair males commonly also reproduce with paired females, which is traditionally thought to be costly to the females' social partners. However, we suggest that when the relatedness between reproducing individuals is considered, cuckolded males can suffer lower fitness losses than otherwise expected, especially when the rate of cuckoldry is high. We combine theoretical modeling with a detailed genetic study on a socially monogamous wild fish, Variabilichromis moorii, which displays biparental care despite exceptionally high rates of extra-pair paternity. Results: We measured the relatedness between all parties involved in V. moorii spawning events (i.e. between males and females in social pairs, females and their extra-pair partners, and paired males and their cuckolders), and we reveal that males are on average more related to their cuckolders than expected by chance. Queller–Goodnight estimates of relatedness between males and their cuckolders are on average r = 0.038 but can range up to r = 0.64. This also increases the relatedness between males and the extra-pair offspring under their care. These intriguing results are consistent with the predictions of our mathematical model, which shows that elevated relatedness between paired males and their cuckolders can be adaptive for both parties when competition for fertilizations is strong. Conclusions: Our results show how cuckoldry by relatives can offset males' direct fitness losses with inclusive fitness gains, which can be substantial in systems where males face almost certain paternity losses.
Data from: Multiple mating is linked to social setting, and benefits the males in a communally rearing mammal
Individuals in social species may mate with multiple opposite sex individuals, including members of the same or different social groups. This variation may be linked to genetic benefits, where multiple mating decreases risk of inbreeding. Multiple mating also may be constrained by the socio-spatial setting through its effect on availability of mates. Since multiple mating with individuals from same or different groups may determine sex-specific fitness effects, we also examined how multiple mating modulates social benefits of females and males. We used 7 years of data on demography, social organization, and genetics of a natural population of the group-living and colonial rodent, Octodon degus, to determine how kin and sex composition within social groups, and spatial relations between these groups (i.e., colonial habits) influence multiple mating and its fitness consequences. 81.3% of males and 64.9% of females produced offspring with multiple opposite sex individuals within groups and with individuals of neighboring groups. Thus, polygynandry was the dominant mating system in the degu population examined. Multiple mating in degus was high when compared with estimates reported in other social mammals. Variation in female and male multiple mating was better explained by social setting through its effect on availability of potential mates rather than by benefits derived from decreasing risk of inbreeding. Finally, our study revealed how multiple mating enhances male, but not female reproductive success.
Social foraging and the associated benefits of group-living in Cliff Swallows decrease over 40 years
<p>Animals that feed socially can sometimes better locate prey, often by transferring information about food that is patchy, dense, and temporally and spatially unpredictable. Information transfer is a potential benefit of living in breeding colonies where unsuccessful foragers can more readily locate successful ones and thereby improve feeding efficiency. Most studies on social foraging have been short-term, and how long-term environmental change affects both foraging strategies and the associated benefits of coloniality is generally unknown. In the colonial Cliff Swallow (<em>Petrochelidon</em> <em>pyrrhonota</em>), we examined how social foraging, information transfer, and feeding ecology changed over a 40-year period in western Nebraska. Relative to the 1980's, Cliff Swallows in 2016–2022 were more likely to forage solitarily or in smaller groups, spent less time foraging, were more successful as solitaries, fed in more variable locations, and engaged less in information transfer at the colony site. The total mass of insects brought back to nestlings per parental visit declined over the study. The diversity of insect families captured increased over time, and some insect taxa dropped out of the diet, although the three most common insect families remained the same among the decades. Nestling Cliff Swallow body mass at 10 days of age and the number of nestlings surviving per nest declined more sharply with colony size in 2015–2022 than in 1984–1991 at sites where the confounding effects of ectoparasites were removed. Adult body mass during provisioning of nestlings was lower in more recent years, but the change did not vary with colony size. The reason(s) for the reduction in social foraging and information transfer over time are unclear, but the consequence is that colonial nesting may no longer offer the same fitness advantages for Cliff Swallows as in the 1980's. The results illustrate flexibility of foraging behavior and dynamic shifts in the potential selective pressures for group-living.</p>
The benefits and costs of social foraging in velvet worms
<p>Data from: Herringe et al. (2021) The benefits and costs of social foraging in velvet worms.</p>
Supplementary material 3 from: Schmidt K, Walz A (2021) Ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change through residential urban green structures: co-benefits to thermal comfort, biodiversity, carbon storage and social interaction. One Ecosystem 6: e65706. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.6.e65706
Mean values of microclimatic parameters between 9am and 9pm, based on measurements in the four courtyards (CY): CY 1: light green, CY 2: dark green, CY 3: orange, CY 4: red
Supplementary material 6 from: Schmidt K, Walz A (2021) Ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change through residential urban green structures: co-benefits to thermal comfort, biodiversity, carbon storage and social interaction. One Ecosystem 6: e65706. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.6.e65706
Results from tree mapping and allometric equations, indicating above-ground biomass and carbon stocks
Supplementary material 5 from: Schmidt K, Walz A (2021) Ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change through residential urban green structures: co-benefits to thermal comfort, biodiversity, carbon storage and social interaction. One Ecosystem 6: e65706. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.6.e65706
Results from habitat mapping and biodiversity scores. Domin values = 1: < 4% cover with few individuals; 2: < 4% with several individuals; 3: < 4% with many individuals; 4: 4–10%; 5: 11–25%; 6: 26–33%; 7: 34–50%; 8: 51–75%; 9: 76–90%; 10: 91–100% cover
Replication package for: "Measuring Social Benefits of Media Coverage: How Coverage of Climate Change Affects Behaviour"
<p>Stata code, publicly available data, and generated data for proprietary data for: Beattie, Graham (2024). 'Measuring Social Benefits of Media Coverage: How Coverage of Climate Change Affects Behaviour'. <em>Economic Journal</em>, forthcoming</p>
Predator defense is shaped by risk, brood value and social group benefits in a cooperative breeder
<p><span>Predation is a major cause of mortality and nest failure in birds. Cooperative predator defense can enhance nest success and adult survival, but since it is inherently risky, dynamic risk assessment theory predicts that individuals modify defense behavior according to risk posed by the predator. Parental investment theory on the other hand predicts that reproductive payoffs (brood value) determine investment in nest defense. We propose that in cooperative breeders, fitness benefits deriving from survival of other group members may additionally influence defense behavior (social group benefits theory). We tested predictions of these theories in the cooperatively breeding purple-crowned fairy-wren, <i>Malurus coronatus</i>, where brood value is higher for breeders, but social group benefits more important for helpers. We recorded experimentally-induced individual defense behaviors in response to predator models presented near nests, representing differing levels of threat to nests and adults. As predicted, (i) individuals engaged in less risky defenses when encountering a more dangerous predator (dynamic risk assessment theory); (ii) individuals defended older broods more often, and breeders defended more than helpers (parental investment theory); and (iii) helpers were more likely to respond to a predator of adults (social group benefits theory). Our findings highlight that predator defense in cooperative breeders is complex, shaped by the combination of immediate risk and multiple benefits.</span></p>
Data from: The "tolerant chimpanzee" - towards the costs and benefits of sociality in female bonobos
Humans share an extraordinary degree of sociality with other primates, calling for comparative work into the evolutionary drivers of the variation in social engagement observed between species. Of particular interest is the contrast between the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and bonobo (Pan paniscus), the latter exhibiting increased female gregariousness, more tolerant relationships, and elaborate behavioral adaptations for conflict resolution. Here we test predictions from three socio-ecological hypotheses regarding the evolution of these traits using data on wild bonobos at LuiKotale, Democratic Republic of Congo. Focusing on the behavior of co-feeding females and controlling for variation in characteristics of the feeding patch, food intake rate moderately increased while feeding effort decreased with female dominance rank, indicating that females engaged in competitive exclusion from high quality food resources. However, these rank effects did not translate into variation in energy balance, as measured from urinary C-peptide levels. Instead, energy balance varied independent of female rank with the proportion of fruit in the diet. Together with the observation that females join forces in conflicts with males, our results support the hypothesis that predicts that females trade off feeding opportunities for safety against male aggression. The key to a full understanding of variation in social structure may be an integrated view of cooperation and competition over access to the key resources food and mates, both within and between the sexes.
Multiple social benefits drive the formation of mixed-species groups of Australian humpback and Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins
<p class="MsoNormal">Mixed-species groups are common amongst diverse taxa including fishes, birds, and mammals. Antipredator, foraging, and social benefits have been proposed as functional explanations for mixed-species group formation. Amongst delphinids, mixed-species groups are widespread, but little is known about their function. To investigate the potential benefits of delphinid mixed-species groups, we compared the number of individuals, the age composition, and the behaviour of single- and mixed-species sightings of Australian humpback (<em>Sousa sahulensis</em>) and Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (<em>Tursiops aduncus</em>) observed around the North West Cape, Western Australia. We found no difference in the number of individuals or the age composition of humpback dolphins present in single- and mixed-species sightings, whereas bottlenose dolphins were present in larger numbers in single-species sightings than in mixed-species sightings due to a higher number of adults. Socialising was the initial observed behavioural state of 36.1% of mixed-species sightings, compared to only 5.1% and 10.3% of humpback and bottlenose dolphin single-species sightings, respectively. Furthermore, both species travelled and foraged less frequently when in mixed-species groups. Of 93 mixed-species groups observed during a focal follow of ≥10 minutes, 32 (34.4%) involved aggressive and/or sexual behaviours typically initiated by bottlenose dolphins towards humpback dolphins while the remaining 61 (65.6%) involved only neutral and affiliative behaviours. The results of this study suggest that the observed mixed-species groups provide multiple social benefits, particularly those pertaining to socio-sexual behaviours and the development and care of young.</p>
Social Programs Benefits Allocation and Elections: An Evidence from Bolsa Família
<p>The database used in the paper.</p>
Music Use and Perceived Psycho-social Benefits of Music of Caregivers of Patients in an Intensive Care Unit
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03156192. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 4.
Cognitive and Physical Stimulation and Promotion of Social Relations for the Benefit of Older People's Quality of Life
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05721508. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Limits of the Social Benefit Motive Among High-risk Patients: a Field Experiment on Influenza Vaccination Behaviour
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04230343. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Data from: Inclusive fitness benefits mitigate costs of cuckoldry to socially paired males
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Data from: The “tolerant chimpanzee” - towards the costs and benefits of sociality in female bonobos
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Data from: Multiple mating is linked to social setting, and benefits the males in a communally rearing mammal
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Social foraging and the associated benefits of group-living in Cliff Swallows decrease over 40 years
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