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Figs 25–63 in Widespread polytypic species or complexes of local species? Revising bumblebees of the subgenus Melanobombus world-wide (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figs 25–63. Simplified diagrams for the colour patterns of the hair on the dorsum for the species from the integrative analysis. The dorsum is divided into regions, each of which shows only the predominant or most apparent colour for that region using a simplified colour palette, with olive indicating a mixture of black and yellow hair, and grey indicating a mixture of black and white hair. The rufipes-group. 25. Queen, China-Taiwan. 26. Queen, China-Guangdong. 27. Worker, China-Sichuan. 28. Worker, Thailand. 29. Queen, Nepal. 30. Male, China-Sichuan. 31. Male, China-Sichuan. 32. Male, Thailand. 33. Male, Nepal. 34. Male, Nepal. 35. Queen, Indonesia-Sumatra. 36. Queen, Indonesia-Java. 37. Male, Indonesia-Java. The festivus-group. 38. Queen, Nepal. 39. Queen, China-Sichuan. 40. Worker, ChinaSichuan. 41. Worker, China-Xizang. 42. Worker, China-Yunnan. 43. Male, Nepal. 44. Male, ChinaYunnan. 45. Male, China-Yunnan. The rufofasciatus-group. 46. Queen, India-Kashmir. 47. Worker, India-Kashmir. 48. Male, India-Kashmir. 49. Male, India-Kashmir. 50. Queen, India-Arunachal Pradesh. 51. Queen, Bhutan. 52. Worker, Bhutan. 53. Worker, Bhutan. 54. Male, Bhutan. 55. Queen, India-Kashmir. 56. Queen, India-Kashmir. 57. Worker, India-Kashmir. 58. Worker, India-Kashmir. 59. Worker, IndiaKashmir. 60. Worker, Pakistan. 61. Male, India-Kashmir. 62. Male, India-Kashmir. 63. Male, Nepal.

Figs 17–20 in Widespread polytypic species or complexes of local species? Revising bumblebees of the subgenus Melanobombus world-wide (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figs 17–20. Plots of (y-axis) pairwise proportion of genetic divergence between COI barcode region sequences against (x-axis) pairwise Great Circle geographical distance in km between sample sites with linear trend lines (black). 17. Genetic divergences within the candidate species for the sichelii-complex identified using Bayesian UF-PTP (Mantel r = 0.52). 18. Genetic divergences among the candidate species for the sichelii-complex identified using Bayesian UF-PTP (Mantel r = 0.21). 19. Genetic divergences within the candidate species for the keriensis-complex identified using Bayesian UF-PTP (Mantel r = 0.16). 20. Genetic divergences among the candidate species for the keriensis-complex identified using Bayesian UF-PTP (relationship not positive). For details of the measurements see the

Figs 103–138 in Widespread polytypic species or complexes of local species? Revising bumblebees of the subgenus Melanobombus world-wide (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figs 103–138. Simplified diagrams for the colour patterns of the hair on the dorsum for the species from the integrative analysis. The dorsum is divided into regions, each of which shows only the predominant or most apparent colour for that region using a simplified colour palette, with olive indicating a mixture of black and yellow hair, and grey indicating a mixture of black and white hair. The tanguticus-group. 103. Worker, China-Qinghai. 104. Worker, China-Qinghai. 105. Queen, China-Qinghai. 106. Queen, China-Xizang. 107. Queen, India-Kashmir. The lapidarius-group. 108. Queen, Russia-North Ossetia. 109. Worker, Azerbaijan. 110. Queen, Georgia. 111. Male, Russia-North Ossetia. 112. Male, Russia-North Ossetia. 113. Male, Russia-North Ossetia. 114. Male, Turkey. 115. Queen, Morocco. 116. Queen, Spain. 117. Queen, Spain. 118. Queen, UK. 119. Male, Spain. 120. Male, Spain. 121. Male, UK. 122. Male, UK. The sichelii-group. 123. Queen, Iran. 124. Male, Iran. 125. Queen, India-Kashmir. 126. Queen, IndiaKashmir. 127. Male, India-Kashmir. 128. Male, India-Kashmir. 129. Queen, Iran. 130. Queen, RussiaSakha. 131. Queen, China-Sichuan. 132. Worker, China-Sichuan. 133. Queen, Mongolia. 134. Worker, Mongolia. 135. Queen, Spain. 136. Worker, Austria. 137. Male, Turkey. 138. Male, Mongolia.

Figs 207–208 in Widespread polytypic species or complexes of local species? Revising bumblebees of the subgenus Melanobombus world-wide (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figs 207–208. Images of holotype workers of two new cryptic species from around the eastern QinghaiTibetan plateau. 207. Bombus tibeticus sp. nov. from near the Kunlun pass (3970 m a.s.l.) in the Kunlun mountains (ML228). 208. B. qilianensis sp. nov. from Qushiang (3370 m a.s.l.) in the Burhan Budai mountains (ML306). Viewed from the left lateral aspect.

Figs 190‒198 in Widespread polytypic species or complexes of local species? Revising bumblebees of the subgenus Melanobombus world-wide (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figs 190‒198. Morphology of the male genitalia for species of the subgenus Melanobombus von Dalla Torre, 1880 from the dorsal aspect, anterior at the bottom of the image, posterior at the top. 190. Bombus friseanus Skorikov, 1933, China-Yunnan. 191. B pyrosoma Morawitz, 1890, ChinaBeijing. 192. B. formosellus (Frison, 1934), China-Taiwan. 193. B. eriophorus Klug, 1807, RussiaNorth Ossetia. 194. B. lapidarius (Linnaeus, 1758), UK. 195. B. incertus Morawitz, 1881, Turkey. 196. B. semenoviaus (Skorikov, 1914), India-Kashmir. 197. B. sichelii Radoszkowski, 1859, Austria. 198. B. ladakhensis Richards, 1928, China-Sichuan. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Figs 205–206 in Widespread polytypic species or complexes of local species? Revising bumblebees of the subgenus Melanobombus world-wide (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figs 205–206. Maps of all available global records with all of the specimens examined and confirmed here. 205. Bombus richardsiellus (Tkalců, 1968). 206. B. tanguticus Morawitz, 1887. Relief map with hill shading for the region centred on Tibet with (grey lines) borders to national administration as in UN maps. Image created in ArcGIS using World_Shaded_Relief basemap © 2014 Esri.

Fig. 23. Diagram representing a in Widespread polytypic species or complexes of local species? Revising bumblebees of the subgenus Melanobombus world-wide (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Fig. 23. Diagram representing a corridor-dispersal model, encompassing a set of the short-distance dispersal events permitted (in either direction) between the areas defined in Table 5, based on their geographical proximity and the likely disposition of corridors with suitable habitat and favourable climates in the past.

Fig. 8 in Widespread polytypic species or complexes of local species? Revising bumblebees of the subgenus Melanobombus world-wide (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Fig. 8. Numbers of candidate species from example Poisson-tree-process (PTP) analyses using either unfiltered (UF) or with unique haplotype filtering (UHF) from MrBayes trees from COI barcodes (y-axis) as sample sizes of selected barcoded individuals increased through time (x-axis). All analyses were rerun retrospectively with the same outgroup and model settings (see text). PTP analyses using highest Bayesian support values to fit the models (error bars for 95% confidence intervals from PTP analyses).

Figs 211–212 in Widespread polytypic species or complexes of local species? Revising bumblebees of the subgenus Melanobombus world-wide (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figs 211–212. Maps of sequenced samples showing the most frequent colour patterns locally. 211. The sichelii-complex, consisting of the single polytypic species B. sichelii Radoszkowski, 1859 (inset: B. sichelii worker, China-Neimenggu, photo PW). 212. The keriensis-complex, consisting of B. alagesianus Reinig, 1930 stat. rev. (blue spots), B. tibeticus sp. nov. (dark green spots), B. incertoides Vogt, 1911 stat. rev. (light green spots), B. qilianensis sp. nov. (yellow spots), B. keriensis Morawitz, 1887 (orange spots), and B. separandus Vogt, 1909 stat. rev. (red spots) (inset: B.qilianensis sp. nov. queen, China-Sichuan, photo PW). Maps projected onto a sphere in ArcGIS using World_Shaded_Relief basemap © 2014 ESRI and showing boundaries between countries as recognised by the UN.

Fig. 22 in Widespread polytypic species or complexes of local species? Revising bumblebees of the subgenus Melanobombus world-wide (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Fig. 22. Most likely dated phylogenetic (ultrametric) tree for the species of the subgenus Melanobombus reconstructed von Dalla Torre, 1880 with *BEAST from trees for four genes (COI, 16S, PEPCK, opsin) with B. nobilis Friese, 1905 as the outgroup (not shown), estimated as the maximum-clade-credibility tree among a sample of 10 000 species trees with a 1% burn-in out of 100 million MCMC trees. Values above the nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities showing support for groups. Values below the nodes are estimated dates of divergence in Ma (millions of years before the present) calibrated from a molecular estimate for the date of crown divergence within the subgenus Melanobombus. Grey bars show the 95% confidence limits on the estimated dates of divergence. Species groups discussed in the text are labelled in circles: rp = rufipes-group; fs = festivus-group; rf = rufofasciatus-group; tg = tanguticus-group; la = lapidarius-group; si = sichelii-group; and ke = keriensis-group.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2020View details →

Putative mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) genes co-occurring with other antibiotic resistance genes are widespread in the human gut microbiome

The dataset from the article Putative mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) genes co-occurring with other antibiotic resistance genes are widespread in the human gut microbiome

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

Biogeographic parallels in thermal tolerance and gene expression variation under temperature stress in a widespread bumble bee

Global temperature changes have emphasized the need to understand how species adapt to thermal stress across their ranges. Genetic mechanisms may contribute to variation in thermal tolerance, providing evidence for how organisms adapt to local environments. We determine physiological thermal limits and characterize genome-wide transcriptional changes at these limits in bumble bees using laboratory-reared Bombus vosnesenskii workers. We analyze bees reared from latitudinal (35.7–45.7°N) and altitudinal (7–2154 m) extremes of the species' range to correlate thermal tolerance and gene expression among populations from different climates. We find that critical thermal minima (CTMIN) exhibit strong associations with local minimums at the location of queen origin, while critical thermal maximum (CTMAX) was invariant among populations. Concordant patterns are apparent in gene expression data, with regional differentiation following cold exposure, and expression shifts invariant among populations under high temperatures. Furthermore, we identify several modules of co-expressed genes that tightly correlate with critical thermal limits and temperature at the region of origin. Our results reveal that local adaptation in thermal limits and gene expression may facilitate cold tolerance across a species range, whereas high temperature responses are likely constrained, both of which may have implications for climate change responses of bumble bees.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2021View details →

Genome-wide association study identifies RNF123 locus as associated with chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain

The dataset (CWP_GWAS_EU_ANCESTRY_UKB.txt) contains summary statistics for discovery GWAS of chronic widespread pain based on northern Europeans from UK Biobank comprising 6,914 cases of chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain and 242,929 controls. The sensitivity GWAS (CWP_sensitivity_GWAS_EU_ANCESTRY_UKB.txt) dataset contains summary statistics derived from 6,914 cases of chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain and 223,606 controls. Methodological details available here, https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.30.20241000

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

Data from: Genetic diversity in widespread species is not congruent with species richness in alpine plant communities

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) aims at the conservation of all three levels of biodiversity, i.e. ecosystems, species and genes. Genetic diversity represents evolutionary potential and is important for ecosystem functioning. Unfortunately, genetic diversity in natural populations is hardly considered in conservation strategies because it is difficult to measure and has been hypothesized to co-vary with species richness. This means that species richness is taken as a surrogate of genetic diversity in conservation planning, though their relationship has not been properly evaluated. We tested whether the genetic and species levels of biodiversity co-vary, using a large-scale and multi-species approach. We chose the high-mountain flora of the Alps and the Carpathians as study systems and demonstrate that species richness and genetic diversity are not correlated. Species richness thus cannot act as a surrogate for genetic diversity. Our results have important consequences for implementing the CBD when designing conservation strategies.

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: The evolution of environmental tolerance and range size: A comparison of geographically restricted and widespread Mimulus

The geographic ranges of closely related species can vary dramatically, yet we do not fully grasp the mechanisms underlying such variation. The niche breadth hypothesis posits that species that have evolved broad environmental tolerances can achieve larger geographic ranges than species with narrow environmental tolerances. In turn, plasticity and genetic variation in ecologically important traits and adaptation to environmentally variable areas can facilitate the evolution of broad environmental tolerance. We used five pairs of western North American monkeyflowers to experimentally test these ideas by quantifying performance across eight temperature regimes. In four species pairs, species with broader thermal tolerances had larger geographic ranges, supporting the niche breadth hypothesis. As predicted, species with broader thermal tolerances also had more within-population genetic variation in thermal reaction norms and experienced greater thermal variation across their geographic ranges than species with narrow thermal tolerances. Species with narrow thermal tolerance may be particularly vulnerable to changing climatic conditions due to a lack of plasticity and insufficient genetic variation to respond to novel selection pressures. Conversely, species experiencing high variation in temperature across their ranges may be buffered against extinction due to climatic changes because they have evolved tolerance to a broad range of temperatures.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Genetic and morphological evidence of a geographically widespread hybrid zone between two crocodile species, Crocodylus acutus and Crocodylus moreletii

Hybrid zones represent natural laboratories to study gene flow, divergence and the nature of species boundaries between closely related taxa. We evaluated the level and extent of hybridization between Crocodylus moreletii and C. acutus using genetic and morphological data on 300 crocodiles from 65 localities. To our knowledge, this is the first genetic study that includes the entire historic range and sympatric zone of the two species. Contrary to expectations, Bayesian admixture proportions and maximum likelihood estimates of hybrid indexes revealed that most sampled crocodiles were admixed and that the hybrid zone is geographically extensive, extending well beyond their historical region of sympatry. We identified a few geographically isolated, non-admixed populations of both parental species. Hybrids do not appear to be F1s or recent backcrosses, but rather are more likely later-generation hybrids, suggesting that hybridization has been going on for several to many generations and is mostly the result of natural processes. C. moreletii is not the sister species of C. acutus, suggesting that the hybrid zone formed from secondary contact rather than primary divergence. Non-admixed individuals from the two species were distinguishable based on morphological characters, whereas hybrids had a complex mosaic of morphological characters that hinders identification in the wild. Very few non-admixed C. acutus and C. moreletii populations exist in the wild. Consequently, the last non-admixed C. moreletii populations have become critically endangered. Indeed, not only the parental species but also the naturally occurring hybrids should be considered for their potential conservation value.

FIGURE 61 – 66 in A new widespread European bee species of the genus Dasypoda Latreille (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)

FIGURE 61 – 66. Dasypoda morawitzi sp. nov. male genitalia: 61. Base of gonostylus; 62, 64, 65. Genitalia; 63. Upper part of gonostylus; 66. Hairs on the inner process of gonostylus; (61 – 63 — ventral, 64 — oblique latero-dorsal, 65 — lateral view).

FIGURE 30 – 40 in A new widespread European bee species of the genus Dasypoda Latreille (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)

FIGURE 30 – 40. Structure of body. 30 – 37. Dasypoda morawitzi sp. nov.: 30. Malar area (scale = 0.5 mm); 31. Pygidial plate (scale = 0.2 mm); 32 – 34. Hind tibia (scale = 1 mm); 35. Sternum 6; 36. Sternum 7; 37. Sternum 8; 38 – 40. D. hirtipes: 38. Sternum 6; 39. Sternum 7; 40. Sternum 8; (35 – 40 — dorsal view; scale = 0.5 mm); (30 – 31 — female; 32 – 40 — male).

FIGURE 1 – 8 in A new widespread European bee species of the genus Dasypoda Latreille (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)

FIGURE 1 – 8. Females of Dasypoda morawitzi sp. nov. Two different forms of color pubescence (left—the female from the Kiev region; right—from the Kherson region of Ukraine): 1, 2. Female in dorsal view (scale = 5 mm); 3, 4. Female in lateral view (scale = 5 mm); 5, 6. Head in frontal view (scale = 1 mm); 7, 8. Metasoma in ventral view (scale = 2 mm).

FIGURE 49 – 60 in A new widespread European bee species of the genus Dasypoda Latreille (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)

FIGURE 49 – 60. Structure of male genitalia: 49 – 51. Dasypoda morawitzi sp. nov.; 52 – 54. D. albipila; 55 – 58. D. hirtipes; 59 – 60. D. sinuata; (49, 52, 55 — dorsal view; 50, 53, 56 — dorso-ventral view; 51, 57, 59 — base of gonostylus in lateral view; 54 — base of gonostylus in latero-ventral view; 58, 60 — base of gonostylus in ventral view).