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456 results for “butterfly species”
Shifting balances in the weighting of sensory modalities are predicted by divergence in brain morphology in incipient species of Heliconius butterflies
<p>Integrating and weighting sensory perception across modalities is crucial to how animals adapt to their environment. Divergence in brain structure is often in sensory processing regions, suggesting that investment reflects ecological needs. Here, we use two parapatric closely related species, <em>Heliconius erato cyrbia</em> and <em>Heliconius himera</em>, to test the hypothesis that divergence in sensory brain regions affects foraging decisions. These butterflies are isolated across an ecological gradient, which is linked to differences in brain morphology, with <em>H. e. cyrbia </em>investing more in visual centres and <em>H. himera</em> investing in olfactory centres. Here, we demonstrate that these two species vary in how they associate visual and olfactory cues with positive food rewards. We found that when individuals were trained on paired olfactory and visual stimuli, then presented with these stimuli in conflict, they showed distinct behavioural responses. <em>Heliconius himera</em> was more likely to favour positive olfactory cues than <em>H. e. cyrbia</em>, which favoured visual cues regardless of the paired stimulus. This suggests that these species have diverged in the emphasis placed on these different sensory domains during foraging, consistent with observed differences in brain morphology. This result strengthens evidence that speciation initiated by local adaptation is partly facilitated by changes in the neural basis of key behavioural functions.</p>
Figure 2 in A segmented and clawed male foreleg in a newly described genus and species of eumaeine butterfly (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
Figure 2. Male foretarsus of Grishinata penny showing five tarsal segments and pretarsal claws (yellow arrows). Dorsal (top) and lateral aspects.
Figure 1 in A segmented and clawed male foreleg in a newly described genus and species of eumaeine butterfly (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
Figure 1. Adult Grishinata penny. Male holotype dorsal and ventral wings (top). Female dorsal and ventral wings (bottom). Scale 1 cm.
Figure 3 in A segmented and clawed male foreleg in a newly described genus and species of eumaeine butterfly (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
Figure 3. Male genitalia of Grishinata penny (left) and Theclopsis gargara (Hewitson, 1868) (right). Lateral view of genital capsule (top). Lateral view of penis (middle). Ventral view (bottom). Posterior of butterfly to the right. Scale 0.5 mm.
Environmental controls on butterfly occurrence and species richness in Israel: The importance of temperature over rainfall
<p>Aim Butterflies are considered important indicators representing the state of biodiversity and key ecosystem functions, but their use as bioindicators requires better understanding of how their observed response link to environmental factors. Moreover, better understanding how butterfly faunas vary with climate and land cover may be useful to estimate the potential impacts of various drivers, including climate change, botanical succession, grazing, and afforestation. It is particularly important to establish which species of butterflies are sensitive to each environmental driver. Location Israel, including the West Bank and Golan Heights. Methods To develop a robust and systematic approach for identifying how butterfly faunas vary with the environment, we analysed the occurrence of 73 species and the abundance of 24 species from Israeli Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (BMS-IL) data. We used Regional Generalised Additive Models to quantify butterfly abundance, and generalised linear latent variable models and generalised linear models to quantify the impact of temperature, rainfall, soil type, and habitat on individual species and on the species community. Results Species richness was higher along cooler transects, and also for hilly and mountainous transects in the Mediterranean region (rendzina and Terra Rossa soils) compared with the coastal plain (Hamra soil) and semi-arid northern Jordan Vale (loessial serozem soil). Species occurrence was better explained by temperature (negative correlation) than precipitation, while for abundance the opposite pattern was found. Soil type and habitat were insignificant drivers of occurrence and abundance. Conclusions Butterfly faunas responded very strongly to temperature, even when accounting for other environmental factors. We expect that some butterfly species will disappear from marginal sites with global warming, and a large proportion will become rarer as the region becomes increasingly arid.</p>
Alpine butterflies want to fly high: Species and communities shift upwards faster than their host plants
<p>Despite sometimes strong co-dependencies of insect herbivores and plants, responses of individual taxa to accelerating climate change are typically studied in isolation. Thereby, biotic interactions that potentially limit species in tracking their preferred climatic niches are ignored. Here, we chose butterflies as a prominent representative of herbivorous insects to investigate the impacts of temperature changes and their larval host plant distributions along a 1.4 km elevational gradient in the German Alps. Following a sampling protocol of 2009, we re-visited 33 grassland plots in 2019 over an entire growing season. We quantified changes in butterfly abundance and richness by repeated transect walks on each plot and disentangled the direct and indirect effects of locally assessed temperature, site management, and larval and adult food resource availability on these patterns. Additionally, we determined elevational range shifts of butterflies and host plants at both the community and species level. Comparing the two sampled years (2009, 2019), we found a severe decline in butterfly abundance and a clear upward shift of butterflies along the elevational gradient. We detected shifts in the peak of species richness, community composition and at the species level, whereby mountainous species shifted particularly strongly. In contrast, host plants showed barely any change, neither concerning species richness, nor individual species shifts. Further, temperature and host plant richness were the main drivers of butterfly richness, with change in temperature explaining best the change of richness over time. We conclude that host plants are not yet hindering butterfly species and communities from shifting upwards. However, the mismatch between butterfly and host plant shifts might become a problem for this very close plant-herbivore relationship, especially towards higher elevations, if butterflies fail to adapt to new host plants. Further, our results support the value of conserving traditional extensive pasture use as a promoter of host plants and thereby butterfly richness.</p>
Fig. 1. 1 in Rubrapterus bavius (Eversmann, 1832), a butterfly genus and species new to Bulgaria (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae)
Fig. 1. 1 - Records of Rubrapterus bavius in the Balkan Peninsula and adjacent regions. Triangles: personally surveyed localities (2009-2017). Solid black dots: confirmed records; white, black-centered dots: old and/or unconfirmed records (after Akimov 2009; Dincă et al. 2011; HabiProt 2017; Hesselbarth et al. 1995; Kovanci et al. 2009; Pamperis 2009; Savchuk 2017; Švara et al. 2016; Székely 2008; Székely 2016; Verovnik 2012), red dot: first Bulgarian record (Sakar Mts.) (Map: Google Earth ®). 2 - Upperside, 3 - underside (Fig. 3) of R. bavius ♂, Sakar Mts., 12.06.2017, photos: Z. Kolev.
Рис. 2. РеΑкие и ΛокаΛьные виΑы чешуекрыΛых Омской и Новосибирской обΛастей. Фото в прироΑе: A — Zygaena loti, Заячья гора, 01.07.2021 (фото: В. В. Ивонин); B — Archiearis notha, Екатерининское, 28.04.2021 (фото: С. А. Князев); C — Brachionycha sajana, Тимшиняково, 15.04.2021 (фото: С. А. Князев); D — Nordmannia prunoides, Березовские скаΛы, 23.06.2021 (фото: В. В. Ивонин) Fig. 2. Rare and local species of Lepidoptera in Omsk and Novosibirsk Regions. Photo in nature: A — Zygaena loti, Zayacha Gora, 01.07.2021 (photo: V. V. Ivonin); B — Archiearis notha, Ekaterininskoye, 28.04.2021 (photo: S. A. Knyazev); C — Brachionycha sajana, Timshinyakovo, 15.04.2021 (photo: S. A. Knyazev); D — Nordmannia prunoides, Berezovskie rocks, 23.06.2021 (photo: V. V. Ivonin) in New records of rare and local butterflies and moths (Insecta, Lepidoptera) in Omsk and Novosibirsk regions
Рис. 2. РеΑкие и ΛокаΛьные виΑы чешуекрыΛых Омской и Новосибирской обΛастей. Фото в прироΑе: A — Zygaena loti, Заячья гора, 01.07.2021 (фото: В. В. Ивонин); B — Archiearis notha, Екатерининское, 28.04.2021 (фото: С. А. Князев); C — Brachionycha sajana, Тимшиняково, 15.04.2021 (фото: С. А. Князев); D — Nordmannia prunoides, Березовские скаΛы, 23.06.2021 (фото: В. В. Ивонин) Fig. 2. Rare and local species of Lepidoptera in Omsk and Novosibirsk Regions. Photo in nature: A — Zygaena loti, Zayacha Gora, 01.07.2021 (photo: V. V. Ivonin); B — Archiearis notha, Ekaterininskoye, 28.04.2021 (photo: S. A. Knyazev); C — Brachionycha sajana, Timshinyakovo, 15.04.2021 (photo: S. A. Knyazev); D — Nordmannia prunoides, Berezovskie rocks, 23.06.2021 (photo: V. V. Ivonin)
Рис. 1. Новые виΑы чешуекрыΛых ΑΛя Новосибирской обΛасти. Имаго, общий виΑ: A — Hepialus humuli, ♂, ШагаΛовский, 08.07.2009; B — Hepialus humuli, ♀, ШагаΛовский, 22.06.2008; C — Paracossus thrips, ♂, ПоΛьяново, 15.08.2021; D — Chelis maculosa, ♂, ПоΛьяново, 07.07.2021; E — Eucarta virgo, ♂, ШагаΛовский, 22.06.2008; F — Actinotia polyodon, Березовские скаΛы, 07.06.2021; G — Conisania suaveola, СокоΛиный камень, 02.06.2020; H — Actebia praecox, Огурцово, 15.08.2014 Fig. 1. New species of Lepidoptera for the Novosibirsk region. Imago, general view: A — Hepialus humuli, ♂, Shagalovsky, 08.07.2009; B — Hepialus humuli, ♀, Shagalovsky, 22.06.2008; C — Paracossus thrips, ♂, Polyanovo, 15.08.2021; D — Chelis maculosa, ♂, Polyanovo, 07.07.2021; E — Eucarta virgo, ♂, Shagalovsky, 22.06.2008; F — Actinotia polyodon, Berezovskie rocks, 07.06.2021; G — Conisania suaveola, Falcon stone, 02.06.2020; H — Actebia praecox, Ogurtsovo, 15.08.2014 in New records of rare and local butterflies and moths (Insecta, Lepidoptera) in Omsk and Novosibirsk regions
Рис. 1. Новые виΑы чешуекрыΛых ΑΛя Новосибирской обΛасти. Имаго, общий виΑ: A — Hepialus humuli, ♂, ШагаΛовский, 08.07.2009; B — Hepialus humuli, ♀, ШагаΛовский, 22.06.2008; C — Paracossus thrips, ♂, ПоΛьяново, 15.08.2021; D — Chelis maculosa, ♂, ПоΛьяново, 07.07.2021; E — Eucarta virgo, ♂, ШагаΛовский, 22.06.2008; F — Actinotia polyodon, Березовские скаΛы, 07.06.2021; G — Conisania suaveola, СокоΛиный камень, 02.06.2020; H — Actebia praecox, Огурцово, 15.08.2014 Fig. 1. New species of Lepidoptera for the Novosibirsk region. Imago, general view: A — Hepialus humuli, ♂, Shagalovsky, 08.07.2009; B — Hepialus humuli, ♀, Shagalovsky, 22.06.2008; C — Paracossus thrips, ♂, Polyanovo, 15.08.2021; D — Chelis maculosa, ♂, Polyanovo, 07.07.2021; E — Eucarta virgo, ♂, Shagalovsky, 22.06.2008; F — Actinotia polyodon, Berezovskie rocks, 07.06.2021; G — Conisania suaveola, Falcon stone, 02.06.2020; H — Actebia praecox, Ogurtsovo, 15.08.2014
Fig. 15 in Revision of the poorly known Neotropical butterfly genus Zischkaia Forster, 1964 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), with descriptions of nine new species
Fig. 15. Habitats of species of Zischkaia Forster, 1964. A. Climbing bamboo species (Poaceae, likely Chusquea Kunth) that was common along the Sumak Yaku mine track, Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador, where Z. arenisca Nakahara, Willmott & Hall, sp. nov. was common (photo by Keith Willmott). B. Ridge top at San Roque ridge, Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador, where females of Z. arenisca sp. nov. were found (photo by Keith Willmott). C. View of the ridge line 500 m west of the Río Abanico (Morona-Santiago, Ecuador) collecting site (photo by Andrew Neild).
Fig. 12 in Revision of the poorly known Neotropical butterfly genus Zischkaia Forster, 1964 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), with descriptions of nine new species
Fig. 12. Wing scales of Zischkaia Forster, 1964. A–C. Images of forewing androconial scales of Z. pacarus (Godart, [1824]), showing the presence of plumose androconial scales. D. Typical wing scales of Z. pacarus. E–F. Images of forewing androconial scales of Z. chullachaki Nakahara & Zacca, sp. nov., showing the presence of plumose androconial scales.
Fig. 9 in Revision of the poorly known Neotropical butterfly genus Zischkaia Forster, 1964 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), with descriptions of nine new species
Fig. 9. Zischkaia arenisca Nakahara, Willmott & Hall, sp. nov., first instar head capsule in anterior and lateral views.
Fig. 6 in Revision of the poorly known Neotropical butterfly genus Zischkaia Forster, 1964 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), with descriptions of nine new species
Fig. 6. Zischkaia "pacarus clade", female genitalia. A–B. Z. chullachaki Nakahara & Zacca, sp. nov., ♀, lateral and ventral views (Genitalic vial DZ 36. 508). C–D. Z. baku Zacca, Dolibaina & Dias, sp. nov., ♀, lateral and ventral views (Genitalic vial: DZ 5. 571). E–F. Z. arenisca Nakahara, Willmott & Hall, sp. nov., ♀, lateral and ventral views (Genitalic vial: SN-17-174). G–H. Z. pacarus (Godart, [1824]), ♀, lateral and ventral views (Genitalic vial: DZ 36. 731).
Fig. 5 in Revision of the poorly known Neotropical butterfly genus Zischkaia Forster, 1964 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), with descriptions of nine new species
Fig. 5. Zischkaia "saundersii clade", male genitalia. A. Z. saundersii (Butler, 1867), ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: DZ 21. 221). B. Z. mielkeorum Dolibaina, Dias & Zacca, sp. nov., ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: DZ 21. 200). C. Z. warreni Dias, Zacca & Dolibaina, sp. nov., ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial DZ 21. 214).
Fig. 4 in Revision of the poorly known Neotropical butterfly genus Zischkaia Forster, 1964 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), with descriptions of nine new species
Fig. 4. Zischkaia "pacarus clade", male genitalia. A. Z. amalda (Weymer, 1911), lectotype, ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (winglet on aedeagus shown inside rectangle) (Genitalic vial: SN-17- 21). B. Z. arctoa Nakahara, sp. nov., ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: SN-17-9). C. Z. chullachaki Nakahara & Zacca, sp. nov., ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: DZ 21. 235). D. Z. baku Zacca, Dolibaina & Dias, sp. nov., ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: DZ 5. 573). E. Z. arenisca Nakahara, Willmott & Hall, sp. nov., ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: SN-17-16). F. Z. argyrosflecha Nakahara, L. Miller & Huertas, sp. nov. ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (two winglets on aedeagus shown inside rectangle) (Genitalic vial: M-9142 ♂, Lee D. Miller). G. Z. pacarus (Godart, [1824]), ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: DZ 5. 578). H. Z. abanico Nakahara & Petit, sp. nov., ♂, lateral view, with phallus separated (Genitalic vial: 575/19.07.2017, J. Lorenc-Brudecka, MZUJ).
Fig. 3 in Revision of the poorly known Neotropical butterfly genus Zischkaia Forster, 1964 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), with descriptions of nine new species
Fig. 3. Zischkaia "saundersii clade", wing plate. A–B. Z. saundersii (Butler, 1867), ♂ (DZ 37. 029), dorsal and ventral views. C–D. Z. saundersii, ♀ (DZ 36. 969), dorsal and ventral views. E–F. Z. josti Nakahara & Kleckner, sp. nov., holotype, ♀, dorsal and ventral views. G–H. Z. josti sp. nov., paratype, ♀ (USNM ENT 00233844), dorsal and ventral views. I–J. Z. mielkeorum Dolibaina, Dias & Zacca, sp. nov., holotype, ♂, dorsal and ventral views. K–L. Z. mielkeorum sp. nov., paratype, ♀ (DZ 36. 618), dorsal and ventral views. M–N. Z. warreni Dias, Zacca & Dolibaina, sp. nov., holotype, ♂, dorsal and ventral views. O–P. Z. warreni sp. nov., paratype, ♀ (DZ 36. 508), dorsal and ventral views. Scale bar: 1 cm.
Fig. 2 in Revision of the poorly known Neotropical butterfly genus Zischkaia Forster, 1964 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), with descriptions of nine new species
Fig. 2. Zischkaia "pacarus clade", wing plate. A–B. Z. amalda (Weymer, 1911), lectotype, ♂, dorsal and ventral views. C–D. Z. arctoa Nakahara, sp. nov., paratype, ♂ (in RFC, collected in 1975), dorsal and ventral views. E–F. Z. chullachaki Nakahara & Zacca, sp. nov., holotype, ♂, dorsal and ventral views. G–H. Z. chullachaki sp. nov., paratype, ♀ (DZ 36. 508), dorsal and ventral views. I–J. Z. baku Zacca, Dolibaina & Dias, sp. nov., holotype, ♂, dorsal and ventral views. K–L. Z. baku sp. nov., paratype, ♀ (DZ 36. 404), dorsal and ventral views. M–N. Z. arenisca Nakahara, Willmott & Hall, sp. nov., holotype, ♂, dorsal and ventral views. O–P. Z. arenisca sp. nov., paratype, ♀ (FLMNH-MGCL 297320), dorsal and ventral views. Q–R. Z. argyrosflecha Nakahara, L. Miller & Huertas, sp. nov., holotype, ♂, dorsal and ventral views. S–T. Z. pacarus (Godart, [1824]), neotype, ♂, dorsal and ventral views. U–V. Z. pacarus, ♀ (DZ 36. 909), dorsal and ventral views. W–X. Z. abanico Nakahara & Petit, sp. nov., holotype, ♂, dorsal and ventral views. Scale bar: 1 cm.
Fig. 1 in Revision of the poorly known Neotropical butterfly genus Zischkaia Forster, 1964 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), with descriptions of nine new species
Fig. 1. Likelihood tree with the best log-likelihood score (-LnL = -2536.1613) given our data based on DNA 'barcodes', depicting Zischkaia as a well-supported clade. Support values are represented by SHaLRT/UF Bootstrap. Abbreviations: HT = Holotype; NT = Neotype.
Fig. 11 in Revision of the poorly known Neotropical butterfly genus Zischkaia Forster, 1964 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), with descriptions of nine new species
Fig. 11. Zischkaia pacarus (Godart, 1824), wing venation. A. ♂ (FLMHN-MGCL-1036002). B. ♀ (MGCL-LOAN 518).
Fig. 7 in Revision of the poorly known Neotropical butterfly genus Zischkaia Forster, 1964 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), with descriptions of nine new species
Fig. 7. Zischkaia "saundersii clade", female genitalia. A–B. Z. saundersii (Butler, 1867), ♀, lateral and ventral views (Genitalic vial: DZ 36. 969). C–D. Z. josti Nakahara & Kleckner, sp. nov., ♀, lateral and ventral views (Genitalic vial: 2018-002, D.J. Harvey). E–F. Z. mielkeorum Dolibaina, Dias & Zacca, sp. nov., ♀, lateral and ventral views (Genitalic vial: DZ 36. 688). G–H. Z. warreni Dias, Zacca & Dolibaina, sp. nov., ♀, lateral and ventral views (Genitalic vial: DZ 36. 731).
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