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Figure 5 in Parnassius nebrodensis: A threatened but neglected Apollo butterfly species from Southern Europe (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

Figure 5. Forewing venation of Parnassius nebrodensis Turati, 1907 stat. rev. and P. mnemosyne (Linnaeus, 1758) s. str. (A) Male of P. nebrodensis [France: Pyrenees, foothill of Mt. Neouville]. (B) Female of P. nebrodensis [the same locality]. (C) Male of P. mnemosyne [Moldova]. (D) Female of P. mnemosyne [Linnaeus's lectotype, Finland; redrawn after Honey and Scoble 2001a]. Red arrows indicate diagnostic features of the two species (see differential diagnosis for detail). (Graphics: Ivan N. Bolotov).

Figure 4 in Parnassius nebrodensis: A threatened but neglected Apollo butterfly species from Southern Europe (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

Figure 4. Dorsal view of Parnassius nebrodensis Turati, 1907 stat. rev. and P. mnemosyne (Linnaeus, 1758) s. str. specimens [coll. RMBH]. (A) Male of P. nebrodensis [France: Pyrenees, foothill of Mt. Neouville]. (B) Female of P. nebrodensis [the same locality]. (С) Male of P. mnemosyne [Republic of Belarus: 5 km E from Ruda Yavorskaya village]. (D) Female of P. mnemosyne [the same locality]. (Photos: Artem A. Frolov).

Figure 1 in Parnassius nebrodensis: A threatened but neglected Apollo butterfly species from Southern Europe (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

Figure 1. Ranges of taxa within the Parnassius mnemosyne species complex. (1) Range of P. nebrodensis stat. rev. (data: Gratton 2006; Gratton et al. 2008; Michel et al. 2008; Todisco et al. 2010; Condamine et al. 2018; Litman et al. 2018; Dapporto et al. 2019; this study). (2) Approximate range of P. sp. 'Middle East' (data: Gratton 2006; Gratton et al. 2008). (3) Range of P. mnemosyne s. str. (data: Weiss 1999; Gratton et al. 2008; Kudrna et al. 2011; Bolotov et al. 2013): (3a) confirmed range, and (3b) uncertain distribution. (4) Approximate boundary of P. mnemosyne s. str. and P. sp. 'Middle East' ranges (data: Weiss 1999; Gratton 2006; Gratton et al. 2008; Kudrna et al. 2011; Bolotov et al. 2013). (5) Type locality of P. nebrodensis stat. rev. in Italy [Sicily: "monti Nebrodi"] (Turati 1907). (6) Type locality of P. mnemosyne s. str. in Finland (Honey and Scoble 2001, 2001a). (Map: Mikhail Y. Gofarov).

Figure 3 in Parnassius nebrodensis: A threatened but neglected Apollo butterfly species from Southern Europe (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

Figure 3. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Parnassius (subgenus Driopa) taxa based on the COI haplotype sequences (Table 1). The red stars indicate the species-level clades supported by mPTP species-delimitation model. The name of each sequence contains the following information: GenBank accession number | sampling region. An asterisk indicates Parnassius nebrodensis sequence from the type locality (Nebrodi, Sicily). The black numbers near branches indicate bootstrap support values of IQ-TREE/BPP of MrBayes. Outgroup is not shown.

Figure 2 in Parnassius nebrodensis: A threatened but neglected Apollo butterfly species from Southern Europe (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

Figure 2. Range of Parnassius nebrodensis Turati, 1907 stat. rev. and a narrow contact zone between allopatric ranges of this species and P. mnemosyne (Linnaeus, 1758) s. str. based on DNA sequence data. (1) Range of P. nebrodensis (data: Gratton 2006; Gratton et al. 2008; Michel et al. 2008; Todisco et al. 2010; Condamine et al. 2018; Litman et al. 2018; Dapporto et al. 2019; this study). (2) Occurrences of P. nebrodensis: (2a) Pyrenees (sample used for morphological and molecular analyses in this study), and (2b) other areas (data: Gratton 2006; Gratton et al. 2008). (3) Type locality of P. nebrodensis in Italy [Sicily: "monti Nebrodi"] (Turati 1907). (4) Type localities of nominal taxa that were described as P. mnemosyne subspecies but are being considered as synonyms of P. nebrodensis under this study (see Table 5 for detail). (5) A southern fragment of P. mnemosyne s. str. range adjoining the contact zone with P. nebrodensis (data: Weiss 1999; Gratton et al. 2008; Kudrna et al. 2011): (5a) confirmed range, and (5b) uncertain distribution. (6) A contact zone between P. nebrodensis and P. mnemosyne s. str. ranges. (Map: Mikhail Y. Gofarov).

Fig. 1. A in A new species of water vole from the Early Pleistocene of Southern Europe

Fig. 1. A. General situation of the Atapuerca localities in the Iberian Peninsula. B. A map depitcing the main karstic system of the Atapuerca Hill, and the main two sets of localities: the Trinchera del Ferrocarril or La Trinchera localities, where the Sima del Elefante belongs; and the Cueva Mayor−Sima de los Huesos system. Note that Sima del Elefante could be an ancient opening to the Cueva Mayor−Galería Baja karstic tunnel.

Fig. 10 in A new species of water vole from the Early Pleistocene of Southern Europe

Fig. 10. Cladogram of fossil and extant arvicoline species related with Arvicola jacobaeus sp. nov. from the Lower Pleistocene, Sima del Elefante levels TE9–TE13. The cladistic analysis has been performed using PAST; to find the shortest tree we use the branch and bound algorithm and the Fitch character optimisation criteria, and 1000 bootstrap replicates (Hammer et al. 2001). The number of Most Parsimonious Tree is one, the tree length 22, the Consistency Index 0.7273, and the Retention Index 0.6. The Bremer support or Decay Index has not been analysed.

Fig. 5 in A new species of water vole from the Early Pleistocene of Southern Europe

Fig. 5. Occlusal view of the right mandible with m1, m2, m3 of the cricetid rodent Arvicola jacobaeus sp. nov. from Sima del Elefante level TE 13. Holotype (ATA04 TE13 H31 1150−1160, MPZ 2008/380).

Fig. 2 in A new species of water vole from the Early Pleistocene of Southern Europe

Fig. 2. Geologic profile and lithostratigraphic units (TE7 to TE21) of the cave deposits of the Sima del Elefante locality, in the Trinchera del Ferrocarril of Sierra de Atapuerca Hill. Below the trench (Trinchera) level there are nearly 6 m of unearthed sediments, though levels TE8 and TE7 were sampled in the north trench perforation during the field campaign of 1996. The floor of the cave was identified by the presence of a 40−cm thick limestone layer in the north drill. Underneath the limestone layer, a distinct set of sediments was found, which was interpreted to represent the infill of a cavity from a lower karst floor. Two strata have been distinguished: the uppermost, composed of clay, small clasts (1–2 cm), and manganese oxide; the lowermost, with rounded quartzite pebbles, is interpreted as part of a terrace of the Arlanzón River left into the cave. Modified from Huguet Pàmies 2007.

Fig. 7 in A new species of water vole from the Early Pleistocene of Southern Europe

Fig. 7. Occlusal views (except some root or basal views) of isolated teeth of the cricetid rodent Arvicola jacobaeus sp. nov. from Sima del Elefante level TE9. A. Right m1 (TE9 1 1997 MPZ 2008/343). B. Left m1 (TE9 1 1998 MPZ 2008/344). C. Left m1 (TE9 s/n 1998 MPZ 2008/372). D. Right lower m2 (tooth in mandible with the m1 of A) E. Left lower m2 (tooth in mandible with the m1 of B). F. Right lower m3 (TE9 1 1998 MPZ 2008/345). G. Left M1 (TE9 s/n 1998 MPZ 2008/374) H. Left M1 (TE9 s/n 1998 MPZ 2008/376). I. Root view of left M1 (TE9 s/n 1998 MPZ 2008/375). J. Left M2 (TE9 s/n 1998 MPZ 2008/377). K. Root view of right M3 (TE9 1 1998 MPZ 2008/346). L. Detail of the incipient root development in the M3 in K. M. Left M3 (TE9 1 1997 MPZ 2008/342). Abbreviations: L, total length; W, total width; P, posterior length; 2,3, triangles 2,3. The arrow in L shows the thicker enamel and the closening of the crown in basal view.

Fig. 3 in A new species of water vole from the Early Pleistocene of Southern Europe

Fig. 3. Synthetic column showing the lithostratigraphic units of the north section of the Sima del Elefante site, labelled TE (levels TE7 to TE19). Levels that correspond to the Lower Red Unit, TE−LRU are TE7 to TE14. Units TE20 to TE22 do not outcrop here, but in the southern section (see Fig. 2). Black arrow points to level TE9 from which the recently discovered human remains were retrieved, and where the burial dating, based on the radioactive decay of cosmogenics, has been calculated (Carbonell et al. 2008). The small arvicoline mandible points to the level (TE13) where the holotype of Arvicola jacobaeus sp. nov. was found. The figure has been modified from Carbonell et al. (2008).

Fig. 6 in A new species of water vole from the Early Pleistocene of Southern Europe

Fig. 6. Medial view of the right mandible with i1, m1, m2, m3 of the cricetid rodent Arvicola jacobaeus sp. nov. from Sima del Elefante level TE 13. Holotype (ATA04 TE13 H31 1150−1160, MPZ 2008/380). The photograph was made during the field campaign of 2005 by Javier Trueba.

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Paleoecology of an extinct Cervidae (Haploidoceros mediterraneus) of Middle-Late Pleistocene in Southern Europe

<p>Dental meso- and microwear data for the Haploidoceros mediterraneus and other cervid (Cervus, Megaloceros, Praedama, Dama) populations from Gruta da Aroeira, Igue des Rameaux, Lunel-Viel I, PRERESA, Cova del Rinoceront. </p> <p>Corresponding to the paper :</p>

Figs 27–31. Palaeoplatyura johnsoni Johannsen, 1910 in Macrocera rohaceki sp. nov. and other interesting records of Keroplatidae (Diptera) from southern and central Europe, with DNA sequence data

Figs 27–31. Palaeoplatyura johnsoni Johannsen, 1910, male: 27 – wing; 28 – terminalia, ventral view; 29 – terminalia, dorsal view, tergite 9 removed; 30 – tergite 9 and cerci, external view; 31 – habitus.

Figs 11–16 in Macrocera rohaceki sp. nov. and other interesting records of Keroplatidae (Diptera) from southern and central Europe, with DNA sequence data

Figs 11–16. Isoneuromyia pseudochracea (Landrock, 1925), male: 11 – wing; 12 – thorax dorsally; 13 – habitus; 14 – terminalia, ventral view; 15 – terminalia, dorsal view, tergite 9 removed; 16 – tergite 9 and cerci, external view.

Fig. 26 in Macrocera rohaceki sp. nov. and other interesting records of Keroplatidae (Diptera) from southern and central Europe, with DNA sequence data

Fig. 26. Phylogenetic tree based on 3 mitochondrial gene markers (12S, COI, cytb) outlining relationships among all three European species of Isoneuromyia Brunetti, 1912.

Figs 1–4 in Macrocera rohaceki sp. nov. and other interesting records of Keroplatidae (Diptera) from southern and central Europe, with DNA sequence data

Figs 1–4. Macrocera rohaceki sp. nov., male: 1 – wing; 2 – terminalia, ventral view; 3 – terminalia, dorsal view, tergite 9 removed; 4 – tergite 9 and cerci, external view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Figs 20–25 in Macrocera rohaceki sp. nov. and other interesting records of Keroplatidae (Diptera) from southern and central Europe, with DNA sequence data

Figs 20–25. Isoneuromyia semirufa (Meigen, 1818), male: 20 – wing; 21 – thorax dorsally; 22 – habitus; 23 – terminalia, ventral view; 24 – terminalia, dorsal view, tergite 9 removed; 25 – tergite 9 and cerci, external view.

Figs 17–19. 17 in Macrocera rohaceki sp. nov. and other interesting records of Keroplatidae (Diptera) from southern and central Europe, with DNA sequence data

Figs 17–19. 17 – habitus of Isoneuromyia pseudochracea (Landrock, 1925); 18 – male of Isoneuromyia czernyi (Strobl, 1909) visiting flower of Chaerophyllum aromaticum (Apiaceae); 19 – female of Isoneuromyia czernyi (Strobl, 1909). (Photos by Jan Ševčík and Michal Tkoč).

Figs 5–10 in Macrocera rohaceki sp. nov. and other interesting records of Keroplatidae (Diptera) from southern and central Europe, with DNA sequence data

Figs 5–10. Isoneuromyia czernyi (Strobl, 1909), male: 5 – wing; 6 – thorax, dorsal view; 7 – habitus; 8 – terminalia, ventral view; 9 – terminalia, dorsal view, tergite 9 removed; 10 – tergite 9 and cerci, external view.