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Figure 1 in Morphology and phylogeny of a new soil ciliate, Colpodidium zelihayildizae n. sp. (Ciliophora, Nassophorea, Colpodidiidae), from Van, Turkey
Figure 1. Morphology, infraciliature, and cortical structure of C. zelihayildizae n. sp. live (a– d), and silver nitrate- and silver carbonatestained (f–j). a: Ventral view of a representative individual. b–d: Left lateral, right lateral, and dorsal view, respectively, to show general body outline, buccal cavity, contractile vacuole, and nuclear localization. e: Part of the pellicle to show silverline system. f, g: Infraciliature in ventral (f) and dorsal view (g). h, i: Oral ciliature in different focal levels. BC: buccal cavity, CV: contractile vacuole, Cyt: cytopyge, DK: dikinetid part of K1, EP: excretory pore, K1: the kinety on the right side of oral apparatus, Ma: macronucleus, Mi: micronucleus, NO1−NO3: nassulid organelles 1−3, PM: paroral membrane, PO1−PO4: postoral kinety 1−4. Small arrows (h, i) show dikinetids above the excretory pore. Scale bars 20 mm.
Figure 5 in Morphology and phylogeny of a new soil ciliate, Colpodidium zelihayildizae n. sp. (Ciliophora, Nassophorea, Colpodidiidae), from Van, Turkey
Figure 5. Phylogenetic tree obtained from SSU rRNA gene sequences analyses using ML and BI methods to show the position of C. zelihayildizae (in red and bold). The numbers on the nodes represent the bootstrap values of the ML analysis and posterior probabilities of BI analysis, respectively. Full support in both analyses (100% ML and 1.00 BI) is marked with a bold circle. The scale bar indicates 9 substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions.
Fig. 5 in Morpho-molecular Characterization of the Litostomatean Predatory Ciliate Phialina pupula (Müller, 1773) Foissner, 1983 (Haptoria, Lacrymariidae)
Fig. 5. Phylogeny based on the 18S rRNA gene and the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of 80 litostomatean taxa and two armophoreans serving as outgroup (CON-lit alignment). Posterior probabilities for the Bayesian inference and bootstrap values for maximum likelihood were mapped onto the 50%-majority rule Bayesian consensus tree. Note that monophyly of the family Lacrymariidae is moderately to strongly statistically supported. Sequences in bold face were obtained during this study. The scale bar indicates five substitutions per one hundred nucleotide positions. For GenBank accession numbers, see Supplementary Table S3.
Fig. 4 in Morpho-molecular Characterization of the Litostomatean Predatory Ciliate Phialina pupula (Müller, 1773) Foissner, 1983 (Haptoria, Lacrymariidae)
Fig. 4. Phialina pupula in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). (A) Detail of the anterior body half. The head is localized at the anterior body end and is attached directly to the trunk, as typical of the genus Phialina. The head is covered by very narrowly spaced cilia arranged in helically extending rows. Note that the cortex of the trunk is distinctly furrowed by slightly helically extending ciliary rows. According to protargol preparations, each somatic ciliary row has two to five brush dikinetids at its anterior end (see Fig. 2E). SEM observations show that the anterior basal body of a brush dikinetid bears a minute to short cilium or is unciliated, while the posterior basal body bears an ordinary somatic cilium. Therefore, the brush is very difficult to recognize in the SEM and in vivo. (B) Detail of the anterior end of somatic ciliary rows, showing that the anterior basal body of a brush dikinetid bears a short cilium (arrowheads) or is unciliated. The posterior basal body of a brush dikinetid bears an ordinary somatic cilium. Such an inconspicuous brush is a typical feature of lacrymariids and also of the possibly related chaeneids. (C) Detail of a somatic ciliary row, showing a dikinetid (dividing basal bodies) followed by monokinetids that bear ordinary cilia. As typical for haptorians, the anterior cilium of dividing basal bodies is short and stump-like while the posterior cilium is ordinarily long. AC – anterior stump-like cilium of dividing basal bodies; G – tips of cortical granules; H – head; HC – head cilia; SC – somatic cilia; T – trunk.
Fig. 2. A–F in Morpho-molecular Characterization of the Litostomatean Predatory Ciliate Phialina pupula (Müller, 1773) Foissner, 1983 (Haptoria, Lacrymariidae)
Fig. 2. A–F. Phialina pupula from life (A‒D, F) and after protargol impregnation (E). (A) Overview of a representative semi-contracted specimen. (B) Details of dumbbell-shaped inclusions from various views. (C) Extrusomes are rod-shaped and about 10 µm long. (D) Surface view showing cortical granulation. (E) Ciliary pattern. (F) Variability of body shape in extended, semi-contracted and contracted cells. CK – circumoral kinety; CV – contractile vacuole; DB – dorsal brush; DI – dumbbell-shaped inclusions; EB – extrusome bundle; EX – extrusomes; G – cortical granules; OB – oral bulge; MA – macronucleus; MI – micronucleus; SK – somatic kineties. Scale bars: 20 μm.
Fig. 1. A–C in Morpho-molecular Characterization of the Litostomatean Predatory Ciliate Phialina pupula (Müller, 1773) Foissner, 1983 (Haptoria, Lacrymariidae)
Fig. 1. A–C. Schematic diagrams of general body organization of Lacrymaria (A), Phialina (B) and Phialinides (C). Based on Dragesco and Dragesco-Kernéis 1986 (A, B) and Foissner 1988 (C). (A) Lacrymaria is characterized by a long, flexible and highly contractile neck, arising from the trunk and carrying the head. (B) Phialina does not have a distinct neck, and the head is thus attached directly to the trunk. (C) Phialinides differs from Phialina only by having a monokinetidal circle (paratene) between the head kineties and the dorsal brush (arrows). CK – circumoral kinety; CV – contractile vacuole; DB – dorsal brush; EX – extrusomes; H – head; HC – head kineties; MA – macronucleus; MI – micronucleus; N – neck; SK – somatic kineties; T – trunk.
Fig. 1 in Morphology and Molecular Analyses of a New Marine Ciliate, Arcuseries minima sp. nov. (Ciliophora: Urostylidae)
Fig. 1. Arcuseries minima sp. nov. in vivo (A–E) and after protargol impregnation (F, G). (A) Ventral view of a representative specimen. (B, C) Cortical granulation in ventral surface. (D, E) Cortical granulation in dorsal surface, three types of cortical granules: the large (arrow), medium-sized (arrowhead), small (double arrowhead). (F) Ventral view of holotype specimen. (G) Dorsal view of a paratype specimen, arrow indicates a basal body. AZM = adoral zone of membranelles; BC = buccal cirrus; E = endoral; FC = frontal cirri; FTC = frontoterminal cirri; LMC = left marginal cirri; Ma = macronuclear nodules; MC = midventral cirri; Mi = micronuclei; P = paroral; PTC = pretransverse cirri; RMC = right marginal cirri; TC = transverse cirri; 1–3 = dorsal kineties 1–3. Scale bars: 20 µm.
Fig. 1 in Intestinal Ciliates of Brazilian Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris L.)
Fig. 1. Intestinal ciliates recorded in Brazilian capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris). a–j. family Cycloposthiidae (ciliates after Lugol's solution). a. Cycloposthium bursa, b. Cycloposthium caudatum, c. Cycloposthium compressum, d. Cycloposthium cristatum, e. Cycloposthium elongatum, f. Cycloposthium hydrochoeri, g. Cycloposthium incurvum, h. Cycloposthium lenticularis, i. Cycloposthium minutum, j. Monoposthium cynodontum. k–q. family Protocaviellidae (ciliates after silver carbonate impregnation). k. Anacharon gracilis, l. Anacharon lepturus, m. Enterophrya elongata, n. Hydrochoerella intestinalis, o. Ogimotopsis pumila, p. Paracunhamunizia calocoma, q. Uropogon urai. r–s. family Protohalidae (ciliates after silver carbonate impregnation). r. Protohallia nana, s. Protohallia uncinata. t. family Pycnotrichidae (live observation), Muniziella cunhai. ACZ. Adoral ciliary zone, CD. caudalia dorsal, CV. caudalia ventral, CL. caudal lobe, CoV. contractile vacuole, CT. caudal tail, Ma. macronucleus, Sk. skeletal plate, Ve. Vestibulum, VP. vestibular polybrachykinety. Scale bars: 20 µm.
Fig. 1 in Evidence of Stress Recovery in Free-Living Ciliate Colpoda cucullus: The Repair Capability of Resting Cysts to Damage Caused by Gamma Irradiation
Fig. 1. Excystment assay of Colpoda wet cysts (A) and dry cysts (B). 'Non-irradiated' indicates non-irradiated cysts; 'irradiated' indicates cysts irradiated at 4000 Gy, and 'irradiated-incubated' indicates cysts irradiated at 4000 Gy and incubated for 12 hours before the induction of excystment. Time indicates the number of hours after the induction of excystment. Columns and attached bars correspond to the means and standard errors, respectively, of six measurements. Asterisks and double asterisks represent significant differences at p <0.05 and p <0.01 (Mann-Whitney U test), respectively.
Fig. 3 in Morpho-molecular Characterization of the Litostomatean Predatory Ciliate Phialina pupula (Müller, 1773) Foissner, 1983 (Haptoria, Lacrymariidae)
Fig. 3. Phialina pupula from life under differential interference contrast (A–G) and bright field (H–M) illumination. (A) Overview of a semi-contracted specimen, showing the general body organization. The head is attached directly to the broadly fusiform trunk. Note that the contractile vacuole is located terminally due to the body contraction. The macronucleus is elliptical and situated slightly below the midbody. (B) Detail of the highly refractive dumbbell-shaped inclusions scattered throughout the cytoplasm. (C) A semi-contracted specimen, showing an accumulation of the dumbbell-shaped inclusions in the anterior body half. (D) Detail of the nuclear apparatus. The macronucleus is elliptical, and the micronucleus is attached to the anterior pole of the macronucleus. (E) A contracted specimen, showing many refractive, dumbbell-shaped inclusions scattered throughout the cytoplasm and an elliptical macronucleus accompanied by a single micronucleus. (F) A strongly squeezed specimen, showing the nuclear apparatus, multiple extrusome bundles and some lipid droplets scattered throughout the cytoplasm. Left inset shows optical section through the cortex (opposed arrowhead), containing inconspicuous elliptical granules. (G) Detail of a cytoplasmic rod-shaped extrusome. (H, J) Fusiform, slightly curved cells with narrowly rounded posterior body end. (I) A cylindrical cell. (K) An extended, fusiform exemplar with tail-like posterior end. (L) A sigmoid cell with narrowly rounded ends. (M) A semi-contracted, pyriform specimen with broadly rounded posterior body end. CV – contractile vacuole; DI – dumbbell-shaped inclusions; EB – extrusome bundles; EX – extrusomes; G – cortical granules; H – head; LD – lipid droplets; MA – macronucleus; MI – micronucleus; OB – oral bulge; T – trunk. Scale bars: 20 μm.
Fig. 6 in A Study on Resting Cysts of an Oxytrichid Soil Ciliate, Rigidohymena quadrinucleata (Dragesco and Njine, 1971) Berger, 2011 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), Including Notes on its Encystation and Excystation Process
Fig. 6. Rigidohymena quadrinucleata, the basic scheme of two excystation modes. The standard mode: The beginning of excystation process is connected with formation of a transparent space between cyst wall and excysting cell. A little later, appears the excystation vacuole. The regenerating specimen breaks the cyst wall and escapes within the single, transparent membrane. The transparent membrane is broken by the excystant and resorbed in the enviroment. The rare mode: The beginning of excystation is associated, similarly, as in the standard mode, with formation of a transparent space and excystation vacuole. The regenerating specimen breaks the transparent membrane first, instead of breaking the whole cyst wall. Finally, the rest of the cyst wall is ruptured by the moving cell and the pressure of the excystation vacuole. The cell leaves the resting cyst. The transparent membrane remains in the empty cyst as a residual body.
Fig. 6 in Morpho-molecular Characterization of the Litostomatean Predatory Ciliate Phialina pupula (Müller, 1773) Foissner, 1983 (Haptoria, Lacrymariidae)
Fig. 6. Phylogeny based on the 18S rRNA gene of 22 taxa from the family Lacrymariidae (18S-lac1 alignment). Note that the genus Phialina is paraphyletic and contains the polyphyletic genus Lacrymaria. Posterior probabilities for the Bayesian inference and bootstrap values for maximum likelihood were mapped onto the 50%-majority rule ML tree. Sequences in bold were obtained during this study. The scale bar indicates nine substitutions per one thousand nucleotide positions.
Fig. 3 in Morphology and Molecular Analyses of a New Marine Ciliate, Arcuseries minima sp. nov. (Ciliophora: Urostylidae)
Fig. 3. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses based on 18S rDNA sequences. The new sequence provided in the present work is indicated in bold and by a white arrow. Numbers at nodes indicate the bootstrap values of ML out of 1,000 replicates and the posterior probability of BI. Fully supported (100/1.00) branches are marked with solid circles. The scale bar corresponds to 2 substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions.
Figs 4A–I in A Study on Resting Cysts of an Oxytrichid Soil Ciliate, Rigidohymena quadrinucleata (Dragesco and Njine, 1971) Berger, 2011 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), Including Notes on its Encystation and Excystation Process
Figs 4A–I. Rigidohymena quadrinucleata, resting cysts and excystants in the light microscope, the standard mode of excystation. A–F – the beginning of excystation with formation of excystation vacuole and the cyst wall ruptures under the pressure of excystant and excystation vacuole (circular area marks the individual protuberances that were separated from the cyst wall); G–I – during the standard mode, the excystant breaks the cyst wall within the thin, transparent membrane. CW – cyst wall, EV – excystation vacuole, EX – excystant, TM – transparent membrane. Scale bars: 30 μm.
Figs 3A–H in A Study on Resting Cysts of an Oxytrichid Soil Ciliate, Rigidohymena quadrinucleata (Dragesco and Njine, 1971) Berger, 2011 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), Including Notes on its Encystation and Excystation Process
Figs 3A–H. Rigidohymena quadrinucleata, resting cysts in the TEM. A–C – cross sections showing the cyst wall, the spine-like protuberances and the content of the resting cyst (arrowheads mark the poorly visible group of mitochondria, asterisks mark the surface protuberances); D – detail of the autophagic vacuoles; E, F – detail of the spine-like protuberances in the young and in mature resting cyst (asterisks mark the protuberances); G, H – the cortex of encysted cells with many regularly waved convex ridges. AV – autophagic vacuole, CS – "curious structure", EC – ectocyst, EN – endocyst, M – mitochondria, MC – mesocyst, MT – metacyst. Scale bars: 1 μm (B, C, E, F); 1,5 μm (G, H); 2 μm (A, D).
Figs 2A–I in A Study on Resting Cysts of an Oxytrichid Soil Ciliate, Rigidohymena quadrinucleata (Dragesco and Njine, 1971) Berger, 2011 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), Including Notes on its Encystation and Excystation Process
Figs 2A–I. Rigidohymena quadrinucleata, resting cysts in the light microscope and in the SEM. A, B – young resting cysts without surface ornamentation; C, D – mature resting cysts with fully developed cyst wall (arrowhead marks endocyst); E, F – the cyst contents is squeezed out, macronuclear mass is visible; G – full view of cyst; H, I – surface view of the cyst wall showing the spine-like protuberances (asterisks). EC – ectocyst, EN – endocyst, MA – macronucleus, MC – mesocyst. Scale bars: 30 μm (A–F); 20 µm (G); 10 μm (H, I).
Рис. 8. СреЗы череЗ гонады моллюска: А – поперечный среЗ череЗ гонаду самки, Б–Д – фолликулы в гонадах самок (Б, В – Зрелые ооциты круглой формы, готовые к вымету; Г – ооциты в период активного гаметогенеЗа на стадии раннего трофоплаЗматического роста, Д – ооциты каплевидной формы в период преднерестовой стадии при ЗаверШении трофоплаЗматического роста), Е, Ж – поперечные среЗы череЗ гонаду самца, З, И – ацинусы в гонадах самцов (З – преднерестоваЯ стадиЯ, просветы в ацинусах практически отсутствуют, стенки ацинусов не раЗличимы, И – нерестоваЯ стадиЯ, имеютсЯ просветы в ацинусах). МасШтабные линейки 300 мкм (А), 200 мкм (Е), 100 мкм (Ж), 50 мкм (Б–Д, З, И). вя – вакуолиЗированное Ядро, сф – стенка фолликула, вм – вителлиноваЯ мембрана, РО – раЗвиваюЩиесЯ иЗ пелликулы ооциты, пг – ресничный проток гонады, с – сперматоциты, па – просветы в ацинусах. Fig. 8. Sections through the gonads of the mollusk: А – transverse section through the female gonad, Б–Д – ovarian acini, follicles (Б, В – mature round-shaped oocytes ready to be swept out; Г – oocytes in the period of active gametogenesis at the stage of early trophoplasmatic growth, Д – tear-shaped oocytes during the pre-spawning stage at the end of trophoplasmatic growth), Е, Ж – transverse sections through the male gonads, З, И – testicular acini (З – pre-spawning stage, with practically absent gaps in the acini and invisible the acini walls, И – spawning stage, with gaps in the acini). Scale bars 300 µm (A), 200 µm (E), 100 µm (Ж), 50 µm (Б–Д, З, И). вя – vacuolated nucleus, сф – follicle wall, вм – vitelline membrane, РО – developing oocytes arising from a pellicle, пг – ciliated gonadal duct, с – spermatocytes, па – gaps in acini. in Nodularia vladivostokensis (Bivalvia: Unionidae) from Razdolnaya River (Primorye, Russia)
Рис. 8. СреЗы череЗ гонады моллюска: А – поперечный среЗ череЗ гонаду самки, Б–Д – фолликулы в гонадах самок (Б, В – Зрелые ооциты круглой формы, готовые к вымету; Г – ооциты в период активного гаметогенеЗа на стадии раннего трофоплаЗматического роста, Д – ооциты каплевидной формы в период преднерестовой стадии при ЗаверШении трофоплаЗматического роста), Е, Ж – поперечные среЗы череЗ гонаду самца, З, И – ацинусы в гонадах самцов (З – преднерестоваЯ стадиЯ, просветы в ацинусах практически отсутствуют, стенки ацинусов не раЗличимы, И – нерестоваЯ стадиЯ, имеютсЯ просветы в ацинусах). МасШтабные линейки 300 мкм (А), 200 мкм (Е), 100 мкм (Ж), 50 мкм (Б–Д, З, И). вя – вакуолиЗированное Ядро, сф – стенка фолликула, вм – вителлиноваЯ мембрана, РО – раЗвиваюЩиесЯ иЗ пелликулы ооциты, пг – ресничный проток гонады, с – сперматоциты, па – просветы в ацинусах. Fig. 8. Sections through the gonads of the mollusk: А – transverse section through the female gonad, Б–Д – ovarian acini, follicles (Б, В – mature round-shaped oocytes ready to be swept out; Г – oocytes in the period of active gametogenesis at the stage of early trophoplasmatic growth, Д – tear-shaped oocytes during the pre-spawning stage at the end of trophoplasmatic growth), Е, Ж – transverse sections through the male gonads, З, И – testicular acini (З – pre-spawning stage, with practically absent gaps in the acini and invisible the acini walls, И – spawning stage, with gaps in the acini). Scale bars 300 µm (A), 200 µm (E), 100 µm (Ж), 50 µm (Б–Д, З, И). вя – vacuolated nucleus, сф – follicle wall, вм – vitelline membrane, РО – developing oocytes arising from a pellicle, пг – ciliated gonadal duct, с – spermatocytes, па – gaps in acini.
Host-symbiont stress response to lack-of-sulfide in the giant ciliate mutualism
<p>The mutualism between the thioautotrophic bacterial ectosymbiont <em>Candidatus</em> Thiobius zoothamnicola and the giant ciliate <em>Zoothamnium niveum</em> thrives in a variety of shallow-water marine environments with highly fluctuating sulfide emissions. To persist over time, both partners must reproduce and ensure the transmission of symbionts before the sulfide stops, which enables carbon fixation of the symbiont and nourishment of the host. We experimentally investigated the response of this mutualism to depletion of sulfide. We found that colonies released some initially present but also newly produced macrozooids until death, but in fewer numbers than when exposed to sulfide. The symbionts on the colonies proliferated less without sulfide, and became larger and more rod-shaped than symbionts from freshly collected colonies that were exposed to sulfide and oxygen. The symbiotic monolayer was severely disturbed by growth of other microbes and loss of symbionts. We conclude that the response of both partners to the termination of sulfide emission was remarkably quick. The development and the release of swarmers continued until host died and thus this behavior contributed to the continuation of the association.</p>
Fig. 2 in Soil Ciliates Of Different Trophic Groups In Samur-Yalama National Park, Azerbaijan
Fig. 2. The ratio of ciliates of different trophic groups in the ecological series of "forest soil" — "buffer zone" — "agrocenosis".
Fig.1 in The Use of Ciliates (Ciliophora) for Bioassay of the Toxicity of Insecticides
Fig.1. Changesinthespeciesrichnessofsoilciliatesafterapplicationofinsecticides "ConfidorExtra"(A) and "DecisProfi" (B) (exposure time 7days).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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OpenNeuro
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