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Figure 2 in Systematic affinities of Zygophylacidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Macrocolonia) with descriptions of 15 deep-sea species

Figure 2. Lafoea dumosa (Fleming, 1820). A, colonies; B, a polysiphonic hydrocaulus with three polysiphonic hydrocladia; C, magnification of a cauline hydrotheca (arrow); D, two hydrothecae; E, F, two collapsed hydrothecae (arrows); A–D: XMUB6498; E, F: XMUB6468; all from Maxwell Bay, Antarctica. A–F, light microscope images. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B = 2 mm; C–E = 500 µm; F = 100 µm.

Figure 17 in Systematic affinities of Zygophylacidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Macrocolonia) with descriptions of 15 deep-sea species

Figure 17. Type material of Zygophylax pseudosibogae sp. nov.A, colonies; B, portion of hydrocaulus with a coppinia (arrow); C, portion of a polysiphonic hydrocaulus with an axillary hydrotheca (arrow) and abundant nematothecae; D, nematothecae on the hydrocladium (lower arrow) and hydrothecal renovations (upper arrow); E, magnification of the hydrothecal margin, showing renovations; F, a node (left arrow) and a nematotheca (right arrow) from a hydrocladium; G, isolated gonotheca (right arrow) and dichotomously branched defensive tubes, the left arrow indicates a nematotheca on the defensive tubes; H–J, magnification of the nematothecae on hydrocladium (H), apophysis (I) and defensive tubes (J), respectively. From samples: ZSM 20220300, holotype [A (the left colony), C–F, H, I]; ZSM 20220301, paratype 1 [A (the right colony), B, G, J]; ZSM 20220302, paratype 2 [A (the middle colony)]. A–J, Lisbon, Portugal. A, B, light microscope images; C–J, SEM images. Scale bars: A = 1 cm; B = 2 mm; C = 500 µm; D, G = 200 µm; E, I = 50 µm; F = 100 µm; H, J = 20 µm.

Figure 22 in Systematic affinities of Zygophylacidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Macrocolonia) with descriptions of 15 deep-sea species

Figure 22. Phylogenetic analyses derived from partial sequences of the 16S rRNA gene (548 bp after multiple alignments). A, B, maximum likelihood analyses using the TIM2+I+G model; C, Bayesian analyses using the GTR+I+G model. A, with phylogram topology, the scale bar represents 0.2 substitutions per site; B, C, with transform cladogram topology. Numbers near the nodes indicate bootstrap or Bayesian posterior probability values, values lower than 50 or 0.5 were omitted; numbers alongside the taxa names indicate the last four digits of the GenBank accession numbers. Different topologies between different phylogenetic analyses in B and C are shown in colour. Sequences of taxa in bold are contributed by this study.

Figure 13 in Systematic affinities of Zygophylacidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Macrocolonia) with descriptions of 15 deep-sea species

Figure 13. Hydrothecal arrangement and gonothecae of three new species. A, B, Zygophylax lighti sp. nov.; C, D, Z. pseudosibogae sp. nov.; E, F, Z. tankahkeei sp. nov. A, C, E, hydrothecal arrangement, the bases of hydrothecal pedicels are unilateral arranged, and the distal hydrothecal ends alternately turn left and right, respectively; B, D, F, gonothecae (with defensive tubes). Scale bars: A–F = 500 µm.

Figure 7. Zygophylax biarmata Billard, 1905. A in Systematic affinities of Zygophylacidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Macrocolonia) with descriptions of 15 deep-sea species

Figure 7. Zygophylax biarmata Billard, 1905. A, two colonies; B, hydrocaulus with coppinia; C, hydrothecal arrangement along a hydrocladium; D, an axillary hydrotheca (arrow); E, a hydrotheca with diaphragm (left arrow) and basal nematotheca (right arrow); F, magnification of a nematotheca; G, distal part of a hydrotheca showing multiple renovations. From samples: A–G: ZSM 20220294, Gulf of Cadiz. A, B, D, E, light microscope images; C, F, G, SEM images. Scale bars: A, B = 2 mm; C = 200 µm; D = 500 µm; E = 100 µm; F, G = 50 µm.

Figure 6 in Systematic affinities of Zygophylacidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Macrocolonia) with descriptions of 15 deep-sea species

Figure 6. Type material of Zygophylax africana Stechow, 1923. A, various colonies; B, portion of polysiphonic hydrocaulus with four monosiphonic hydrocladia, the left and the right arrows indicate an axillary hydrotheca and a nematotheca, respectively; C, hydrothecal diaphragm (lower arrow) and renovations (upper arrow); D, magnification of the nematotheca in B, the arrow indicates a diaphragm within the nematotheca. From samples: A, ZSM 20040731, the arrow indicates the lectotype, other colonies are parelectotypes; B–D, ZSM 20041574, paralectotype. A–D, near Cape Town, South Africa. A–D, light microscope images. Scale bars: A = 1 cm; B = 1 mm; C, D = 100 µm.

Figure 14 in Systematic affinities of Zygophylacidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Macrocolonia) with descriptions of 15 deep-sea species

Figure 14. Morphological comparisons of selected zygophylacids with curved hydrothecae. A, Zygophylax lighti sp. nov.; B, Z. tankahkeei sp. nov.; C, Z. pseudosibogae sp. nov.; D, E, Z. sibogae Billard, 1918; F, Z. unilateralis Totton, 1930; G, Z. convallaria (Allman, 1877); H, Z. infundibulum Millard, 1958; I, Z. concinna (Ritchie, 1911); J, Z. reflexa (Fraser, 1948); K, Z. adhaerens (Fraser, 1938), hydrothecal basal portion is adherent on the hydrocladium; L, Z. tizardensis Kirkpatrick, 1890; M, Z. kakaiba Campos, Marques, Puce & Pérez, 2016; N, Z. curvitheca Stechow, 1913; O, Cryptolaria prima Busk, 1858, the hydrotheca is almost completely immersed in the hydrocladium. A, XMUB7904, holotype; B, XMUB6200-1, holotype; C, ZSM 20220300, holotype; N, ZSM 20043572, paralectotype. The following images were redrawn from the related original descriptions: D, Schuchert (2003); E, Billard (1918); F, Totton (1930); G, Allman (1877); H, Millard (1958); I, Ritchie (1911); J, Fraser (1948); K, Fraser (1938); L, Kirkpatrick (1890), Hirohito (1995); M, Campos et al. (2016); O, Busk (1858), Ralph (1958). All arrows indicate hydrothecal indentations. Scale bars: A–D, F–I, L–O = 500 µm; E, J, K, unknown.

Figure 20 in Systematic affinities of Zygophylacidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Macrocolonia) with descriptions of 15 deep-sea species

Figure 20. Type material of Zygophylax valdiviae Stechow, 1923. A–C, colonies (in dotted rectangles) growing on Sertularella valdiviae Stechow, 1923; the arrows in C indicate two solitary hydrothecae; D–G, solitary hydrothecae (arrows); H–J, magnification of various hydrothecae, the arrows in J indicate a nematotheca (left arrow) and the straight diaphragm (right arrow). From samples: A: ZSM 20040930, lectotype; B, J: ZSM 20041566, paralectotype; C, E, H, I: ZSM 20041569, paralectotype; D, F, G: ZSM 20041568, paralectotype. A–J, Indian Ocean. A–J, light microscope images. Scale bars: A, D = 2 mm; B, C, E = 1 mm; F, G = 500 µm; H = 100 µm; I, J = 200 µm.

Figure 5 in Systematic affinities of Zygophylacidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Macrocolonia) with descriptions of 15 deep-sea species

Figure 5. Type materials (all paralectotypes) of five Zygophylax species deposited in the Zoologische Staatssammlung München. A–F, Z. abyssicola (Stechow, 1926), ZSM 20043537–ZSM 20043542; G, H, Z. africana Stechow, 1923, ZSM 20041574, ZSM 20043579; I–M, Z. curvitheca Stechow, 1913, ZSM 20043570–ZSM 20043574; N–Q, Z. pacifica Stechow, 1920, ZSM 20041554–ZSM 20041556, ZSM 20043569; R–U, Z. valdiviae Stechow, 1923, ZSM 20041566–ZSM 20041569. Scale bars: A–U = 2 cm.

Figure 10 in Systematic affinities of Zygophylacidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Macrocolonia) with descriptions of 15 deep-sea species

Figure 10. Zygophylax leloupi Ramil & Vervoort, 1992. A, fragmentary colony; B, a nematotheca (arrow) on an accessory tube of hydrocaulus; C, hydrothecal arrangement along a hydrocladium; D, annulations of the hydrothecal pedicel (upper arrow) and a node on a hydrocladium (lower arrow); E, axillary hydrotheca; F, a hydrotheca, showing its diaphragm (arrow); G, hydrothecal renovations. From samples: A–G: ZSM 20220296, Lisbon, Portugal. A, C–F, light microscope images; B, G, SEM images. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B, G = 100 µm; C = 2 mm; D–F = 500 µm.

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PLATE 1 in Zygophylax kakaiba, a new species of hydroid (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from the Philippine Islands

PLATE 1. Zygophylax kakaiba sp. nov. (A) colony; (B) part of polysiphonic stem; (C) hydrocladia; (D) axillary hydrotheca and scar of nematothecal insertion (arrow); (E) hydrocladial hydrothecae; (F) nematotheca at junction between hydrotheca and hydrocladium. Scale: (A) 0.5 cm; (B–F) 200 µm.

FIGURE 23. Zygophylax tizardensis Kirkpatrick, 1890 in On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia

FIGURE 23. Zygophylax tizardensis Kirkpatrick, 1890 (continued). A. Nematothecae from the accessory tubes of the stem. B, C. Nematothecae borne on cladial apophyses, renovated in both cases. D–F. Details of a hydrotheca, showing the diaphragm (D, lateral view), internal septum (E, transverse section), and shape of aperture (F, apical view). All from sample MNHN-IK- 2019-2100. Scale bar: A–F = 100 µm.

FIGURE 22. Zygophylax tizardensis Kirkpatrick, 1890 in On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia

FIGURE 22. Zygophylax tizardensis Kirkpatrick, 1890 (part). A. Apical part of a colony. B–F. Cauline (B), axillar (C) and cladial (D–F) hydrothecae. From samples MNHN-IK-2019-2100 (A–D) and -2103 (E, F). Scale bars: B–F = 300 µm; A = 1 mm.

FIGURE 21. Zygophylax sibogae Billard, 1918 in On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia

FIGURE 21. Zygophylax sibogae Billard, 1918 (continued). A. Nematotheca associated to an apophysis supporting a cladial hydrotheca. B, C. Same hydrotheca in lateral (B) and dorsal (C) aspects. D. Nematothecate ramulus. E, F. Two gonothecae, one with two apertures (seen laterally, E), the other with three apertures (seen apically, F). All from sample MNHN-IK-2019-2136. Scale bars: A–C = 100 µm; D–F = 500 µm.

FIGURE 19. Zygophylax sagamiensis Hirohito, 1983. A in On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia

FIGURE 19. Zygophylax sagamiensis Hirohito, 1983. A. Apical part of a colony. B–D. Cauline (B), axillar (C) and cladial (D) hydrothecae. E. Nematotheca. F, G. Gonotheca in frontal (F) and lateral (G) views; note nematothecate tubuli in G. All from sample MNHN-IK-2019-2154. Scale bars: E = 100 µm; B–D = 300 µm; F, G = 500 µm; A = 1 mm.

FIGURE 25 in On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia

FIGURE 25. Phylogenetic hypothesis for the Zygophylaciidae based on the 16S rRNA gene. Numbers at nodes refer to support values of the maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony analyses, respectively, and are shown only when> 70 and 0.7. Sequences generated in this study are followed by voucher numbers.

FIGURE 15 in On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia

FIGURE 15. Zygophylax pseudafricana Vervoort & Watson, 2003 (part). A. Apical part of a colony. B–G. Cauline (B, C), axillar (D) and cladial (E–G) hydrothecae. All from sample MNHN-IK-2015-2760. Scale bars: B–G = 300 µm; A = 1 mm.

FIGURE 13 in On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia

FIGURE 13. Zygophylax polycarpa Vervoort & Watson, 2003 (continued). A–D. Cauline (A, B) and axillar (C, D) hydrothecae, with (A, C) and without (B, D) nematothecae on their apophyses. All from sample MNHN-IK-2019-2095. Scale bar: A–D = 300 µm.

FIGURE 24 in On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia

FIGURE 24. Zygophylax sp. A. Apical part of a colony. B–D. Cauline (B), axillar (C) and cladial (D) hydrothecae. E, F. Apophyses supporting cladial hydrothecae with either single (E) or a pair (F) of nematothecae. All from sample MNHN-IK- 2019-2156. Scale bars: E, F = 100 µm; B–D = 300 µm; A = 500 µm.

FIGURE 10 in On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia

FIGURE 10. Zygophylax laertesi Peña Cantero, 2020 (continued). A–D. Nematothecae from the apophyses supporting the hydrothecae. E–O. Details of the hydrothecae, showing notably the basal diaphragm in frontal (F, H, O), lateral (E, I, J, K, N) and apical (M) aspects, as well as the notch in the adaxial wall (G, L). From samples MNHN-IK-2015-3024 (A, E–G, N, O), -2019-2122 (B), -2019-2130 (H–J), -2019-2144 (C, D) and -2019-2123 (K–M). Scale bars: A–M = 100 µm; N, O = 50 µm.