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47 results for “The Shape Of Water”
Thermal plasticity and evolution shape predator-prey interactions differently in clear and turbid water
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Lake water chemistry and population of origin interact to shape fecundity and growth in Daphnia ambigua
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Data from: Ontogenetic shape trajectory of Trichomycterus areolatus varies in response to water velocity environment
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Data from: Proximity to seabird colonies and water availability shape moss distributions in Antarctica
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Seedling response to water stress in valley oak (Quercus lobata) is shaped by different gene networks across populations
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Data from: Growth responses to soil water potential indirectly shape local species distributions of tropical forest seedlings
1. Local tree species distributions in tropical forests correlate strongly with soil water availability. However, it is unclear how species distributions are shaped by demographic responses to soil water availability. Specifically, it remains unknown how growth affects species distributions along water availability gradients relative to mortality. 2. We quantified spatial variation in dry season soil water potential (SWP) in the moist tropical forest on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, and used a hierarchical Bayesian approach to evaluate relationships between demographic responses of naturally regenerating seedlings to SWP (relative growth rates and first-year mortality) and species distributions along the SWP gradient for 62 species. We also tested whether species that were more abundant at the wet or dry end of the gradient performed better (1) at their 'home end' of the gradient ('best at home' hypothesis) and (2) 'at home' compared to co-occurring species ('home advantage' hypothesis). 3. Four and five species responded significantly to SWP in terms of growth or mortality, respectively. Growth (but not mortality) responses were positively related to species distributions along the SWP gradient; species with a more positive (negative) growth response to SWP were more abundant at higher (lower) SWP, i.e. at wetter (drier) sites. In addition, wet distributed species grew faster on the wet end of the SWP gradient than on the dry end ('best at home') and grew faster on the wet end than dry distributed species ('home advantage'). Mortality rates declined with seedling size for all species. Thus, seedling growth responses to SWP indirectly shaped local species distributions by influencing seedling size and thereby mortality risk. 4. Synthesis. By demonstrating how growth responses to spatial variation in soil water availability affect species distributions, we identified a demographic process underlying niche differentiation on hydrological gradients in tropical forests. Recognizing the role of these growth responses in shaping species distributions should improve understanding of tropical forest composition and diversity along rainfall gradients and with climate change.
The timing of spring warming shapes reproductive effort in a warm-water fish: the role of mismatches between hepatic and gonadal processes
Spring-spawning fishes native to northern environments rely on both increasing temperature and lengthening photoperiod to cue reproduction and may thus be particularly sensitive to rapid warming earlier in the year while day lengths remain short. We investigated the reproductive response of pumpkinseed sunfish Lepomis gibbosus to spring warming commencing at a range of day lengths (9 – 15 hours), corresponding to various calendar days (January 10 – May 22). In both the laboratory and field, both male and female fish that experienced early warming while day lengths were <11 hours: 1) failed to initiate reproductive preparation in the liver before gonad development began, and 2) had reduced reproductive allocation. Analysis of published data on temperate fishes suggested that liver development prior to gonad development is widespread across warm-, cool-, and cold-water thermal guilds, though the precise phenology of liver relative to gonad development appears to vary widely among species. Together, our results point toward dampened reproductive preparation as a novel mechanism mediating reduced reproductive output in both warm- and cool-water fish following earlier spring warming.
Figure 8. Hearing and diving can shape the ear structures. A in The shape of water: adaptations of cochlea morphology in seals and oưers
Figure 8. Hearing and diving can shape the ear structures. A, there is a slight correlation (P = 0.021) for terrestrial species of the bandwidth, number of octaves, and the length of the bony meatus. B, linear regression for the ratio of the average cross-section area size of the cochlea and low frequency cut-off in-air are highly significant for all specimens. C, cochlear height is a relevant factor for the high-frequency cut-off in aquatic animals. D, underwater low-frequency cut-off reveals correlation to the area size of the round window. Legend: filled circles = Pinnipedia + Ursidae, unfilled circles = Musteloidea + Canidae; green = terrestrial species, blue = aquatic + semi-aquatic species * = P ≤ 0.05, **** = P ≤ 0.0001.
Figure 2 in The shape of water: adaptations of cochlea morphology in seals and oưers
Figure 2. PCA of cochlea shape in Caniformia. The shape analysis revealed a paưern of clustering along the axes, with highly terrestrial animals (mustelids, dogs, and foxes) primarily on the upper right quadrant and highly aquatic (Pinnipedia) on the leħ one. The two first PCs explain about 82% of the cochlea shape (PC1 = 53%, PC2 = 29%). The four phylogenetic groups of Pinnipedia + Ursidae and Lutrinae + Mustelinae are highlighted by shaded areas. For beưer visualization, thumbnails of animals with audiogram data have been placed at the respective position of the data point. For each investigated sample, data from the right cochlea was used for PC analysis (N = 52). Blue = aquatic and semi-aquatic animals, green = terrestrial animals; full circle = Pinnipedia and Ursidae, empty circle = Musteloidea and Lutrinae.
Figure 1 in The shape of water: adaptations of cochlea morphology in seals and oưers
Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree of the analysed taxa of Caniformia (Mammalia: Carnivora). The circles illustrate how the taxa are grouped for their habitat: green = terrestrial, blue = semi-aquatic, and their phylogenetic affiliation: full circle = Pinnipedia/Ursidae, empty circle = Musteloidea/ Lutrinae + Canidae in this study. The headphone sign indicates the presence of hearing information via audiograms from the literature (see details in the Supporting Information, Table S1). The discussed origin of pinnipeds is marked by question marks and the presumed origin of a secondary return to the habitat of water with water wave symbols.
Figure 5 in The shape of water: adaptations of cochlea morphology in seals and oưers
Figure 5. Differences of morphological traits between Lutrinae, Pinnipedia, and terrestrial Caniformia are highlighted by side-to-side comparison. A, the ratio of tympanic membrane area to oval window area is drastically altered in aquatic specimens when compared to their terrestrial relatives. The ratio of seals is significantly smaller, but the same effect is visible in oưers albeit to a smaller degree. B, the distance between the tympanic sulcus and the oval window is drastically altered in aquatic species. There is however liưle difference between oưers (Lutrinae) and seals (Pinnipedia). C, comparison of the area size of the opening of the ECF/canaliculus cochleae, normed for body-length of all specimens with sufficient scan resolution (N = 35). Direct comparison shows clear differentiation between pinnipeds and the other groups, displaying an increase in area size of the opening. * = P ≤ 0.05, ** = P ≤ 0.01, ***= P ≤ 0.001, **** = P ≤ 0.0001.
Figure 4 in The shape of water: adaptations of cochlea morphology in seals and oưers
Figure 4. Comparison of tympanic membrane, oval window, and round window areas of terrestrial and aquatic Caniformia. A, the areas of the tympanum, oval window, and round window (N = 33) correlate with body length in terrestrial (green dots, N = 19) and aquatic (blue dots, N = 14) taxa. B, when the membrane areas are size-corrected, only the oval window areas correlate (not strongly) negatively with head-bodylength. C, we also tested for the median difference plots are themselves a visual testing method as described in Ho et al.. When the unpaired median differences between aquatic and terrestrial Caniformia differ from zero, this points to a clear effect size between the two groups (Ho et al., 2019). This is found for the tympanal membrane area that is smaller in aquatic Caniformia and the round window area that is larger in aquatic Caniformia. The unpaired median differences for the round window area were not exactly 0, but they were very close, indicating that if there is an effect it is minimal.
Figure 3. Aquatic Caniformia have disc-shaped cochleae. A in The shape of water: adaptations of cochlea morphology in seals and oưers
Figure 3. Aquatic Caniformia have disc-shaped cochleae. A, exemplary wireframes made based on landmark coordinates along the cochleae of six taxa belonging to different subgroups (Mustelinae, Canidae, Lutrinae, Ursidae, Otariidae, and Phocidae). The arrangement in the graph corresponds to the PC1 vs. PC2 position in Figure 2. Aquatic Caniformia (blue cochleae) with negative PC1 and positive PC2 values have a compressed disc-shaped cochlea with a small number of turns. An increase in the number of turns correlates with the increase of PC1 values, from negative PC1 values with a small number of turns to positive PC1 values with a high number of turns (green shaded area). Further, the shape of the cochlea changes with negative PC2 values, a pyramid cochlea shape is found for Ursus maritimus and Enhydra lutris (semi-aquatic). With positive PC1 and PC2 values, cochleae are tower shaped (terrestrial, Mustela nivalis and Vulpes vulpes as representatives for mustelids and canids). B, Boxplot of the body size corrected centroid size for three different phylogenetic groups: Lutrinae (light blue, N = 7 species), terrestrial Musteloidea/Canidae/Ursidae (green, N = 21 species), and Pinnipedia (dark blue, N = 10 species). C, correlation analysis between PC1 values and the number of cochlear turns shows a clear positive relationship between an increasing PC1 value and the number of turns. The colour code is the same as in Figure 1. * = P ≤ 0.05, ** = P ≤ 0.01, **** = P ≤ 0.0001).
Figure 7. Bridging cochlea shape with audiogram data. A in The shape of water: adaptations of cochlea morphology in seals and oưers
Figure 7. Bridging cochlea shape with audiogram data. A, examples of audiograms of the same taxa as in Figure 3 (see Supporting Information, Table S1 for audiogram sources). B, linear regression of the relative cross-section area of the first turn and CF, with a significant result for terrestrial species and the combined data of all animals. C, CF and cochlea base width are negatively correlated in terrestrial species and Caniformia in general. D, linear regression for relative cochlea centroid size and CF exhibits significant correlation for terrestrial animals and the combined dataset. E, correlation for the relative distance between the tympanic sulcus and the oval window and CF results in a clustering by habitat with very liưle overlap and clear negative correlation significant for both groups. Legend: ** = P ≤ 0.01, *** = P ≤ 0.001, **** = P ≤ 0.0001.
Data from: Growth responses to soil water potential indirectly shape local species distributions of tropical forest seedlings
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Data from: Foraging activity pattern is shaped by water loss rates in a diurnal desert rodent
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The timing of spring warming shapes reproductive effort in a warm-water fish: the role of mismatches between hepatic and gonadal processes
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Data from: Water as a resource, stress and disturbance shaping tundra vegetation
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Data from: Prozac in the water: chronic fluoxetine exposure and predation risk interact to shape behaviors in an estuarine crab
Predators exert considerable top-down pressure on ecosystems by directly consuming prey or indirectly influencing their foraging behaviors and habitat use. Prey is, therefore, forced to balance predation risk with resource reward. A growing list of anthropogenic stressors such as rising temperatures and ocean acidification has been shown to influence prey risk behaviors and subsequently alter important ecosystem processes. Yet, limited attention has been paid to the effects of chronic pharmaceutical exposure on risk behavior or as an ecological stressor, despite widespread detection and persistence of these contaminants in aquatic environments. In the laboratory, we simulated estuarine conditions of the shore crab, Hemigrapsus oregonensis, and investigated whether chronic exposure (60 days) to field-detected concentrations (0, 3, and 30 ng/L) of the antidepressant fluoxetine affected diurnal and nocturnal risk behaviors in the presence of a predator, Cancer productus. We found that exposure to fluoxetine influenced both diurnal and nocturnal prey risk behaviors by increasing foraging and locomotor activity in the presence of predators, particularly during the day when these crabs normally stay hidden. Crabs exposed to fluoxetine were also more aggressive, with a higher frequency of agonistic interactions and increased mortality due to conflicts with conspecifics. These results suggest that exposure to field-detected concentrations of fluoxetine may alter the trade-off between resource acquisition and predation risk among crabs in estuaries. This fills an important data gap, highlighting how intra- and interspecific behaviors are altered by exposure to field concentrations of pharmaceuticals; such data more explicitly identify potential ecological impacts of emerging contaminants on aquatic ecosystems and can aid water quality management.
How is copepod functional diversity shaped by 2015-2016 El Niño and seasonal water masses in a coastal ecosystem of Southwest Atlantic?
<p>Figure S1: a) El Niño-Southern Oscillation episodes. Index values (Oceanic Niño Index - ONI) of +0.5 or higher indicate El Niño; values of -0.5 or lower indicate La Niña (dotted line). Transparent gray shade represents the period of interest (2014-2016), b) Pixel contour plots show satellite-based sea surface temperature monthly means in the Arvoredo MPA surroundings. Data visualization standard plots from the zooplankton time series adopted by SCOR WG125 (Mackas et al., 2012) and performed at http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/copepod/.</p><p>Table S1 – Taxa code and functional traits of copepod species during the summer and winter of 2014, 2015, and 2016 in the Arvoredo MPA surroundings.</p><p>Table S2 – Total and mean abundance (ind. m-3), standard deviation (SD), relative abundance (RA %), and frequency of occurrence (FO %) of copepod species during the summer and winter of 2014, 2015, and 2016 in the Arvoredo MPA surroundings.</p><p> </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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