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102 results for “body growth”
Рис. 8. Рост и развитие птенцов: a — изменение массы; b — рост частей теΛа; c — рост перьев Fig. 8. Growth and development of nestlings: a — weight change; b — growth of body parts; c — feather growth in in the Ussuri region
Рис. 8. Рост и развитие птенцов: a — изменение массы; b — рост частей теΛа; c — рост перьев Fig. 8. Growth and development of nestlings: a — weight change; b — growth of body parts; c — feather growth
Рис. 3. Возрастная Δинамика относитеΛьных приростов ΔΛины (А) и массы теΛа (А) бурого морского петушка Alectrias alectrolophus из разных районов Тауйской губы Охотского моря Fig. 3. Age-related dynamics of relative gains in length (A) and body weight (A) of stone cockscomb Alectrias alectrolophus from different regions of Taui Bay, the Sea of Okhotsk in Size-age structure, growth, and feeding of stone cockscomb Alectrias alectrolophus (Stichaeidae) from different areas of Taui Bay, the Sea of Okhotsk
Рис. 3. Возрастная Δинамика относитеΛьных приростов ΔΛины (А) и массы теΛа (А) бурого морского петушка Alectrias alectrolophus из разных районов Тауйской губы Охотского моря Fig. 3. Age-related dynamics of relative gains in length (A) and body weight (A) of stone cockscomb Alectrias alectrolophus from different regions of Taui Bay, the Sea of Okhotsk
Fig. 2 in Microclimate and host body condition influence mite population growth in a wild bird-ectoparasite system
Fig. 2. Distribution of nest mite population sizes estimated when nests were placed in a Berlese funnel after nestlings had fledged. All nests began the experiment with the same population size (100 live mites), mimicking identical transmission, but ending population sizes 30–35 days later were highly variable. This suggests that factors of the nest environment or hosts may be playing an important role in mite population growth.
Fig. 4 in Microclimate and host body condition influence mite population growth in a wild bird-ectoparasite system
Fig. 4. The relationship between the substrate the nest was built on: concrete, metal, or wood (y-axis) and the number of mites estimated in the field when chicks were 12 days old. Nests built on wooden substrates had significantly more mites compared to nests built on concrete or metal substrates. This graph was made using raw data, but models reported in the text included site as a random effect.
Fig. 3 in Microclimate and host body condition influence mite population growth in a wild bird-ectoparasite system
Fig. 3. Relationship between the number of non-mite arthropods (x-axis) and nest mites (y-axis) that were recovered when experimental nests were removed from the field after nestlings fledged and placed in a Berlese funnel. Nests with more arthropods had significantly fewer nest mites. This graph was made using raw data, but models reported in text had a Poisson distribution and included site as a random effect.
Figure 1 in The body size, age structure, and growth of Bosc's fringe-toed lizard, Acanthodactylus boskianus (Daudin, 1802)
Figure 1. Cross-sections (18 µm thick) at the diaphysis level of a phalange of juvenile (A) and male (B) Acanthodactylus boskianus. A) Four-year-old juvenile, 45.14 mm body length. Four LAGs were observed in the periosteal bone. B) Eight-yearold male, 79.86 mm body length. Eight LAGs were observed in the periosteal bone (arrow heads). Endosteal resorption and endosteal bone were present. Periphery (black arrow) was not regarded as a LAG (m.c. = marrow cavity, r.l. = reversal line, e.r. = endosteal resorption, e.b. = endosteal bone).
Data and code from: Protection from fishing improves body growth of an exploited species
<p>Hunting and fishing are often size-selective which favours slow body growth. In addition, fast growth rate has been shown to be positively correlated with behavioural traits that increase encounter rates and catchability in passive fishing gears such as baited traps. This harvest-induced selection should be effectively eliminated in no-take marine-protected areas (MPAs) unless strong density dependence results in reduced growth rates. We compared the body growth of European lobster (<em>Homarus gammarus</em>) between three MPAs and three fished areas. After 14 years of protection from intensive, size-selective lobster fisheries, the densities in MPAs have increased considerably, and we demonstrate that females moult more frequently and grow more during each moult in the MPAs. A similar, but weaker pattern was evident for males. This study suggests that MPAs can shield a wild population from slow-growth selection, which can explain the rapid recovery of size structure following implementation. If slow-growth selection is a widespread phenomenon in fisheries, the effectiveness of MPAs as a management tool can be higher than currently anticipated.</p>
Data and code from: Protection from fishing improves body growth of an exploited species
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Observed declines in body size have differential effects on survival and recruitment, but no effect on population growth in tropical birds
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Data from: Born in heterogenous landscapes: birth timing, body mass and growth of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) fawns in contrasting habitats
<p>Although the widespread effects of global change impact almost all ecosystems, we lack a detailed understanding of how wildlife that thrive in human-dominated environments are able to adjust their life history to modifications in land use of their natural habitat. In particular, spatial variation in environmental conditions is predicted to influence development during the crucial early life phase, with marked impacts on individual performance and population dynamics for long-lived species. Large herbivores such as roe deer (<em>Capreolus capreolus</em>), a synanthropic species, have increased substantially in number and distribution over the last half century across Europe. Roe deer have been particularly successful, gradually colonizing agricultural landscapes to cope with a global warming-driven phenological mismatch in their natural forest habitat. However, to date, little is known about how habitat heterogeneity impacts their demographic performance in this heavily human-impacted environment. Specifically, we predicted that fawns born in predominantly cultivated local habitats would achieve faster early development due to the food subsidies obtained by their mothers from agricultural crops. Contrary to our expectations, fawns in semi-natural forest habitats were around 10% heavier at birth than those born in more mixed (by 0.163 ± 0.058 kg) and open (by 0.169 ± 0.006 kg) agricultural habitats. However, all fawns subsequently grew at a similar average rate (0.148 ± 0.058 kg/day), irrespective of their habitat. This habitat-dependent variation in birth mass appeared to be driven by reproductive phenology, as i) early-born fawns were heavier than late-born fawns, and ii) mothers living in the forest gave birth around 10 days earlier than those living in the mixed and open habitats. As natural habitats become increasingly scarce and fragmented due to the activities of humans, the prospects for many wild populations will depend on their ability to subsist in the heavily modified habitats of anthropogenic landscapes.</p>
Microclimate and host body condition influence mite population growth in a wild bird-ectoparasite system
<p>Parasite populations are never evenly distributed among the hosts they infect. Avian nest ectoparasites, such as mites, are no exception, as their distribution across the landscape is highly aggregated. It remains unclear if this pattern is driven by differences in transmission events alone, or if the environment that parasites inhabit after transmission also plays a role. Here, we experimentally examined the influence of the post-transmission microclimate, nest characteristics, and host condition on ectoparasite population growth in a bird-ectoparasite system. We infested barn swallow (Hirundo rustica erythrogaster) nests with a standardized number of Northern Fowl Mites (Ornithonyssus sylvarium) and analyzed both biotic (nestling mass, wing length, number of other arthropods present in the nest, and brood size) and abiotic (temperature, humidity, nest lining, nest dimensions, and substrate upon which the nest was built) predictors of mite population growth. Our results suggest that mite populations were most successful, in terms of growth, in nests with higher temperatures, lower humidity, few other arthropods, and hosts in good condition. We also found that nests built on wooden substrates support larger populations of mites than those constructed on metal or concrete. These findings lend insight into the factors that drive large-scale patterns of ectoparasite distributions.</p>
Fig. 4 in The Body Size, Age Structure And Growth Pattern Of The Endemic Balkan Mosor Rock Lizard (Dinarolacerta Mosorensis Kolombatović, 1886)
Fig. 4. The age distribution in subadult and adult Mosor rock lizards
Environmental change reduces body condition, but not population growth, in a high-arctic herbivore
Environmental change influences fitness-related traits and demographic rates, which in herbivores are often linked to resource-driven variation in body condition. Coupled body condition-demographic responses may therefore be important for herbivore population dynamics in fluctuating environments, such as the Arctic. We applied a transient Life-Table Response Experiment ('transient-LTRE') to demographic data from Svalbard barnacle geese (<i>Branta leucopsis</i>), to quantify their population-dynamic responses to changes in body mass. We partitioned contributions from direct and delayed demographic and body condition-mediated processes to variation in population growth. Declines in body condition (1980-2017), which positively affected reproduction and fledgling survival, had negligible consequences for population growth. Instead, population growth rates were largely reproduction-driven, in part through positive responses to rapidly advancing spring phenology. The virtual lack of body condition-mediated effects indicates that herbivore population dynamics may be more resilient to changing body condition than previously expected, with implications for their persistence under environmental change.
Effects of mite load on growth and body condition in Sceloporus undulatus
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Parasitism is nearly ubiquitous in animals and is frequently associated with fitness costs in host organisms, including reduced growth, foraging, and reproduction. In many species, males tend to be more heavily parasitized than females and thus may bear greater costs of parasitism.</span><em> Sceloporus undulatus </em><span>is a female-larger, sexually-size dimorphic lizard species that is heavily parasitized by chigger mites (</span><em><span>Eutrombicula alfreddugesi</span></em>)<span>. In particular, the intensity of mite parasitism is higher in male than in female juveniles during the period of time when sex differences in growth rate lead to the development of sexual size dimorphism (SSD). Sex-biased differences in fitness costs of parasitism have been documented in other species. We investigated whether there are growth costs of mite ectoparasitism, at a time coinciding with sex differences in growth rate and the onset of SSD. If there are sex-biased growth costs of parasitism, then this could suggest a contribution to the development of SSD in</span><em> S. undulatus</em><span>. We measured growth and mite loads in two cohorts of unmanipulated, field-active yearlings by conducting descriptive mark-recapture studies during the activity seasons of 2016 and 2019. Yearling males had consistently higher mid-summer mite loads and consistently lower growth rates than females. However, we found that growth rate and body condition were independent of mite load in both sexes. Furthermore, growth rates</span><em> and </em><span>mite loads were higher in 2019 than in 2016. Our findings suggest that juveniles of</span><em> S. undulatus </em><span>are highly tolerant of chigger mites and that any costs imposed by mites may be at the expense of functions other than growth. We conclude that sex-biased mite ectoparasitism does not contribute to sex differences in growth rate and, therefore, does not contribute to the development of SSD.</span></p>
Free Fatty Acids, Body Weight, and Growth Hormones Secretion in Children
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01237041. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 4.
Data from: Born in heterogenous landscapes: birth timing, body mass and growth of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) fawns in contrasting habitats
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Environmental change reduces body condition, but not population growth, in a high-arctic herbivore
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Microclimate and host body condition influence mite population growth in a wild bird-ectoparasite system
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Effects of mite load on growth and body condition in Sceloporus undulatus
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Morphology and osteohistology of a large-bodied caenagnathid (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Hell Creek Formation (Montana): implications for size-based classifications and growth reconstruction in theropods
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