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57 results for “crater lake”
Data from: Allopatry, competitor recognition and heterospecific aggression in crater lake cichlids
Background: Aggressive behaviour can have significant evolutionary consequences - not only within species, but also in the context of heterospecific interactions. Here, we carried out an experimental field study to investigate the importance of phenotypic similarity on levels of aggression between species whilst controlling for familiarity effects using manipulated allopatric stimuli. Specifically, we investigated aggressive responses of territory holding males and females in two species of Neotropical cichlid fish, Amphilophus sagittae and Hypsophrys nicaraguensis, that differ in their phenotypic similarity to our allopatric stimulus species, Amphilophus astorquii. Results: We found that, independent of phenotypic similarity (and correlated phylogenetic proximity) between the territory holders and intruder, territorial aggression was not adjusted in relation to allopatric intruder colour markings that are associated with different levels of threat and known to provoke different responses in a sympatric setting. We also found that males and females did not differ in their overall patterns of aggression adjustment towards intruder cues. Nevertheless, the two focal species, which share the same breeding grounds and external threats, exhibited different sex roles in breeding territory defence. Conclusion: Together with earlier studies assessing hetrospecific aggression in sympatry, our current results highlight the importance of coevolution and learning in species interactions.
FIGS 46 in Ciliated protozoa from a volcanic crater-lake in Victoria, Australia
FIGS 46±48. Silver-carbonate impregnation. (46±47) Uronema nigricans; (48) Pseudocohnilembus pusillus. The structure of the oral infraciliature of P. pusillus is like that described by Niessen (1984, in Foissner et al., 1994). Cc, caudal cilium complex; Ma, macronucleus; OD, oral dikinetid; PK1, PK2, PK3, oral polykinetid 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Scale bars: 10 mm.
FIGS 49 in Ciliated protozoa from a volcanic crater-lake in Victoria, Australia
FIGS 49±54. Nomarski interference contrast; (49±50) Cristigera setosa. Cc, caudal cilia; Um, undulating membrane; Sc, somatic cilia. Arrowhead in (50) to the groove along the ventral surface, typical of the genus Cristigera; (51) Aspidisca marsupialis. Arrowhead to the characteristic ventral`thorn' of this species, a feature also observed by Penard (1922); (52±53) Mylestoma pusillum. Cc, caudal cilia; arrowhead to the longitudinal groove characteristic of this species; (54) Epalxella striata, a common ciliate in anaerobic environments, found in the brackish water of the crater-lake. Scale bars: 20 mm.
FIGS 39 in Ciliated protozoa from a volcanic crater-lake in Victoria, Australia
FIGS 39±44. Pleuroplites australis; (39) cultured organisms in an oxygen gradient (the air bubble is at the top margin of the photograph). The organisms accumulate at some distance from oxygen-saturated water, i.e. at the oxic-anoxic boundary. Arrows to some conjugating individuals; (40, 44) two di€erent cell shapes, each with two macronuclei. Arrows in (44) to the clavate cilia; (41±43) silver-impregnated specimens: (41, 43) silver-carbonate impregnation; (42) protargol. CV, contractile vacuole; E, extrusomes; FV, food vacuole; K, circumoral kinety; Ma, macronucleus; arrowheads in (43) at the somatic kineties that bear clavate cilia.
FIG. 38 in Ciliated protozoa from a volcanic crater-lake in Victoria, Australia
FIG. 38. Pleuroplites australis. Morphological variants, and arrangement of the infraciliature. Note the disposition of the mitochondria (Mt) in longitudinal rows, and the variation in the number of macronuclei. C, clavate cilia; CV, contractile vacuole; E, extrusomes; K, circumoral kinety; Ma, macronucleus; mi, micronucleus; Mt, mitochondria.
FIGS 31 in Ciliated protozoa from a volcanic crater-lake in Victoria, Australia
FIGS 31±33. Protargol silver impregnation; (31) Oxytricha multigranulosa. AZM, adoral zone of membranelles in the oral region; (32, 33) Oxytricha salmastra; (32) ventral surface. Arrowheads to the cirri, and to the right and the left marginal row of cirri. Ma, macronucleus; (33) dorsal surface of the same specimen. Arrowheads to the dorsal kineties, of which the one at the far right of the photograph is shorter. Cc, caudal cilia. Scale bar: 20 mm.
FIGS 26 in Ciliated protozoa from a volcanic crater-lake in Victoria, Australia
FIGS 26±30. Metopus minor. Living organisms as seen with Nomarski interference contrast. AZM, adoral zone of membranelles. Arrowheads to the di€erent types of long cilia, which the ciliate uses for attachment to sediment particles (see text for further explanations). Scale bar: 20 mm.
FIGS 23 in Ciliated protozoa from a volcanic crater-lake in Victoria, Australia
FIGS 23±24. L embadion curvatum n. sp. Silver-carbonate impregnation. Infraciliature of the caudal cilia (arrowheads) in the ventral (23) and dorsal (24) side of the cell, respectively.
FIG. 25. L embadion curvatum n in Ciliated protozoa from a volcanic crater-lake in Victoria, Australia
FIG. 25. L embadion curvatum n. sp. Diagrams of the living form. Note that the maximum size range of individuals is 75±125 mm and they are not drawn to scale here.
FIGS 14 in Ciliated protozoa from a volcanic crater-lake in Victoria, Australia
FIGS 14±17. L embadion curvatum n. sp., living organisms as seen with Nomarski interference contrast. A cell of the ciliate Cristigera can be seen inside L. curvatum in (16) (arrowhead). Arrowheads in (15) to the two types of caudal cilia. Scale bars: 25 mm.
FIG. 18. L embadion curvatum n in Ciliated protozoa from a volcanic crater-lake in Victoria, Australia
FIG. 18. L embadion curvatum n. sp. Schematic representation of the infraciliature of (A) the ventrum, and (B) the dorsum of the cell, as seen after silver-carbonate impregnation. Note that the ventral surface has been drawn to show clearly the di€erent parts of the infraciliatureÐfor this purpose the caudal pole of the cell is slightly shifted towards the reader in order to show the arrangement of the caudal cilia around the pole. PO1, PO2, paroral kineties. PK, oral polykinetid. L1, L2, L3, argentiferous longitudinal lines that separate the silver-impregnated ribs supporting the cytostome. CC, caudal cilia.
FIGS 9 in Ciliated protozoa from a volcanic crater-lake in Victoria, Australia
FIGS 9±11. Silver-carbonate impregnation; (9) Cyclidium glaucom a. Scale bar: 10 mm. Ventral surface with the oral structures, and with part of the somatic kineties; (10, 11) Cyclidium citrullus seen from the anterior pole (10) and posterior pole (11) of the cell, respectively. Cc, caudal cilium complex; K 1, somatic kinety nÕ 1 (the one nÕ next to the last kinety, see text); Ma, macronucleus; mi, micronucleus; OP, oral polykinetids; SK, somatic kineties. Figs 12± 13. Prorodon discolor, silver-impregnated specimens. (12) B, brosse; Ma, macronucleus; SK, somatic kineties; (13) ingested diatoms (arrowheads) in the cytoplasm. Scale bar: 20 mm.
FIG. 8 in Ciliated protozoa from a volcanic crater-lake in Victoria, Australia
FIG. 8. Diagram of Cyclidium citrullus and Cyclidium glaucoma as seen after impregnation with silver carbonate. Cc, caudal cilium complex; Cy, cytostome; CVP, contractile vacuole pore; OD, oral dikinetid; PK1, oral polykinetid 1; PK2, oral polykinetid 2; PK3, oral polykinetid 3; Sc, scuticovestige; SK, somatic kineties. Arrowhead to somatic kinety nÕ 1. Scale bar: 10 mm.
FIGS 19 in Ciliated protozoa from a volcanic crater-lake in Victoria, Australia
FIGS 19±22. L embadion curvatum n. sp. Silver-carbonate impregnation; (19, 21) ventral side of the cell. PO1, PO2, paroral kineties. PO1 is formed by paired kinetosomes (not zig-zagged). PO2 is formed by paired kinetosomes in zig-zag. Sometimes it seems to be formed by three kinetosomes arranged in zig-zag (see text). PK, oral polykinetid. CC, caudal cilia. L1, L2, L3, argentiferous longitudinal lines (L3 can be seen in (21 )). Ma, macronucleus. (20, 22) Dorsal side of the cell. Arrowheads in (20) and (21) to the`steps' marked by the end of the kineties in the middle course of PK.
FIG. 1 in Ciliated protozoa from a volcanic crater-lake in Victoria, Australia
FIG. 1. Map showing the location of the volcano crater-lakes of Tower Hill near Warrnambool (1), and of Lake Bantic (2) in Tasmania.
FIGS 4 in Ciliated protozoa from a volcanic crater-lake in Victoria, Australia
FIGS 4±7. Chlamydodon mnemosyne, a ciliate with ciliature on the ventral surface only, as seen after silver-carbonate impregnation; (4, 5, 7) ventral surface; (6) dorsal surface; (7) specimen during cell division. Arrowheads to the contractile vacuole pores. DK, dorsal kinety; OA, oral aperture; Pe, peri-oral kineties; Pr, pre-oral kinety; R, striated band surrounding the perimeter of the cell, and known as the`rail road track' (see text). Scale bars: 10 mm.
FIG. 2 in Ciliated protozoa from a volcanic crater-lake in Victoria, Australia
FIG. 2. Aerial photograph of the volcano crater-lakes. Fig. 3. Lake Bantic. The sea can be seen at the top of both pictures.
FIGS 34 in Ciliated protozoa from a volcanic crater-lake in Victoria, Australia
FIGS 34±37. Plagiopyla frontata; (34±36) silver carbonate-impregnated organisms showing the oral and somatic infraciliature, and the striated band. The cytoproct opens on the right side of the cell together with two contractile vacuole pores. Cyt, cytoproct; Ma, macronucleus; OA, oral aperture; SB, striated band. Arrowheads in (35) to the stacks of hydrogenosomes in the cytoplasm of P. frontata; (37) cytoplasm of P. frontata with many auto-ūorescing endosymbiotic bacteria. Arrowheads to some of them. Scale bar: 25 mm.
Data from: Parental coordination with respect to colour polymorphism in a crater lake fish
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Data from: The onset of ecological diversification 50 years after colonization of a crater lake by haplochromine cichlid fishes
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