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77 results for “ecomorphological data”
Data from: Adaptive processes drive ecomorphological convergent evolution in antwrens (Thamnophilidae)
Phylogenetic niche conservatism and convergence are contrasting evolutionary patterns that describe phenotypic similarity across independent lineages. Assessing whether and how adaptive processes give origin to these patterns represent a fundamental step toward understanding phenotypic evolution. Phylogenetic model-based approaches offer the opportunity not only to distinguish between phylogenetic niche conservatism and convergence, but also to determine the extent that adaptive processes explain phenotypic similarity. The Myrmotherula complex in the Neotropical family Thamnophilidae is a polyphyletic group of sexually dimorphic small insectivorous forest birds that are relatively homogeneous in size and shape. Here, we integrate a comprehensive species-level molecular phylogeny of the Myrmotherula complex with morphometric and ecological data within a comparative framework to test whether phenotypic similarity is described by a pattern of phylogenetic niche conservatism or convergence, and to identify evolutionary mechanisms underlying body size and shape evolution. We show that antwrens in the Myrmotherula complex represent distantly related clades that exhibit adaptive convergent evolution in body size and divergent evolution in body shape. Phenotypic similarity in the group is primarily driven by their tendency to converge toward smaller body sizes. Differences in body size and shape across lineages are associated to ecological and behavioral factors.
Data from: Ecomorphological adaptation in three mudskippers (Teleostei: Gobioidei: Gobiidae) from the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman
We hypothesise that the body shapes of three mudskipper species (Boleophthalmus dussumieri, Periophthalmus waltoni, and Scartelaos tenuis) are ecomorphological adaptations to different epi- and infaunal habitats. We investigated: (i) the association between burrow density and selected ecological variables; (ii) the phylogenetic relationships among these species, based on two mtDNA and one nDNA markers; (iii) their geometric morphometrics and ancestral shape reconstructions, based on two-dimensional landmark configurations; and (iv) their body surface-to-volume ratios (SAV), based on a geometric model. Boleophthalmus dussumieri and S. tenuis are more closely related, and more elongated than P. waltoni; the body of S. tenuis also has a higher SAV, and its elongated shape appears to be a divergent trait. P. waltoni is found in a wide range of conditions, including vegetated habitats; B. dussumieri is associated with low-energy conditions and fine unvegetated deposits; and S. tenuis is associated with high-energy conditions and coarser, non-cohesive sediments. These results suggest that body elongation in Scartelaos species is a divergent locomotory adaptation to marine habitats characterised by semi-liquid and less cohesive sediments. The more compact body shape of Periophthalmus species is hypothesised to have evolved from a gobionelline ancestor, and is proposed to be a preadaptation to subaerial locomotion in semi-terrestrial habitats.
Data from: Ecomorphological determinations in the absence of living analogs: the predatory behavior of the marsupial lion (Thylacoleo carnifex) as revealed by elbow-joint morphology
Thylacoleo carnifex, or the "pouched lion" (Mammalia: Marsupialia: Diprotodontia: Thylacoleonidae) was a carnivorous marsupial that inhabited Australia during the Pleistocene. Although today all authors agree that Thylacoleo had a hypercarnivorous diet, the way in which it killed its prey remains uncertain. Here we use geometric morphometrics to capture the shape of the elbow joint (i.e., the posterior articular surface of the distal humerus) in a wide sample of extant mammals of known behavior to determine how elbow anatomy reflects forearm use. We then employ this information to investigate the predatory behavior of Thylacoleo. A Principal Components Analysis indicates that Thylacoleo is the only carnivorous mammal to cluster with extant taxa that have an extreme degree of forearm maneuverability, such as primates and arboreal xenarthrans (pilosans). A Canonical Variates Analysis confirms that Thylacoleo had forearm maneuverability intermediate between wombats (terrestrial) and arboreal mammals, and a much greater degree of maneuverability than any living carnivoran placental. A Linear Discriminant Analysis computed to separate the elbow morphology of arboreal mammals from terrestrial ones shows that Thylacoleo was primarily terrestrial but with some climbing abilities. We infer from our results that Thylacoleo used its forelimbs for grasping or manipulating prey to much higher degree than its supposed extant placental counterpart, the African lion (Panthera leo). The use of the large and retractable claw on the semi-opposable thumb of Thylacoleo for potentially slashing and disemboweling prey is discussed in the light of this new evidence.
Data from: Ecomorphological convergence in Eleutherodactylus frogs: a case of replicate radiations in the Caribbean
Replicate radiations, the repeated multiplication of species associated with ecological divergence, have attracted much attention and generated as much debate. Due to the few well‐studied cases, it remains unclear whether replicate radiations are an exceptional result of evolution or a relatively common example of the power of adaptation by natural selection. We examined the case of Eleutherodactylus frogs, which radiated in the Caribbean islands resulting in more than 160 species that occupy very diverse habitats. A time‐calibrated phylogeny revealed that these frogs independently diversified on all larger islands producing species that occupy a broad range of microhabitats in different islands. Using phylogenetic comparative methods, we found an association between morphological traits and particular microhabitats, and for most microhabitats detected significant morphological convergence. Our results indicate Caribbean Eleutherodactylus are a novel example of replicate radiations, and highlight the predictability of evolutionary processes, as similar ecological opportunities can lead to similar outcomes.
Data from: Ecomorphology of the African felid ensemble: the role of the skull and postcranium in determining species segregation and assembling history
Morphology of extant felids is regarded as highly conservative. Most previous studies have focussed on skull morphology, so a vacuum exists about morphofunctional variation in postcranium and its role in structuring ensembles of felids in different continents. The African felid ensemble is particularly rich in ecologically specialized felids. We studied the ecomorphology of this ensemble using 31 cranial and 93 postcranial morphometric variables measured in 49 specimens of all 10 African species. We took a multivariate approach controlling for phylogeny, with and without body size correction. Postcranial and skull + postcranial analyses (but not skull-only analyses) allowed for a complete segregation of species in morphospace. Morphofunctional factors segregating species included body size, bite force, zeugopodial lengths and osteological features related to parasagittal leg movement. A general gradient of bodily proportions was recovered: lightly built, long-legged felids with small heads and weak bite forces vs. the opposite. Three loose groups were recognized: small terrestrial felids, mid-to-large sized scansorial felids and specialized Acinonyx jubatus and Leptailurus serval. As predicted from a previous study, the assembling of the African felid ensemble during the Plio-Pleistocene occurred by the arrival of distinct felid lineages that occupied then vacant areas of morphospace, later diversifying in the continent.
Figure 15 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)
Figure 15. Biology and morphology of Liogma brevipecten. (A) Final-instar larva, dorsolateral view. (B) Prothoracic integument sheltering the head capsule, frontal view. (C) Spinules on a dorsal lobe, dorsolateral view; for ultrastructure, see Fig. 6F. (D) Tracheal branches inserted into a lateral lobe. (E) First-instar larva, lateral view. (F) Female laying an egg onto the abaxial side of a leaf of Bryhnia novae-angliae (Brachytheciaceae). Scale = 1 mm.
Figure 16 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)
Figure 16. Biology and morphology of Liogma mikado, L. nodicornis, L. serraticornis. (A–C) L. mikado. (A) Late-instar larva, lateral view. (B) First-instar larva (scale = 0.5 mm). (C) Early-instar larva on a tuft of Plagiothecium euryphyllum (Plagiotheciaceae). (D) Late-instar larva of L. nodicornis, feeding on Plagiomnium ciliare (Mniaceae). (E–I) L. serraticornis. (E) Late-instar larvae with green hue, feeding on Plagiomnium vesicatum (Mniaceae). (F) Late-instar larvae with brown hue feeding on Mnium lycopodioides (Mniaceae), found in the same population as the individual shown in (B). (G) Habitus of lateinstar, dorsal view; mesoand metathoracic segments are entirely dark and inverted Y-shaped pattern is evident in abdominal segments I–VII. (H) Characters of head. (I) Characters of anal segment. Black arrows indicate papilla-like, anterior pair of the ventral lobes. Abbreviations: anp, anal papilla; dl, dorsal lobe; pr, pronotal ridge; vl, ventral lobe. Scale (except B) = 1 mm.
Figure 14 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)
Figure 14. Biology and morphology of Diogma glabrata. (A) Final instar larva of D. glabrata. (B) Later-instar larva feeding on Bryhnia cf. tenerrima (Brachytheciaceae). (C) Characters of anal segment. Abbreviations: dl, dorsal lobe; dm, dorsomedial lobe; vl, ventral lobe. Scale = 1 mm.
Figure 9 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)
Figure 9. Histological characterisation of internal structure of anal segment of Liogma brevipecten at first instar, in crosssection. Selected cross-sections of anal segment from anterior (A) to posterior (D), showing spiracular field and surroundings. Black arrowheads denote intrinsic muscles of lateral lobes. Abbreviations: anp, anal papilla; at, atrium chamber; re, rectum; stg, stigmal ring. Scale = 50 µm.
Figure 13 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)
Figure 13. Ultrastructure of Cylindrotoma japonica final-instar larva, SEM views. (A) larval head loaded with a mass of secretion (presumably silk material); secretion is reticulated and entirely conceals the head capsule but a small, circular opening is present near the centre (white arrowhead), which leads to the mouth underneath. (B) Close-up view of a secretion mass, which provides a cap for the head capsule, revealing delicate reticulated threads. Bright flaring is due to sample charge. (C) Isolated threads of the ventral thoracic segment; note that the diameter is greater than that of head part threads in image B. (D) Ventral lobe on abdominal segment VII, in which the cuticular surface is worn out due to abrasion. Scales as shown in each image.
Figure 6 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)
Figure 6. Comparative morphology of dorsal elongated cuticular appendages on abdominal segment in cylindrotomine larvae at late instar. (A) Cylindrotoma japonica. (B) Diogma glabrata. (C) Liogma brevipecten. (D) L. mikado. (E) L. nodicornis. (F) L. serraticornis. (G) Triogma kuwanai. (H) Phalacrocera replicata. For C, E and H, body colour is faded away due to preservation in alcohol. Scale = 1 mm.
Figure 5 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)
Figure 5. Schematic diagram illustrating diverse arrangements and numbers of the elongated cuticular lobes in 11 cylindrotomine species. Each diagram represents a simplified larval body, longitudinally grouped into six, based on the patterned arrangements of the lobes: (1) prothorax, (2) meso- and metathorax, (3) abdominal segment I, (4) abdominal segment II, (5) abdominal segments III–VII, and (6) abdominal segment VIII (anal segment). Each square partitioned by double lines in a row denotes the integument on the dorsal (dl), lateral (la), ventral (vl) sides of the corresponding segment(s). Each black dot symbolizes a cuticular lobe, of which position/size in a given space express the relative position/size of the lobe. Anal papillae are not shown. Lobe forms, auxiliary outgrowths, and relative length of segments are not shown here (see each species' own description). Each taxon name is abbreviated. For G and I, diagrams are based on the description in Brodo (1967) and Peus (1952), respectively; caution is needed when these are compared with the species examined herein (A–F, I–K), because the lobe characteristics could be treated differently in the previous studies. For K, a single lobe is present at the location of asterisk (*) only in the abdominal segment VII but not in the other segments.
Figure 18 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)
Figure 18. Biology and structures of Phalacrocera replicata and P. tipulina. (A–B) P. replicata. (A) Specimen of lateinstar larva preserved in alcohol, dorsal view. (B) Characteristic lobes in anal segment, lateral view. (C–I) P. tipulina. (C) Specimen preserved in alcohol. (D) Late-instar larva curling its posterior body anchored with anal segment the Sphagnum mosses. (E) Late-instar larva floating near water surface with ventral side up, anchoring its mandibles to a moss shoot. (F) Morphological features of anal segment, oblique lateral view. (G) Ultrastructure of ventral lobe in anal segment, SEM view. (H) Ultrastructure of accessory dorsal lobe, SEM view. Abbreviations: anp, anal papilla; dac, accessory dorsal lobe; dl, dorsal lobe; dm, dorsomedial lobe; spd, spiracular disc; vl, ventral lobe. Scale (except G and H) = 1 mm.
Figure 4 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)
Figure 4. Coloration and patterning of larval Cylindrotominae. (A) Dissected integuments of larvae with a green hue of L. brevipecten (left) and L. mikado (right). Note that there is a marked difference in integument colouration between them and that L. mikado has a yellowish tint. (B) Final-instar larva of Cylindrotoma japonica drowned in a wet spot on a leaf. The transparency of the integument is evident, with a shiny, silvery ventral side. (C–D) Colour dimorphism in Liogma mikado. (C) Late-instar larva of Liogma mikado with a green hue, blending in well in a tuft of Plagiothecium euryphyllum (Plagiotheciaceae). (D) Late-instar individual with a brown hue, occurring on the same moss patch as (C).
Figure 7 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)
Figure 7. Ultrastructure of dorsal integument, SEM views. Dorsal integument with elongated cuticular lobes of abdominal segment at larval stage. Cylindrotoma japonica (A–C). (A) General dorsal integument. (B) Dorsal elongated lobe. (C) Ditto, closer view. Liogma brevipecten (D–F). (D) General dorsal integument. (E) Dorsal elongated lobe, lateral side. (F) Ditto, frontal side. Phalacrocera tipulina (G–I). (G) General dorsal integument to which diatoms and debris are sparsely attached. (H) Ditto, closer view. (I) Dorsal elongated lobe. Scales are shown in each image.
Figure 2 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)
Figure 2. Eggs of Cylindrotominae (Cylindrotomidae). (A) Liogma brevipecten, dorsal (left) and ventral sides (right); micropyle at the distal end (black arrowhead) and possess a lateral adhesive region (white arrowhead). (B) Liogma brevipecten on the lower side of a liverwort thallus of Conocephalum conicum (Conocephalaceae). (C) Triogma kuwanai, on a dicot shoot. Scale = 500 µm.
Figure 1 in Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)
Figure 1. Life history of Cylindrotominae. (A) First-instar larva of Triogma kuwanai consuming fluid within a leaf of Plagiomnium vesicatum (Mniaceae), dorsal view; cells devoid of chlorophyll (black arrowheads) indicate the piercing-andsucking feeding method. (B) Final-instar larva of Liogma brevipecten chewing a leaf margin of Rhizomnium tuomikoskii (Mniaceae), lateral view; note that the head capsule is fully retracted within the lip-like cuticular lobe. (C) Pupa of Liogma brevipecten with a green hue and displaying transverse black stripes in abdominal segments, dorsal view. (D) Copulating couple of Liogma mikado on moss tufts; the female, on the left, was dragged out of the pupal exuvium by the male and thus the body has not been completely sclerotised. (E) Leaf of Stellaria (Caryophyllaceae) with two characteristic incisions in the epidermis of the lower leaf surface (white arrowheads) due to endophytic oviposition; the eggs are absent. (F) Egg of L. mikado laid on a shoot of Hylocomnium splendens (Hylocomniaceae). (G) Larva of C. japonica, which is being preyed upon by what is presumably a third-instar nymph of Himacerus apterus (Hemiptera: Nabidae). Scale = 1 mm.
Data from: Computational Modeling of Gluteus Medius Muscle Moment Arm in Caviomorph Rodents Reveals Ecomorphological Specializations
<p>The data stored in this repository allow the reproduction of the study described in the following. Vertebrate musculoskeletal locomotion is realized through lever-arm systems. The instantaneous muscle moment arm (IMMA), which is expected to be under selective pressure and thus of interest for ecomorphological studies, is a key aspect of these systems. The IMMA changes with joint motion and its length change is technically difficult to acquire—usually, proxies such as osteological in-levers are used instead—and has not been compared in a larger phylogenetic ecomorphology framework, yet. We used 18 species of the ecologically diverse clade of caviomorph rodents to test whether its diversity is reflected in the IMMA of the hip extensor M. gluteus medius. A large IMMA is beneficial for torque generation; a small IMMA facilitates fast joint excursion. We expected large IMMAs in scansorial species, small IMMAs in fossorial species, and somewhat intermediate IMMAs in cursorial species, depending on the relative importance of acceleration and joint angular velocity. We modelled the IMMA over the entire range of possible hip extensions and applied macroevolutionary model comparison to selected joint poses. We also obtained the osteological in-lever of the M. gluteus medius to compare it to the IMMA. At small hip extension, the IMMA was largest on average in scansorial species, while the other two lifestyles were similar. We interpret this as an emphasized need for increased hip joint torque when climbing on inclines, especially in a crouched posture. Cursorial species might benefit from a fast joint excursion, but their similarity with the fossorial species is difficult to interpret and could hint at ecological similarities. At larger extension angles, cursorial species displayed the second-largest IMMAs after scansorial species. The larger IMMA optimum results in powerful hip extension which coincides with forward acceleration at late stance beneficial for climbing, jumping, and escaping predators. This might be less relevant for a fossorial lifestyle. The results of the in-lever only matched the IMMA results of larger hip extension angles, suggesting that the modelling of the IMMA provides more nuanced insights into adaptations of musculoskeletal lever arm systems than this osteological proxy.</p>
Data from: Postcrania of Borealestes (Mammaliformes: Docodonta) and the emergence of ecomorphological diversity in early mammals
<p>The Middle Jurassic witnessed the early diversification of mammal groups, including the stem-mammalian clade, Docodonta. Recent discoveries in China indicate docodontans exhibited ecomorphological diversity akin to small-bodied mammals living >100 million years later, in the Cenozoic. Our understanding of the emergence of this ecological diversity is hindered by a lack of Middle Jurassic fossil material from other parts of the world. The two partial postcranial skeletons of <i>Borealestes</i> described here come from the Kilmaluag Formation, Scotland. These are the most complete Mesozoic mammaliaform skeletons currently known from the UK, and among the best preserved in Europe. As an early member of Docodonta, <i>Borealestes</i> provides key anatomical information for understanding the clade's evolution, and the emergence of mammaliaform ecomorphological diversity. Using digital reconstructions from micro-CT and synchrotron scans, we describe the postcranial anatomy of <i>Borealestes</i> and provide an updated phylogenetic analysis incorporating cranial and postcranial characters. We find <i>Borealestes </i>species form a sister group to a clade comprising <i>Agilodocodon </i>and<i> Microdocodon</i>. To complement observational analyses of the skeleton, we carry out principle components analyses using 3D landmarks on a comparative dataset of 42 extant mammal taxa. Our results indicate <i>Borealestes </i>lacked specialisations for derived locomotor behaviour. We detect some similarity in the humerus between <i>Borealestes</i> and <i>Ornithorhynchus</i>. <i>Borealestes</i> is morphologically intermediate between the robust morphology of fossorial and semi-fossorial/semi-aquatic <i>Haldanodon </i>and <i>Docofossor</i>, and the gracile morphology for scansorial <i>Agilodocodon </i>and <i>Microdocodon</i>. We suggest ecological diversity in Docodonta may arise from an unspecialised basal bauplan, of which <i>Borealestes </i>may be representative.</p>
Data for Patterns of ontogenetic evolution across extant marsupials reflect different allometric pathways to ecomorphological diversity
<p>Data associated with: Wilson LAB, López-Aguirre C, Archer M, Hand SJ, Flores D, Abdala F, Giannini NP. 2023. Patterns of ontogenetic evolution across extant marsupials reflect different allometric pathways to ecomorphological diversity. Nature Communications</p>
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