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245 results for “cannibalism”
FIG. 7 in First evidence of cannibalism in Crassimurex (s. s.) calcitrapa (Lamarck, 1803) (Gastropoda, Muricidae) from the Lutetian of the Paris Basin (France)
FIG. 7. — Drilled versus non-drilled Crassimurex (s. s.) calcitrapa (Lamarck, 1803) shells in three size classes. Size classes (shell lenght): I, 0-9 mm; II, 10-19 mm; III, 19-32 mm.
FIG. 4 in First evidence of cannibalism in Crassimurex (s. s.) calcitrapa (Lamarck, 1803) (Gastropoda, Muricidae) from the Lutetian of the Paris Basin (France)
FIG. 4. — Different paleobiological aspects of C. (s.s.) calcitrapa (Lamarck, 1803) at La Ferme de l'Orme (unit 6): A-C, feeding (drill holes) on cerithioids: A, Serratocerithium denticulatum (Lamarck, 1804), D. Goldstein coll.; B, Vicinocerithium calcitrapoides (Lamarck, 1804), D. Goldstein coll.; C, same species, detailed view of a drill hole, D. Goldstein coll.; D, MNHN.F.A91215 (Goldstein leg), specimen peeled by a crab. Scale bars: A, D, 5 mm; B, 10 mm; C, 1 mm. Credits: D. Goldstein.
Low incidence of sibling cannibalism among brood parasitic cuckoo catfish embryos
<p>Brood parasites have demanding needs of host resources. Brood parasitic offspring are highly competitive and frequently cause the failure of host broods and the survival of a single parasitic offspring. Accordingly, virulent brood parasites lay single eggs in host nests to minimize multiple parasitism and ensuing sibling competition. In the cuckoo catfish (<em>Synodontis multipunctatus</em>), which parasitise mouthbrooding cichlid fishes in Lake Tanganyika, the modes of host and parasite oviposition lead to frequent cases of multiple parasitism. We experimentally tested the prediction that multiple parasitism leads to frequent siblicide. Cuckoo catfish embryos prey upon host offspring to obtain nourishment during their 3-week development in the host buccal cavity and may also consume conspecific siblings. The potential benefits of siblicide in the system are, therefore, twofold: to decrease competition for limited resources (i.e. host brood with rich yolk sacs) and to directly obtain nourishment by consuming rivals. We found that sibling cannibalism indeed provided measurable benefits in terms of increased growth of the cannibals, but sibling cannibalism was rare and typically occurred only when all host offspring had been consumed. This implies that cannibalism in the cuckoo catfish embryos emerges to mitigate starvation rather than eliminate sibling competition. </p>
Fig. 30 in Revision of the larger cannibal snails (Natalina s. l.) of southern Africa - Natalina s. s., Afrorhytida and Capitina (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rhytididae)
Fig. 30. Natalina beyrichi (Martens, 1890): (A–C) lectotype of Aerope beyrichi Martens, 1890 (here designated) (MNHU 42394), diameter 59 mm, height 38 mm (photographs courtesy of Thomas von Rintelin and Lothar Maitas); (D–F) Mbotyi (NMSA W0591), diameter 54.7 mm; (G) elevated specimen, Hluleka (NMSA W3023), diameter 41.0 mm; (H) depressed specimen, Port St Johns (NMSA E7862), diameter 57.5 mm.
Fig. 29 in Revision of the larger cannibal snails (Natalina s. l.) of southern Africa - Natalina s. s., Afrorhytida and Capitina (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rhytididae)
Fig. 29. Distribution of Natalina cafra natalensis subsp. n. Triangles with a white centre indicate localities for specimens used in DNA analyses (Moussalli et al. 2009); contours at 1000 m and 1500 m.
Fig. 28. Natalina cafra natalensis subsp. n in Revision of the larger cannibal snails (Natalina s. l.) of southern Africa - Natalina s. s., Afrorhytida and Capitina (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rhytididae)
Fig. 28. Natalina cafra natalensis subsp. n., radula, Karkloof Forest (NMSA V8415): (A) rachidian and lateral teeth, scale bar = 1.0 mm; (B) vestigial marginal teeth, scale bar = 250 µm.
Fig. 57 in Revision of the larger cannibal snails (Natalina s. l.) of southern Africa - Natalina s. s., Afrorhytida and Capitina (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rhytididae)
Fig. 57. Afrorhytida knysnaensis (Pfeiffer, 1846) (all NMSA): (A) Fort Beaufort (W5211), diameter 25.6 mm; (B) Port Elizabeth (1498), diameter 19.3 mm; (C) Fort Beaufort (V7729), diameter 23.9 mm; (D) Bedford (B0015), diameter 23.4 mm; (E) Port Alfred (W1395), diameter 24.2 mm; (F) Koedoeskop, SE of Somerset East (V6774), diameter 23.3 mm; (G) Jansenville (W6060), diameter 23.5 mm; (H) Graaff-Reinet (W6093), diameter 19.6 mm; (I) Cradock (W4248), diameter 21.8 mm; J. Somerset East (V6845), diameter 21.2 mm; (K) Cradock (1496), diameter 22.4 mm; (L) Kompasberg, Nieu Bethesda (W6097), diameter 20.4 mm. (A–E) globose specimens, (F–I) intermediate specimens, (J–L) lenticular specimens.
Fig. 81 in Revision of the larger cannibal snails (Natalina s. l.) of southern Africa - Natalina s. s., Afrorhytida and Capitina (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rhytididae)
Fig. 81. Plot of height/diameter measurements of Capitina species, showing differing shell proportions in the two species. The largest specimen of C. schaerfiae (31.6 mm diameter) is missing its apex and cannot be included in this plot. Similarly, the height of the lectotype (31 mm diameter) cannot be measured from the photographs available.
Fig. 80 in Revision of the larger cannibal snails (Natalina s. l.) of southern Africa - Natalina s. s., Afrorhytida and Capitina (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rhytididae)
Fig. 80. Capitina calcicola sp. n. (all NMSA): (A–C) holotype, Cape Agulhas (W6265/T2262), diameter 28.0 mm; (D, E) boldly patterned specimen, Bantamsklip (paratype, W5998/T2266), diameter 28.4 mm; (F) elevated specimen, Cape Agulhas (paratype, W3360/T2270), diameter 28.0 mm; (G) Bredasdorp (paratype, BMNH 1937.12.30.1311–13), diameter 29.5 mm (photo courtesy of J. Ablett and P. Hurst); (H, I) weakly patterned specimen, Cape Agulhas (paratype, W3365/T2267), diameter 29.4 mm; (J) typical pattern, subadult specimen, Grootbos Private Nat. Res. (paratype, W5670/T2265), diameter 27.5 mm.
Fig. 83 in Revision of the larger cannibal snails (Natalina s. l.) of southern Africa - Natalina s. s., Afrorhytida and Capitina (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rhytididae)
Fig. 83. Distribution of Afrorhytida and Capitina species in relation to biome type (Mucina & Rutherford 2006). The dashed line represents the approximate boundary between the western and eastern Cape Floristic Region.
Fig. 76 in Revision of the larger cannibal snails (Natalina s. l.) of southern Africa - Natalina s. s., Afrorhytida and Capitina (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rhytididae)
Fig. 76. Capitina calcicola sp. n., spermatophore, straightened length 8.2 mm (paratype, NMSA W5670/ T2265): (A) spermatophore in situ in dissected lower part of free oviduct; (B) two views of extracted spermatophore, scale bar = 3.0 mm. Abbreviations: bd – bursa copulatrix duct, fo – free oviduct wall with longitudinal folds, o – oviduct, obd – opening of bursa copulatrix duct, sh – spermatophore head, st – spermatophore tail, v – vagina, vd – vas deferens.
Fig. 77 in Revision of the larger cannibal snails (Natalina s. l.) of southern Africa - Natalina s. s., Afrorhytida and Capitina (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rhytididae)
Fig. 77. Capitina schaerfiae (Pfeiffer, 1861): (A, B) lectotype of Helix schärfiae Pfeiffer, 1861, here designated (Polish Academy of Sciences 4295), diameter 31 mm (photographs courtesy of Dominika Mierzwa); (C–E) Oubos, Riviersonderendberge (NMSA W5672), diameter 29.7 mm.
Fig. 75 in Revision of the larger cannibal snails (Natalina s. l.) of southern Africa - Natalina s. s., Afrorhytida and Capitina (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rhytididae)
Fig. 75. Distal genitalia of Capitina schaerfiae, Oubos, Riviersonderendberge (NMSA W5672): (A) epiphallus–penis junction with penis dissected to show penis papilla and micropapillate lumen wall (in situ the epiphallus lies beside the penis and is joined to it by a connective tissue web – not shown); (B) epiphallus cut open longitudinally to shown internal pilaster and ridges; (C) female tract with upper part of vagina and swollen free oviduct cut open to show internal structure. Abbreviations: bd – bursa copulatrix duct, ep – epiphallus, epp – epiphallus pilaster, epr – internal epiphallus ridge, fod – free oviduct, obd – opening of bursa copulatrix duct, p – penis, pl – penis lumen with micropapillate lining, pp – penis papilla, pr – penial retractor muscle, v – vagina, vd – vas deferens.
Fig. 72 in Revision of the larger cannibal snails (Natalina s. l.) of southern Africa - Natalina s. s., Afrorhytida and Capitina (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rhytididae)
Fig. 72. Distribution of Afrorhytida trimeni (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1892). Triangles with a white centre indicate localities for specimens used in DNA analyses (Moussalli et al. 2009). Contours at 1000 and 1500 m.
Fig. 71 in Revision of the larger cannibal snails (Natalina s. l.) of southern Africa - Natalina s. s., Afrorhytida and Capitina (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rhytididae)
Fig. 71. Afrorhytida trimeni (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1892), radula: (A–C) Kap River Nat. Res. (NMSA W4206): (A) entire width of radula, scale bar = 0.5 mm; (B) rachidian and inner lateral teeth, scale bar = 150 µm; (C) inner lateral teeth, scale bar = 50 µm; (D) Umtiza, Nat. Res., East London (NMSA W5253), outer lateral base-plates and marginal teeth, scale bar = 100 µm.
Fig. 74 in Revision of the larger cannibal snails (Natalina s. l.) of southern Africa - Natalina s. s., Afrorhytida and Capitina (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rhytididae)
Fig. 74. Capitina calcicola sp. n., reproductive tract (paratype, NMSA W5670/T2265), scale bar = 5.0 mm. Abbreviations: ag – albumen gland, bc – bursa copulatrix, bd – bursa copulatrix duct, ep – epiphallus, fod – free oviduct, gp – genital pore, hd – hermaphrodite duct, oc – oviduct caecum, ot – ovotestis, p – penis, pr – penial retractor muscle, sod – spermoviduct, v – vagina, vd – vas deferens.
Fig. 67 in Revision of the larger cannibal snails (Natalina s. l.) of southern Africa - Natalina s. s., Afrorhytida and Capitina (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rhytididae)
Fig. 67. Afrorhytida burseyae sp. n., radula (holotype, NMSA W5228/T2257): (A) half width of radula, scale bar = 250 µm; (B) rachidian and inner lateral teeth, scale bar = 100 µm; (C) lateromarginal transition zone, scale bar = 100 µm (l – outer lateral; m – inner marginal); (D) marginal teeth [7], scale bar = 50 µm.
Fig. 73 in Revision of the larger cannibal snails (Natalina s. l.) of southern Africa - Natalina s. s., Afrorhytida and Capitina (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rhytididae)
Fig. 73. Capitina species, radula: (A, B) Capitina schaerfiae (Pfeiffer, 1861), Oubos (NMSA W5672), scale bars = 300 µm and 100 µm; (C, D) Capitina calcicola sp. n., Cape Agulhas (paratype, NMSA W3360/T2270), scale bars = 200 µm and 100 µm.
Fig. 82 in Revision of the larger cannibal snails (Natalina s. l.) of southern Africa - Natalina s. s., Afrorhytida and Capitina (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rhytididae)
Fig. 82. Distribution of genera within Natalina s.l.: Capitina (triangles), Afrorhytida (squares), Natalina (circles).
Fig. 69 in Revision of the larger cannibal snails (Natalina s. l.) of southern Africa - Natalina s. s., Afrorhytida and Capitina (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rhytididae)
Fig. 69. Distribution of Afrorhytida burseyae sp. n. Triangles with a white centre indicate localities for specimens used in DNA analyses (Moussalli et al. 2009); contours at 1000 m and 1500 m.
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