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36 results for “dead wood”
Data from: Conservation value of low-productive forests measured as the amount and diversity of dead wood and saproxylic beetles
In many managed landscapes, low-productive land comprises most of the remaining relatively untouched areas, and is often over-represented within protected areas. The relationship between the productivity and conservational value of a site is poorly known; however, it has been hypothesized that biodiversity increases with productivity due to higher resource abundance or heterogeneity, and that the species communities of low-productive land are a nested sub-set of communities from more productive land. We tested these hypotheses for dead wood-dependent beetles by comparing their species richness and composition, as well as the amount and diversity of dead wood, between low-productive (potential forest growth < 1 m3 ha-1 year-1) and productive Scots pine-dominated stands in Sweden. We included four stand types: stands situated on (i) thin soils and (ii) mires (both low-productive), (iii) managed stands, and (iv) unmanaged stands set aside for conservation purposes (both productive). Beetle species richness and number of red-listed species were highest in the productive set-asides. Species richness was positively correlated with the volume and diversity of dead wood, but volume appeared to be a better predictor than diversity for the higher species richness in set-asides. Beetle species composition was similar among stand types, and the assemblages in low-productive stands were largely subsets of those in productive set-asides. However, 11% of all species and 40% of red-listed species only occurred in productive stands, while no species were unique to low-productive stands. We conclude that low-productive forests are less valuable for conservation than productive forest land. Given the generally similar species composition among stand types, a comparable conservational effect could be obtained by setting aside a larger area of low-productive forest in comparison to the productive. In terms of dead wood volumes, 1.8–3.6 ha of low-productive forest has the same value as 1 ha of unmanaged productive forest. This figure can be used to estimate the conservation value of low productive forests; however, as productive forests harbored some unique species, they are not completely exchangeable.
Data from: Priority effects of early successional insects influence late successional fungi in dead wood
Community assembly is an integral process in all ecosystems, producing patterns of species distributions, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning. Environmental filters and colonization history govern the assembly process, but their relative importance varies depending on the study system. Dead wood decomposition is a slow process, allowing decomposer communities to develop within a slowly changing substrate for decades. Despite this, there are few long-term studies of priority effects from colonization history in this ecosystem. In this study, we investigate the importance of insects in early succession of dead wood on the fungal community present one decade later. Sixty aspen trees were killed in two study landscapes, each tree producing one aspen high stump and log. Insects were sampled with flight interception traps during the first 4 years after tree death, and fungal fruiting bodies were registered in year twelve. We found positive priority effects of two fungivorous beetles, the sap beetle Glischrochilus quadripunctatus and the round fungus beetle Agathidium nigripenne, on the Artist's bracket (Ganoderma applanatum) and a positive priority effect of wood-boring beetles on the ascomycete Yellow fairy cup (Bisporella citrina). The Aspen bracket (Phellinus tremulae) did not respond to insects in early succession of the dead wood. Our results suggest that early successional insects can have significant, long-lasting effects on the late successional fungal community in dead wood. Also, the effect can be specific, with one fungus species depending on one or a few fungivorous beetle species. This has implications for decomposition and biodiversity in dead wood, as loss of early colonizing beetles may also affect the successional pathways they seem to initiate.
Blast output from: Lost in dead wood? Environmental DNA sequencing from dead wood shows little signs of saproxylic beetles
<p>eDNA metabarcoding has become a standard method for assessing wood-inhabiting fungi and bacteria, yet determination of dead-wood-inhabiting beetles still relies on time-consuming collection of beetle specimens. We thus tested whether beetle species can be identified by eDNA sequencing of wood in a mesocosm experiment that manipulated species assemblages. Dead wood samples were taken at exit holes of beetles and DNA was extracted and analyzed using two comparative methods: (i) metabarcoding with standard arthropod primers (421 bp) and (ii) using short species-specific primers (120-264 bp) with Sanger sequencing. Results showed that beetle DNA was amplified by each of the two approaches, however, with (i) we detected only one non-target saproxylic beetle species. In addition, we identified 80 different OTUs with four non-targeted species of arthropods. For (ii) we detected the targeted species in two fresh beetle exit holes out of 20 samples. We suggest that, in contrast to fungi and bacteria, this eDNA metabarcoding approach is not able to reliably detect saproxylic beetles from wood samples, likely due to rapid degradation of their target DNA. Adapting such an approach for large scale analyses thus requires a better knowledge of degradation processes affecting DNA quality and quantity in wood.</p>
FIGURE 5 in Phylogenetic placement of a new species of Corynesporopsis from dead acacia wood indicates occurrence of tretic conidiogenesis within Xylariales
FIGURE 5. Bispora betulina, conidiophores and conidia. a. From natural wood substrate (IMI 78573, K). Scale bar = 10 μm. b. From agar plate culture (IMI 96728, K). Scale bar = 20 μm.
FIGURE 2. Corynesporopsis acaciae. a in Phylogenetic placement of a new species of Corynesporopsis from dead acacia wood indicates occurrence of tretic conidiogenesis within Xylariales
FIGURE 2. Corynesporopsis acaciae. a. Habitat formed by stump of Acacia confusa at type locality. b. Ex-type culture on corn meal agar with red pigment diffusing from the dark brown colony.
FIGURE 4. Corynesporopsis quercicola. a, b. Conidiophores and conidia. c in Phylogenetic placement of a new species of Corynesporopsis from dead acacia wood indicates occurrence of tretic conidiogenesis within Xylariales
FIGURE 4. Corynesporopsis quercicola. a, b. Conidiophores and conidia. c. Young conidium emerging from apical pore of the terminal conidiogenous cell. d, e. Catenate conidia. Scale bars = 20 μm.
FIGURE 1 in Phylogenetic placement of a new species of Corynesporopsis from dead acacia wood indicates occurrence of tretic conidiogenesis within Xylariales
FIGURE 1. Maximum Likelihood tree showing estimated relationships of Corynesporopsis acaciae among Xylariales and some other orders of Sordariomycetes based on 5.8S-ITS and LSU rDNA sequences. Bootstrap values above 50% (1,000 replicates) are indicated at the nodes. The tree was rooted with the clade representing Hypocreales (Claviceps purpurea and Nectria cinnabarina).
FIGURE 3. Corynesporopsis acaciae, microscopic characteristics. a. Conidiophores and conidia from the holotype. b. Conidiophores from another, overmature specimen. c in Phylogenetic placement of a new species of Corynesporopsis from dead acacia wood indicates occurrence of tretic conidiogenesis within Xylariales
FIGURE 3. Corynesporopsis acaciae, microscopic characteristics. a. Conidiophores and conidia from the holotype. b. Conidiophores from another, overmature specimen. c. Conidiophores from the ex-type culture shown in 2b. Scale bars: c, d, e = 10 μm.
Dead wood diversity promotes fungal diversity
<p>Dead wood is a source of life as it provides habitat and substrate for a wide range of fungal species. A growing number of studies show an important role of wood quality for fungal diversity, but in most cases for a limited number of wood traits or tree species. In this study, we evaluate how abiotic and biotic factors affect the fungal diversity and composition during dead wood decomposition. For 10 common European tree species, fresh similar-sized logs were incubated simultaneously in two Dutch forests. Annual surveys of fungal fruiting bodies were made for an 8-year period. For each tree species, 20 fresh stem traits were measured that are important for chemical and physical defence and for nutritional quality. Throughout 8 years, 4,644 fruiting bodies belonging to 255 species and 90 genera were recorded on the logs of 10 tree species. Fungal frequency and richness were higher for Angiosperms than for Gymnosperms, both for individual tree species and as a group, and higher for tree species with more acquisitive stem trait strategies (i.e., high nutritional value and low physical defence). Differences in fungal communities were strongly driven by phylogenetic group (Gymnosperms vs. Angiosperms), stem traits, decay time and forest sites, together explaining 23% of the variation. Fungal communities in sandy site diverged early in the decay process but converged later because of substrate homogenization. Of the 128 fungal species included in the analyses, 41% showed a preference for specific tree species and 34% for a specific successional year. In conclusion, dead wood quality, determined by tree species and decay stage, is an important driver of fungal diversity. For forest management, promoting a wide array of dead tree species (especially angiosperm species), a range of stem trait values and decay stages will increase fungal and, thereby, forest biodiversity.</p>
Blast output from: Lost in dead wood? Environmental DNA sequencing from dead wood shows little signs of saproxylic beetles
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Dead wood diversity promotes fungal diversity
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Data from: Conservation value of low-productive forests measured as the amount and diversity of dead wood and saproxylic beetles
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Data from: The downed and dead wood inventory of forests in the United States
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Data from: Priority effects of early successional insects influence late successional fungi in dead wood
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Data from: Impacts of dead-wood manipulation on the biodiversity of temperate and boreal forests - A systematic review
Dead wood (DW) provides critical habitat for thousands of species in forests, but its amount, quality and diversity have been heavily reduced by forestry. Therefore, interventions aiming to increase DW might be necessary to support its associated biodiversity, even in protected forests, which may be former production forests. Our aim was to synthesise the current state of knowledge drawn from replicated experimental studies into solid quantitative evidence of the effects of DW manipulation on forest biodiversity, with a focus on protected forests. We conducted a full systematic review of effects of DW manipulation on forest biodiversity in boreal and temperate regions. We included three intervention types: creation of DW from live trees at the site, addition of DW from outside the site, and prescribed burning. Outcomes included abundance and species richness of saproxylic insects, ground insects, wood‐inhabiting fungi, lichens, reptiles and cavity‐nesting birds. In total, we included 91 studies, 37 of which were used in meta‐analyses. Although meta‐analysis outcomes were heterogeneous, they showed that increasing the amount of DW ("DW enrichment") has positive effects on the abundance and richness of saproxylic insects and fungi. The positive effect on saproxylic pest insect abundance tended to be less than that on saproxylic insects in general. No significant effects were found for ground insects or cavity‐nesting birds. Although reviewed studies were mainly short‐term, our results support that management that increases DW amounts has the potential to increase the abundance of DW‐dependent species and, in most cases, also their species richness. Studies of burning showed positive effects on the abundance of saproxylic insects similar to those of other interventions, even though burning on average resulted in a smaller enrichment of DW amounts. Policy implications. The findings of the review suggest that manipulating dead wood can be an effective part of conservation management to support biodiversity in protected areas. The findings also indicate that the diversity of dead‐wood types is important, a mix of dead‐wood qualities should be favoured. Burning seems to be an effective method to increase biodiversity but to benefit cavity‐nesting birds, snag losses need to be minimised.
Data from: Impacts of dead-wood manipulation on the biodiversity of temperate and boreal forests - A systematic review
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