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37 results for “Tree hydraulics”
Data from: Radial variation of wood functional traits reflect size-related adaptations of tree mechanics and hydraulics
1) Wood serves for mechanical support, water transport and storage. These functions are provided for by different cells with a large variation in wood anatomy among species but also within individual trees. The latter often reflects ontogenetic adjustments, related to tree size or age, which can be studied by looking at patterns of radial variation in wood. 2) We quantified radial variation in wood density (WD) and wood anatomy and ask how ontogenetic changes of wood functions are controlled in five canopy tree species in western Thailand. We ask if there are trade-offs between these main functions of wood, how ontogenetic trends are linked to differences in growth trajectories and shade tolerance among tree species and if wood properties are mainly controlled by tree age or by size. 3) In all species studied, vessel fraction, vessel size, theoretical hydraulic conductivity (Kh) and fibre wall thickness significantly increased with tree diameter. While the ray fraction also increased in all species except Neolitsea, axial parenchyma changed significantly only in Afzelia, the species with by far the largest axial parenchyma fraction. The average WD and Kh reflect the phenology, with deciduous and shade-intolerant Toona and Melia having low WD and high Kh, and shade-tolerant brevi-deciduous Chukrasia and evergreen Neolitsea having higher WD and low Kh. Deciduous Afzelia, however, had the lowest Kh and second-highest WD. The radial gradients in WD and Kh also reflect within-species differences in growth rates during ontogeny. 4) The relationship between WD and its underlying anatomical components varied substantially among species. Modulating fibre wall thickness and vessel size enables growing trees to increase water transport capacity and mechanical strength at the same time. Across species, tree diameter had a stronger effect than age on all parameters except for fibres. 5) Given the very substantial within-tree size-related variation in wood traits, tree size is an essential parameter to include in comparative studies on the functional ecology of wood. Analyzing ontogenetic changes in wood can advance our understanding of the different ecological strategies of trees.
Water potential gradient, root conduit size and root xylem hydraulic conductivity determine the extent of hydraulic redistribution in temperate trees
1. Hydraulic redistribution (HR) of soil water through plant roots is widely described, however its extent, especially in temperate trees, remains unclear. Here, we quantified redistributed water of five temperate tree species. We hypothesized that both, HR within a plant and into the soil increases with higher water-potential gradients, larger root conduit diameters and root-xylem hydraulic conductivities. 2. Saplings of conifer (<i>Picea abies</i>, <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>), diffuse-porous (<i>Acer pseudoplatanus</i>) and ring-porous species (<i>Castanea sativa</i>, <i>Quercus robur</i>) were planted in split-root systems, where one plant had its roots split between two pots with different water-potential gradients (0.23 to 4.20 MPa). Hydraulic redistribution was quantified via deuterium labeling. 3. On average, species redistributed 0.39 ± 0.14 ml water overnight (0.08 ± 0.01 ml g<sup>-1</sup> root mass). Higher pre-dawn water-potential gradients, xylem hydraulic conductivities and larger conduit diameters significantly increased HR. Hydraulic conductivity had the greatest influence on HR, within the plants (0.03 ± 0.01 ml g<sup>-1</sup>) and into the soil (0.06 ± 0.01 ml g<sup>-1</sup>). 4. Additional factors as soil-root contact should be considered, especially when calculating water transfer into the soil. Nevertheless, trees maintaining high xylem hydraulic conductivity showed higher HR amounts, potentially making them valuable 'silvicultural tools' to improve plant water-status.
A tree hydraulics dataset for 16 boreal forest stands in North America
<p>A community effort to a develop comprehensive boreal forest tree hydraulics dataset (sap flux density and stem diameter variation) including supporting measurements (e.g., air temperature, incoming shortwave radiation, incoming longwave radiation, wind speed, vapor pressure deficit, specific humidity, precipitation, soil temperature, soil moisture). The datasets includes meteorological measurements from 10 additional boreal forest stands for which no tree hydraulics observations were available.</p>
Tradeoffs between leaf cooling and hydraulic safety in a dominant arid land riparian tree species
<p>Leaf carbon gain optimization in hot environments requires balancing leaf thermoregulation with avoiding excessive water loss via transpiration and hydraulic failure. The tradeoffs between leaf thermoregulation and transpirational water loss can determine the ecological consequences of heat waves that are increasing in frequency and intensity. We evaluated leaf thermoregulation strategies in warm (>40 °C maximum summer temperature) and cool-adapted (<40 °C maximum summer temperature) genotypes of the foundation tree species, <em>Populus fremontii</em> using a common garden near the mid-elevational point of its distribution. We measured leaf temperatures and assessed three modes of leaf thermoregulation: leaf morphology, midday canopy stomatal conductance, and stomatal sensitivity to vapor pressure deficit. Data were used to parameterize a leaf energy balance model to estimate contrasts in midday leaf temperature in warm- and cool-adapted genotypes. Warm-adapted genotypes had 39% smaller leaves and 38% higher midday stomatal conductance, reflecting a 3.8 °C cooler mean leaf temperature than cool adapted genotypes. Leaf temperatures modeled over the warmest months were on average 1.1 °C cooler in warm- relative to cool-adapted genotypes. Results show that plants adapted to warm environments are predisposed to tightly regulate leaf temperatures during heat waves, potentially at an increased risk of hydraulic failure. </p>
Data from: Pushing the limits to tree height: could foliar water storage compensate for hydraulic constraints in Sequoia sempervirens
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Data from: Convergence in resource use efficiency across trees with differing hydraulic strategies in response to ecosystem precipitation manipulation
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Data from: Initial hydraulic failure followed by late-stage carbon starvation leads to drought-induced death in tree, Trema orientalis
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Data from: Quantifying in situ phenotypic variability in the hydraulic properties of four tree species across their distribution range in Europe
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Divergent responses of forest dominant trees species to the manipulated canopy and understory nitrogen additions in terms of foliage stoichiometric, economic and hydraulic traits
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Tradeoffs between leaf cooling and hydraulic safety in a dominant arid land riparian tree species
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Data from: Radial variation of wood functional traits reflect size-related adaptations of tree mechanics and hydraulics
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Water potential gradient, root conduit size and root xylem hydraulic conductivity determine the extent of hydraulic redistribution in temperate trees
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Are leaf, stem and hydraulic traits good predictors of individual tree growth? (FUN2FUN project)
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Xylem hydraulics and non-structural carbohydrate contents in 15 temperate tree species
<p class="1CxSpFirst">In humid temperate forests, the occurrence of frequent freeze-thaw cycles (FTC) is a main factor limiting tree growth, as xylem embolism induced by FTC poses a serious threat to the hydraulic integrity of trees. A high resilience to hydraulic dysfunction involves the enhancement of embolism resistance and/or extra non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) inputs for restoration of an impaired hydraulic system. However, potentially negative implications of such NSC allocation on tree growth have not yet been explored.</p> <p class="1CxSpMiddle">At a temperate forest site of northeast China, we studied xylem hydraulics and NSC contents in relation to winter embolism resilience in 15 sympatric broadleaf tree species belonging to three genera with relatively high species richness, 6 <i>Acer</i> species, 5 <i>Betula</i> species and 4 <i>Populus</i> species.</p> <p class="1CxSpLast"><i>Acer</i> and <i>Betula</i> species had higher soluble sugar contents in the dormant season and indeed had higher hydraulic resilience to FTC induced embolism but slower stem growth. <i>Populus</i> species had higher NSC contents during the growing season and their faster stem growth was also consistent with higher hydraulic efficiency (Ks) and leaf photosynthetic rate.<span> The positive correlation between tree </span><span>trunk</span><span> radial growth rate and hydraulic conductivity suggests that</span><span> xylem water transport efficiency can be a fundamental basis for tree productivity due to a significant hydraulic-photosynthetic coordination</span><span>. The negative correlation between soluble sugar concentration in the dormant season and stem growth rate indicates that </span>metabolic carbon costs for enhancing hydraulic resilience may compromise tree growth during the growing season.</p> <p>Comparisons among <i>Acer</i>, <i>Betula</i> and <i>Populus</i> and the correlation analyses based on phylogenetic independent contrasts strongly support the existence of a trade-off between hydraulic resilience against FTC induced embolism and growth rate among sympatric tree species under humid temperate climate conditions. This trade-off has likely contributed to the sorting of temperate tree species and genera to different niches along environmental gradients with respect to freezing stress and interspecific competition.</p>
Xylem hydraulics and non-structural carbohydrate contents in 15 temperate tree species
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Data from: Meta-analysis reveals that hydraulic traits explain cross-species patterns of drought-induced tree mortality across the globe
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The degree and depth limitation of deep soil desiccation and its impact on xylem hydraulic conductivity in dryland tree plantations
<p>All the basic data covered in the paper.</p>
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