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Fig. 6 in A late Paleocene fauna from shallow-water chemosynthesis-based ecosystems, Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Fig. 6. Solemyid bivalve Solemya sp. from the upper Paleocene, Basilika Formation, Zachariassendalen, Spitsbergen, Svalbard. A. NRM-PZ Mo 183945, shell (LV), internal mold (RV), left (A1) and right (A2) valve, dorsal view of both valves (A3), ventral view (A4). B. NRM-PZ Mo 183946, internal mold, butterflied specimen in dorsal view (LV, left valve; RV, right valve).

Fig. 13 in A late Paleocene fauna from shallow-water chemosynthesis-based ecosystems, Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Fig. 13. Pleuromyid bivalve?Pleuromya sp. from the Paleocene Basilika Formation, Fossildalen, Spitsbergen, Svalbard. NRM-PZ Mo 149164, partial shell, left valve internal mold with partially preserved shell sculptured by commarginal growth lines (A1), dorsal view of partially preserved internal mold of both valves (A2), ventral view of partially preserved internal mold of both valves (A3).

Fig. 5 in A late Paleocene fauna from shallow-water chemosynthesis-based ecosystems, Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Fig. 5. Ampullinid gastropod Globularia isfjordensis (Vonderbank, 1970) from the upper Paleocene, Basilika Formation, locality 500 m from Trigonometric point 25, Hollendarbukta (A–D) and Fossildalen (E), Spitsbergen, Svalbard. A. GPIBo 111 (holotype). B. GPIBo 112. C. GPIBo 113. D. GPIBo 110. E. NRM-PZ Mo 149179. Apertural (A1, B1, C1, D1. E1), lateral (A2, B2, C2, D2, E2), and apical (A3, B3) views.

Fig. 11 in A late Paleocene fauna from shallow-water chemosynthesis-based ecosystems, Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Fig. 11. Schematic illustration of Rhacothyas spitzbergensis (Anderson, 1970) from the upper Paleocene, Basilika Formation, Spitsbergen, Svalbard, showing morphological features discussed. Right valve, outer (A1) and inner (A2) views.

Fig. 3 in A late Paleocene fauna from shallow-water chemosynthesis-based ecosystems, Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Fig. 3. Sellithyrid brachiopod Neoliothyrina nakremi Bitner sp. nov. from the upper Paleocene, Basilika Formation, Fossildalen, Spitsbergen, Svalbard. A. Holotype, ZPAL V.48/9-1, decorticated shell in ventral (A1), dorsal (A2), and posterior (A4) views; left-lateral view of both valves (A3). B. Paratype, ZPAL V.48/9-2; decorticated shell in ventral (B1), dorsal (B2), and posterior (B4) views; left-lateral view of both valves (B3). C. Paratype, ZPAL V.48/9-3, decorticated shell in ventral (C1), dorsal (C2), and posterior (C4) views; left-lateral view of both valves (C3).

Fig. 2 in A late Paleocene fauna from shallow-water chemosynthesis-based ecosystems, Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Fig. 2. Transverse serial sections of the sellithyrid brachiopod Neoliothyrina nakremi Bitner sp. nov. paratype (ZPAL V.48/9-4) from the upper Paleocene, Basilika Formation, Fossildalen, Spitsbergen, Svalbard. L>20.2 mm. Numbers indicate distance in mm from the tip of the ventral umbo.

Fig. 9 in A late Paleocene fauna from shallow-water chemosynthesis-based ecosystems, Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Fig. 9. Mytilid bivalve?Musculus sp. from the upper Paleocene, Basilika Formation, Zachariassendalen, Spitsbergen, Svalbard. NRM-PZ Mo 183957, shell, partially preserved left valve.

Fig. 1. A in A late Paleocene fauna from shallow-water chemosynthesis-based ecosystems, Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Fig. 1. A. Map of Svalbard showing location of the study area. B. Map of the study area with the fossil localities indicated (asterisks).

Fig. 8 in A late Paleocene fauna from shallow-water chemosynthesis-based ecosystems, Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Fig. 8. Mytilid bivalve?Mytilus hauniensis (Rosenkrantz, 1920) from the upper Paleocene, Basilika Formation, Zachariassendalen (A) and locality 500 m west from Trigonometric point 25, Hollendarbukta (B), Spitsbergen, Svalbard. A. NRM-PZ Mo183950, shell, left valve sculptured with fine commarginal growth lines superimposed on growth halts (A1), dorsal view of both valves (A2), oblique umbonal view showing delaminated prodissoconch, arrows point on poorly preserved taxodont teeth (A3). B. GPIBo 154, shell, right valve.

Fig. 12 in A late Paleocene fauna from shallow-water chemosynthesis-based ecosystems, Spitsbergen, Svalbard

Fig. 12. Thyasirid bivalve Rhacothyas spitzbergensis (Anderson, 1970) from the upper Paleocene, Basilika Formation, Zachariassendalen (A, F, G) and Fossildalen (B–E), Spitsbergen, Svalbard. A. NRM-PZ Mo183968, shell, right valve (A1), dorsal view of a right valve showing posterior sulcus (A2), oblique anterior view showing small lunule (A3). B. NRM-PZ Mo 183970, shell, left valve view. C. NRM-PZ Mo 149144, partial shell, →

Fig. 17 in Early-Middle Ordovician cephalopods from Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen - a pelagic fauna with Laurentian affinities

Fig. 17 (previous page). Rioceratid and orthocerid cephalopods from the Olenidsletta Member, Floian, Ordovician, Profilstranda section, Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen. A-C. Eosomichelinoceras borealis sp. nov., from bed PO 123.3. A. Specimen FMNH-P30278, lateral view with ventral, prosiphuncular side toward left. B. Specimen FMNH-P30279, lateral view with ventral, prosiphuncular side toward left. C. Specimen FMNH-20288, holotype, ventral view. D–F, I. Hinlopoceras tempestatis gen. et sp. nov., from bed PO 07. D. Specimen FMNH-P30359, lateral view with ventral, prosiphuncular side toward right. E. Specimen FMNH-30479, adult(?) body chamber, ventral view, prosiphuncular side. F. Specimen FMNH-P30362, strongly annulated fragment of body chamber. G–H, J. Hinlopoceras venti gen. et sp. nov. G. Specimen FMNH-P30262, from bed PO 07, lateral view with ventral, prosiphuncular side toward left. H. Specimen FMNH-P30266, from bed PO 7.5, lateral view with ventral, prosiphuncular side toward right. I. Specimen FMNH-P30360; note the nearly smooth adapical part of the fragment. J. Specimen FMNH-P30267, from bed PO 7.5, lateral view with ventral, prosiphuncular side toward left. Scale bar = 10 mm for all figures.

Fig. 55 in Early-Middle Ordovician cephalopods from Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen - a pelagic fauna with Laurentian affinities

Fig. 55. Model of cephalopod habitat and faunal composition for three intervals (trilobite biozones V1a, V1b-c, V2b) of the depositional time of the Olenidsletta Member, Floian, Ordovician at Profilstranda (PO) section, Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen. Absolute water depth is estimated from septal implosion depths of cephalopods during V2b, from presence of photic zone biomarker signatures in all Olenidsletta Member samples (Lee et al. 2019), and from a global amplitude of eustatic sea level change of ca 80 m during the Floian (Haq & Schutter 2008).

Fig. 53 in Early-Middle Ordovician cephalopods from Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen - a pelagic fauna with Laurentian affinities

Fig. 53. Cephalopod occurrences in sampled intervals of the Olenidsletta Member, Floian, Ordovician, Profilstranda (PO) section, Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen. 0 from Fortey (1980), 1 from Lehnert et al. (2013), 2 from Cooper & Fortey (1982). Grey shaded time interval marks nileid trilobite assemblage after Fortey & Barnes 1977. Section from Kröger et al. (2017). Symbols for organism groups as in Fig. 3.

Fig. 52 in Early-Middle Ordovician cephalopods from Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen - a pelagic fauna with Laurentian affinities

Fig. 52. Single most parsimonious tree resulting from constrained analysis with the "concave" interpretation plotted against stratigraphy. Stratigraphic units (in grey boxes) are Ordovician stage slices after Bergström et al. (2009), modified by Rasmussen et al. (2019). Vertical range of stage slices represents absolute age (after Rasmussen et al. 2019). Abbrevations: Tr = Tremadocian; Fl = Floian; Dp = Dapingian; Dw = Darriwilian.

Fig. 51 in Early-Middle Ordovician cephalopods from Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen - a pelagic fauna with Laurentian affinities

Fig. 51. Single most parsimonious trees of four separate cladistic analyses to test different a priori interpretations and hypotheses. A–B. Shape of siphuncular segments of critical species interpreted as "tubular". C–D. Shape of siphuncular segments of critical species interpreted as "concave". B–D. Analyses with several topological constraints enforced under an assumption of the monophyly of the Endocerida, Oncocerida, and Orthocerida (see methods for details). Critical species are: Ethanoceras solitudines sp. nov., Olenidslettoceras farmi gen. et sp. nov., Svalbardoceras sterna gen. et sp. nov., and Valhalloceras floweri Evans & King, 1990. Grey boxes indicate established order level classification of species in the analysis. Values above branches are Bremer supports (if> 1), values below branches are bootstrap supports (absolute and GC frequencies).

Fig. 54 in Early-Middle Ordovician cephalopods from Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen - a pelagic fauna with Laurentian affinities

Fig. 54. Rank abundance diagram of cephalopod rich horizons of the V1 (black circles) and V2 (white circles) trilobite biozone with ranks of the six most important species listed.

Fig. 46 in Early-Middle Ordovician cephalopods from Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen - a pelagic fauna with Laurentian affinities

Fig. 46. Litoceras profilbekkenense sp. nov., FMNH-P30329, holotype, from bed PO 131, from the Olenidsletta Member, Floian, Ordovician, Profilstranda section, Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen. A. Lateral view of left side of fragment of body chamber. B. Ventral view and whorl cross section with siphuncular perforation preserved. C. Lateral view of right side. Scale bar = 10 mm for all figures.

Fig. 42 in Early-Middle Ordovician cephalopods from Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen - a pelagic fauna with Laurentian affinities

Fig. 42. Deltoceras beluga sp. nov., FMNH-P30321, holotype, from bed PO 07, from the Olenidsletta Member, Floian, Ordovician, Profilstranda section, Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen. A. View from right side. B. Ventral view; note the deep u-shaped hyponomic sinus. C. View from left side. Scale bar = 10 mm.

Fig. 43 in Early-Middle Ordovician cephalopods from Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen - a pelagic fauna with Laurentian affinities

Fig. 43. Diagrams of whorl expansion rate (WER) and whorl width index (WWI) of Deltoceras beluga sp. nov., from the Olenidsletta Member, Floian, Ordovician, Profilstranda section, Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen. Solid lines connect measurements from individual specimens. Data of type specimens of D. planum Hyatt, 1894 from Ulrich et al. (1942). See Supp. file 2 for details of measurements

Fig. 44 in Early-Middle Ordovician cephalopods from Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen - a pelagic fauna with Laurentian affinities

Fig. 44. Cross sections of coiled cephalopods from the Olenidsletta Member, Floian, Ordovician, Profilstranda section, Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen with details of siphuncular position and impression zone of conch. A. Deltoceras beluga sp. nov., FMNH-P30322, from bed PO 07. B. Litoceras profilbekkenense sp. nov, FMNH-P30329, holotype, from bed PO 131, C. Trocholitoceras juvenicostatum Ulrich et al., 1942, FMNH-P30324, from bed PO 131. D. Trocholitoceras walcotti Hyatt, 1894, FMNH-P30328, from bed PO 131. Scale bars = 10 mm.