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opennotspecifiedDec 2020View details →

FIGURE 3 in A new species of cat-eyed snake (Serpentes: Dipsadinae: Leptodeirini) from the Andes of southern Ecuador

FIGURE 3. General view of Leptodeira misinawui sp. nov. in life. Top: holotype (MZUA-RE 0253); bottom: paratype (QCAZ 16510), adult male from Azuay province, road Santa Isabel-Pasaje. Photographs by E. Celi (top) and G. Pazmiño (bottom).

opennotspecifiedDec 2020View details →

FIGURE 1 in A new species of cat-eyed snake (Serpentes: Dipsadinae: Leptodeirini) from the Andes of southern Ecuador

FIGURE 1. Phylogeny of Leptodeira. Maximum likelihood tree obtained from a RAXML analysis of three mitochondrial (16S, cytb, ND4) and two nuclear genes (NT3, DNAH3). Numbers next to branches are bootstrap support values; for clarity, support values on short branches are not shown. Voucher number is indicated for each terminal. In addition, country (if available) preceded by Department or Province are shown for taxa in the Leptodeira annulata/septentrionalis complex except L. maculata, L. rhombifera, and L. polysticta. Clade numbers (see Results) are shown next to vertical bars. Specimens sequenced in this paper are colored in brown. GenBank accession numbers along with more detailed locality data of newly sequenced specimens are presented in Table 1. Outgroup species Dipsas pratti is not shown.

opennotspecifiedDec 2020View details →

FIGURE 2 in A new species of cat-eyed snake (Serpentes: Dipsadinae: Leptodeirini) from the Andes of southern Ecuador

FIGURE 2. Male holotype (MZUA-RE 0253) and female paratype (MZUA-RE 0252) of Leptodeira misinawui sp. nov. in preservative. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of body, and dorsal, ventral and lateral views of head (C) of the holotype. Dorsal (D) and ventral (E) views of body, and dorsal, ventral and lateral views of head (F) of the paratype. Photographs by J.C. Sánchez. Scale bar (C, F) = 10 mm.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: Ecological and spatial patterns associated with diversification of the shrub genus Tetraglochin along Southern-Central Andes (Rosaceae)

In addition to the degree of geographical isolation (sympatry, parapatry, allopatry and peripatry), ecology can be an important factor promoting diversification of lineages, both by niche divergence as well as niche conservatism. Tetraglochin is a genus of shrubs with six species distributed along the Southern and Central Andes, from Peru to southern Argentina and central Chile. Although monophyly of the genus as the identity of its species are well established, spatiotemporal framework for its diversification and the potential role of the ecology and geography in the speciation process remain unknown. In the present study we analyzed diversification times and historical biogeography of the genus, and conducted different climatic niche and geographical range comparisons among its species to determine possible patterns associated with speciation. Results support the Pleistocene diversification, early along the Southern Andes and the Patagonian Steppe and subsequently in the Central Andes. Climatic niche divergence did not prove to be a major factor promoting speciation, but rather the phylogenetic niche conservatism. Our analyses also favored the sympatric model of speciation, although patterns from geographical range evolution are difficult to interpret due to the lability on the ancestral distributions, and therefore micro-allopatric or parapatric divergence associated with the glacial-interglacial cycles and climatic oscillations throughout the Quaternary should not be discarded. Other potential factors associated with diversification of Tetraglochin are also discussed.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: Recent decadal drought reverts warming–triggered growth enhancement in contrasting climates in the southern Andes treeline

Aims: Rising temperature and declining summer precipitation due to the 1970s-climate shift in southern South America have reduced forest productivity at dry sites. Here, we worked with the most widespread Southern Hemisphere treeline species, Nothofagus pumilio, across contrasting climatic conditions and determined whether rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations as well as warmer and drier climatic conditions provoked by the 70s-climatic shift have been causing systematic changes in treeline growth rates and intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE).Location: 36–54° S, southern Andes. Time period: 1950–2010. Major taxa studied: Nothofagus pumilio. Methods: We worked at five disparate climatic treeline locations, spanning 18 degrees of latitude; at each location, we sampled trees at four different elevations, including treeline elevation. We quantified the variation of annual tree-ring width (TRW) as a function of climate, elevation, tree age, size, annual CO2 concentrations, and location, using linear mixed-effects models and interpreted TRW trends in relation to iWUE and isotope (δ13C and δ18O) signalling. Results: Across locations, the patterns of treeline growth occurring in the 1980–2010 period exhibited a clear and significant negative trend, in contrast to the previous 1950–1980 period. We found an increase of iWUE and δ18O across time and locations. Given that an increase in δ18O indicates a decrease in stomatal conductance, we assert that drought-induced stomatal closure appears to be causing the reduction in growth. Main conclusions: We show unequivocal evidence that warmer and drier summer conditions translated into a decrease of growth rates along the elevational treeline of the southern Andes, reverting previous growth improvements linked to climate warming. An improvement in iWUE at all locations is most likely explained by decreased stomatal conductance given the rising δ18O signal. An iWUE–growth decoupling may act as an ecological strategy to respond to drought.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: An assessment of carbon and nutrient limitations in the formation of the southern Andes treeline

Although the principal mechanism determining tree line formation appears to be carbon (C)-sink limitations due to low temperatures, few studies have assessed the complementary role of reduced soil nutrient availability with elevation. We tested the hypothesis that nutrient (especially nitrogen, N) limitations at tree line may directly (via C-source) or indirectly (via C-sink) reduce the growth of a winter deciduous tree line species. If a shortage of soil N with elevation is involved in tree line formation, it should occur in two alternative ways: (i) through sink limitations because N is required for tissue formation, which would indirectly limit C investments (N decreases and C reserves increase with elevation), and (ii) through C limitations because this would lead directly to a reduction of photoassimilates (N and C reserves decrease with elevation). In testing our hypothesis, we analysed tree growth rates (basal area increment), twig non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) and N concentrations, leaf N, phosphorus (P), N:P ratio concentrations, and soil nutrient levels (NO3−, NH4+, Olsen–P) in four disparate climate and soil Nothofagus pumilio tree lines spanning 18 degrees of latitude in the southern Andes of Chile. We found a significant decrease in tree growth with elevation. Twig NSC concentrations pooled across locations also decreased significantly with elevation (starch constituted most of the NSC and was highly responsible for the negative trend), although this trend was mostly driven by the northernmost locations. Contrary to soil N availability, leaf N and P concentrations increased significantly with elevation. Twig N concentrations, soil P and leaf N:P ratios did not change with elevation. Synthesis. The elevational decrease in NSC concentrations supports C-source limitation in N. pumilio trees at tree line elevation. In the light of this, we assert that the current global explanation for tree line formation (C-sink-limitation driven by low temperatures) must be revisited. Given that leaf N and P concentrations increased and twig N concentrations did not change with elevation, nutrient limitation is not likely to be involved in the C-limitations and could not therefore be an explanation for tree line formation.

opencc-zeroJul 2019View details →

Data from: Lizards in the mist: thermal niches constrained by habitat and microclimates in the Andes of southern Bolivia

Aim: To understand how the activity budgets of ectotherms vary in mountain areas with high microclimatic and habitat heterogeneity, and how these factors together with habitat modulate the assemblage of ectotherm communities. Location; Tajzara Basin, Cordillera de Sama (3600–4300 masl), Department of Tarija, Bolivia. Taxon: four lizard species of the genus Liolaemus. Methods: After parameterizing the thermal physiology of each species and recording operative temperature time series with dataloggers, we calculated activity budgets for every species across 30 sampling sites. By multimodel inference we evaluated how activity budgets varied across the topography. We also assessed how abundances of each species were predicted by activity budgets, restriction time, temperature deviation, habitat covers and exposure to cold microclimate. Results: Activity budgets were not only influenced by elevation, but also by the exposure to cold air that comes through saddles from the eastern side of the mountain divide. Although thermal physiological parameters were relatively similar among the species, their abundances were conditioned to different extents by activity budgets, habitat and microclimates. Main conclusions: The abundance and distribution of each species across these lizard communities reflect the microclimatic heterogeneity originated by complex topography, which uncouples activity budgets from elevation. Only one species was confined to cold microclimate refugia with higher exposure to Föhn effect. Despite having relatively similar thermal aspect of fundamental niches, lizards may differ in their realized niches by habitat selection. Habitat specialization could compromise the persistence of some species under global warming by reducing the dispersal possibilities to certain areas where population sustainability might be impaired in the long term. Understanding the heterogeneity of microclimates and habitats and the physiology of the species partially explains their distribution at local scale, and provides insights on how to best confront upcoming climate change effects.

FIGURE 4 in Five new Penaincisalia species (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Eumaeini) from the Andes of southern Ecuador and northern Peru

FIGURE 4. Penaincisalia ismaeli male genitalia in lateral (A) and ventral (B) views; the width of each boxed figure is 3.4 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Five new Penaincisalia species (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Eumaeini) from the Andes of southern Ecuador and northern Peru

FIGURE 5. Topographic maps of the northern Andes, illustrating the known geographic ranges of the five new Penaincisalia species.

FIGURE 3 in Five new Penaincisalia species (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Eumaeini) from the Andes of southern Ecuador and northern Peru

FIGURE 3. Penaincisalia male genitalia in lateral (A, C, F, I) and ventral (B, D, G, J) views, with lateral view of eighth tergite in E and H; all genitalia are figured at approximately the same scale, with the width of each boxed figure 3.4 mm. A, B, P. caeruleanota. C, D, E, P. juliae. F, G, H, P. andreae. I, J, P. libertada.

FIGURE 2. Male Penaincisalia dorsal forewing scent pads. A, P. caeruleanota. B, P. juliae. C, P. andreae. D, P. libertada. E, F in Five new Penaincisalia species (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Eumaeini) from the Andes of southern Ecuador and northern Peru

FIGURE 2. Male Penaincisalia dorsal forewing scent pads. A, P. caeruleanota. B, P. juliae. C, P. andreae. D, P. libertada. E, F (higher magnification view of E), P. is ma eli.

FIGURE 1 in Five new Penaincisalia species (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Eumaeini) from the Andes of southern Ecuador and northern Peru

FIGURE 1. Penaincisalia adults (dorsal surface on left, ventral surface on right) at x 1.6 lifesize. A, paratype ɗ P. caeruleanota, Cerro Palma, S. Ecuador (JHKW). B, paratype Ψ P. caeruleanota, km. 11 YanganaCerro Toledo rd., S. Ecuador (RCB). C, paratype ɗ P. juliae, km. 34 JimburaSan Andrés rd., S. Ecuador (JHKW). D, paratype Ψ P. juliae, La Playa, Huicungo, P. N. Río Abiseo, N. Peru (MUSM). E, holotype ɗ P. andreae, Río San Francisco, ZamoraLoja rd., S. Ecuador (USNM). F, holotype ɗ P. libertada, Cumpang, between Tayabamba and Ongón, N. Peru (MUSM). G, holotype ɗ P. i s m a e l i, km. 10 LojaZamora rd., S. Ecuador (USNM).

opennotspecifiedDec 2011View details →

FIGURE 5 in A new species of marsupial frog (Anura: Hemiphractidae: Gastrotheca) from the Andes of southern Peru

FIGURE 5. Upper Kosñipata Valley. A. Habitat of Gastrotheca nebulabastes at the type locality, 2400 m, with David C. Cannatella in the foreground. January 1977. B. Forested slopes near Esperanza, 2780 m, where G. nebulanastes is abundant. 19 January 1998. C. Abra Acjanaco, 3520 m, showing transition to cloud forest on the northeastern slope. January 1977. D. View northeast down the upper Río Kosñipata Valley as seen from Abra Acjanaco at 3520 m. The sinuous road to Pilcopata is visible in the foreground and on the left. January 1977.

opennotspecifiedDec 2011View details →

FIGURE 4 in A new species of marsupial frog (Anura: Hemiphractidae: Gastrotheca) from the Andes of southern Peru

FIGURE 4. Maximum-likelihood phylogram estimated from mitochondrial DNA sequences (16S ribosomal RNA genes) depicting the phylogenetic relationships of G. nebulanastes, with nonparametric bootstrap values greater than 70% indicated.