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Figure 3 in Color and pattern variation of the Balkan whip snake, Hierophis gemonensis (Laurenti, 1768)

Figure 3. Black colored individuals of Hierophis gemonensis from the Balkans. A, B – Specimen from Danilovgrad, Montenegro (photo by A Simović); C, D – Trebeshinë Mts., Albania (E Mizsei); E - Virpazar, Montenegro (J Hill); F, G – Vlasia, Greece (E Tzoras); H – Platanovrisi, Greece (E Tzoras). For details see the Table.

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Figure 1 in Color and pattern variation of the Balkan whip snake, Hierophis gemonensis (Laurenti, 1768)

Figure 1. Records of black-colored specimens of Hierophis gemonensis in the southwestern Balkans summarized in the present study. The numbers on the map correspond to the Table. The distribution of the species in the Balkans is shown in green (according to Sillero et al., 2014). Insets show a typically colored snake (lower left, photo by E Mizsei) and a black-colored individual (top right, photo by D Jablonski), both photographed in Albania.

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Fig. 35. Character 50, dorsal thigh color pattern. A in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 35. Character 50, dorsal thigh color pattern. A: State 0, pale with dark spots (quinquivittatus, AMNH 124069). B: State 1, solid dark (petersi, AMNH 111000). Note that the pale spot is confined to the inguinal regions and does not extend onto the dorsal surface of the thigh. C: State 2, dark with pale spots/ bands (aurotaenia, AMNH live exhibit). D: State 3, solid pale (terribilis, AMNH live exhibit). E: State 4, brown with dark brown bands/blotches (inguinalis, LACM 42409). F: State 5, dark with pale longitudinal stripe (flavopictus, AMNH 88642).

FIGURE 3 in Water column use by reef fishes of different color patterns

FIGURE 3 | Coloration of reef fish species by their position in the water column (benthic, n = 35; demersal, n = 35; pelagic, n = 30). Homogeneous refers to the presence of a moderately homogenous non-silvering color pattern without large contrasting patches (typical of background matching); patches refer to the presence of contrasting contour breaks patches (typical of disruptive coloration); stripes refer to the presence of highly contrasting regular stripes (e.g., black and white stripes, typical of motion-dazzle strategy), and silvering to fishes with silvery homogenous body coloration.

FIGURE 2 in Water column use by reef fishes of different color patterns

FIGURE 2 | Phylogeny of the 100 species used in this study generated from data in the Open Tree of Life. Branch lengths represent phylogenetic distance and were estimated by the Grafen's method. Color bars denote the water column use (blue shades) and coloration pattern (red shades) we attributed to them.

FIGURE 4 in Water column use by reef fishes of different color patterns

FIGURE 4 | Results of the Bayesian statistical analysis showing the difference in the proportion of coloration types between positions in the water column. Points denote the mode; thick and thin lines denote 67% and 95% credible intervals. Comparisons based on the expected values of the posterior predictive distribution. The analysis indicated that presence of contrasting contour breaks patches is more frequent in benthic than in demersal and pelagic species; and that silvering is more frequent in pelagic species than in demersal and benthic species.

FIGURE 1 in Water column use by reef fishes of different color patterns

FIGURE 1 | Species exemplifying the color patterns used in this study. A. Large contrasting patterns typical of disruptive coloration in Hippocampus reidi (~ 13 cm of total length, TL); B. Silvery bodies in Haemulon aurolineatum Cuvier, 1830 (~ 18 cm TL); C. Contrasting stripes typical of motion-dazzle in Elacatinus figaro Sazima, Moura & Rosa, 1997 (~ 3 cm TL); D. Homogeneous coloration in adult female Parablennius pilicornis (Cuvier, 1829) (~ 6 cm TL). Photographs by Gualter Pedrini.

Fig. 4 in Coloration patterns of the tegmina of Mahanarva spectabilis (Hemiptera: Cercopidae): biological, morphological and genetic bases

Fig. 4. Genetic distances between different species of spittlebugs and different wing color patterns of M. spectabilis, where YB = straw-yellowish hue with black spots; RB = reddish hue with black spots; R = total reddish hue; B = total black hue.

Fig. 3 in Coloration patterns of the tegmina of Mahanarva spectabilis (Hemiptera: Cercopidae): biological, morphological and genetic bases

Fig. 3. Comparative biometrics of M. spectabilis by sex and wing color patterns. Distributions observed for head length (A) and width (B), pronotum length (C) and width (D), scutellum length (E) and width (F), and tegmen length (G) and width (H). In cases (A) to (D) and (H), sex × wing color pattern interaction was not significant; thus p-values and letters refer to mean comparison between sexes or among wing color patterns, where means followed by different letters were found to be significantly different. In the other cases, (E) to (G), sex × wing color pattern interaction was found to be significant, and its analysis was conducted: p-values and letters refer to mean comparison among wing color patterns within sex, where different letters indicate significant differences, whereas distributions marked with a same symbol (* or +) indicate a significant difference between the sexes for a given wing color pattern. ANOVA followed by Tukey's test at 5% significance probability level was used in all cases.

Fig. 2 in Coloration patterns of the tegmina of Mahanarva spectabilis (Hemiptera: Cercopidae): biological, morphological and genetic bases

Fig. 2. Box plot representation of the distribution of the offspring's tegminal coloration pattern proportions obtained for each type of mating cross, according to parents' wing color pattern, regardless of sex. Each box spans from the first to the third quartile (interquartile range). The segment inside the box and the filled circle indicate median's and mean's locations, respectively. Whiskers above and below the box extend either to the maximum/minimum data value or to the most extreme value falling within the extent equivalent to 1.5 × interquartile range, starting from the box; points exceeding these limits are considered suspected outliers and are marked with unfilled circles. Different letters within each quadrant indicate significantly different mean proportions (Tukey's test, α = 5%). Value in parentheses are, in the order they appear, the number of replicates (i.e., the number of couples from which at least 8 offspring were obtained, that grew to adulthood), the total number of offspring generated from these replicates that grew to adulthood, the ANOVA residual degrees of freedom, and the ANOVA F-test p-value. *Insufficient n for analysis.

Fig. 1 in Coloration patterns of the tegmina of Mahanarva spectabilis (Hemiptera: Cercopidae): biological, morphological and genetic bases

Fig. 1. Relative frequency of 484 adults collected at the Embrapa Dairy Cattle experimental field in the town of Coronel Pacheco, Minas Gerais, Brazil, from which 242 couples were formed, with their 1,484 offspring, with regard to wing color patterns, regardless of sex.

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Figure 3 in Molecular test shows the color pattern is not so reliable in diagnostic of genus Dysphaea Selys (Odonata: Euphaeidae)

Figure 3. Phylogenetic reconstruction of 37 samples based on combined gene dataset (COI+16S+28S, 2394 bp). Bayesian posterior probabilities (left) and ML bootstrap value (right) are indicated at nodes. Among the central Vietnamese specimens of Dysphaea sp. the ID numbers in red color indicate those specimens with dark colour which were originally identified by us as D. basitincta. Those with ID in green indicate specimens originally identified by us as D. gloriosa. The blue ID refers to D. haomiao.

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Figure 2 in Molecular test shows the color pattern is not so reliable in diagnostic of genus Dysphaea Selys (Odonata: Euphaeidae)

Figure 2. Photos of the right pair of wings of some male specimens showing the variations of wing color patterns. The wings of the syntype of D. basitincta (at MNHN, Paris) was kindly provided by Matti Hämäläinen.

Fig. 14 in Congruent Patterns of Genetic and Morphological Variation in the Parthenogenetic Lizard Aspidoscelis tesselata (Squamata: Teiidae) and the Origins of Color Pattern Classes and Genotypic Clones in Eastern New Mexico

Fig. 14. Additive tree (phenogram), based on Mahalanobis D2 distances (table 13), depicting meristic resemblance among nine groups of Aspidoscelis tesselata. Distances (similarities) between groups are computed by adding lengths of nodes between groups of interest. Terminal nodes represent the nine groups, and internal nodes represent horizontal distances between clusters. As an interpretation example, the resemblance between Conchas 6CE and Conchas 1CE is 7.2 + 3.2 + 2.2 + 2.8 + 5.6 = 21.0, while the resemblance between Conchas 6CE and Macho EC is 7.2 + 1.0 + 1.9 + 3.1 = 13.2.

Fig. 3 in Congruent Patterns of Genetic and Morphological Variation in the Parthenogenetic Lizard Aspidoscelis tesselata (Squamata: Teiidae) and the Origins of Color Pattern Classes and Genotypic Clones in Eastern New Mexico

Fig. 3. Electrophoretic phenotypes of sACOH, a monomeric enzyme, from liver homogenates of nine specimens of A. tesselata of pattern class CE from Conchas Lake State Park, New Mexico. Letters below gel identify allozymes based on alleles present (table 3), and the genotype of each lizard is listed on the right. Lanes for individual lizards are labeled beside their patterns on the gel. Anode is to the right.

Fig. 11 in Congruent Patterns of Genetic and Morphological Variation in the Parthenogenetic Lizard Aspidoscelis tesselata (Squamata: Teiidae) and the Origins of Color Pattern Classes and Genotypic Clones in Eastern New Mexico

Fig. 11. Pattern of multivariate morphological variation among Aspidoscelis tesselata of pattern classes C (N = 44), E (N = 32), and New Mexico D (N = 5) from the vicinity of Sumner Lake State Park, De Baca County, New Mexico. Canonical variate scores were derived from a canonical variate analysis using meristic characters identified in table 10.

Fig. 2 in Congruent Patterns of Genetic and Morphological Variation in the Parthenogenetic Lizard Aspidoscelis tesselata (Squamata: Teiidae) and the Origins of Color Pattern Classes and Genotypic Clones in Eastern New Mexico

Fig. 2. Electrophoretic phenotypes of GPI, a dimeric enzyme, from erythrocyte hemolysates of six specimens of Aspidoscelis. Letters below gel identify allozymes based on alleles present (table 3), and the genotype of each lizard is listed on the right. Note the very slight difference in migration between the products of the ballele versus callele. Lanes for individual lizards are labeled beside their patterns on the gel as follows: TESC, A. tesselata of pattern class CE from Conchas Lake State Park, New Mexico; and TESE, A. tesselata of pattern class E from Sandoval County, New Mexico. Anode is to the right.

Fig. 1 in Congruent Patterns of Genetic and Morphological Variation in the Parthenogenetic Lizard Aspidoscelis tesselata (Squamata: Teiidae) and the Origins of Color Pattern Classes and Genotypic Clones in Eastern New Mexico

Fig. 1. Geographic relationships among four northern collecting localities of Aspidoscelis tesselata of color pattern classes C, New Mexico D, and E and convenience classes CE and EC. Color patterns found at the four sites are (1) Conchas Lake State Park: CE and New Mexico D; (2) Sumner Lake State Park: C, New Mexico D, and E; (3) Puerto de Luna: E; and (4) Arroyo del Macho: EC.

Fig. 7 in Congruent Patterns of Genetic and Morphological Variation in the Parthenogenetic Lizard Aspidoscelis tesselata (Squamata: Teiidae) and the Origins of Color Pattern Classes and Genotypic Clones in Eastern New Mexico

Fig. 7. Color pattern variation in Aspidoscelis tesselata of pattern class CE from the vicinity of Conchas Lake State Park, San Miguel County, New Mexico. Morphological subgroup 6CE: A (RU 0002, 93 mm SVL); B (RU 0029, 96 mm SVL); morphological subgroup 1CE: C (RU 0013, 95 mm SVL); D (RU 0030, 89 mm SVL); E (RU 0021, 95 mm SVL); morphological subgroup 8CE: F (RU 0027, 86 mm SVL).

Fig. 4 in Congruent Patterns of Genetic and Morphological Variation in the Parthenogenetic Lizard Aspidoscelis tesselata (Squamata: Teiidae) and the Origins of Color Pattern Classes and Genotypic Clones in Eastern New Mexico

Fig. 4. Electrophoretic phenotypes of MPI, a monomeric enzyme, from liver homogenates of 11 specimens of Aspidoscelis. Letters below gel identify allozymes based on alleles present (table 3), and the genotype of each lizard is listed on the right. Lanes for individual lizards are labeled beside their patterns on the gel (with genotype) as follows: NEOTESA, B, and C, different pattern classes of the triploid A. neotesselata from Colorado; TESC and D, A. tesselata of pattern classes CE and D from Conchas Lake State Park, New Mexico; TESE, A. tesselata of pattern class EC from Arroyo del Macho, New Mexico; TESF, A. dixoni from New Mexico; TESF × PUN, triploid hybrid of A. dixoni × A. tigris punctilinealis from New Mexico; and TESG and H, A. dixoni of two pattern classes from Texas. Anode is to the right.