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66 results for “elevational diversity gradient”
Phylogenetic α- and β-diversities jointly reveal leaf-litter ant community assembly mechanisms along a tropical elevational gradient
<p>This study was conducted along the eastern slope of the Cofre de Perote mountain, in Veracruz, Mexico. This region is located at the junction of the Trans-Mexican volcanic belt and the Sierra Madre Oriental. We selected eight study sites spanning an elevational gradient of 3500 meters of altitude. Regardless of the geographical distance, all sites were systematically separated with an elevational difference of 500 meters on average between each other. We placed our study sites at the following elevations above sea level: 30-50 m, 610-670 m, 900-1010 m, 1470-1650 m, 2020-2230 m, 2470-2600 m, 3070-3160 m and 3480-3540 m, however, for simplicity, we will refer to each site as discrete units (i.e. 0, 600, 1000, 1500, 2100, 2500, 3100, 3500 m).</p> <p>Sampling sites were old-growth forests characterized by no obvious forest use and highly dominance of mature forests, except in the case of the lowest site (i.e., La Mancha), where most of its original vegetation has been transformed. To overcome the effect of perturbation in the studied patterns, we sampled La Mancha in a secondary forest with up to 30 years of regeneration. All sampling sites were closed-canopy forests in which a leaf-litter layer could be guaranteed. During the rainy season (July-September) of 2018 one 300-m transversal transect was located at each one of the eight study locations where we established 10 equidistantly sampling points (i.e., 30 meters between each other). Two independent 1-m2 samples were taken perpendicularly to each sampling point: one 10 meters on the right side and the other 10 meters from the left side. This procedure was repeated in a second transect placed during the dry season (March-May) of 2019 to increase community characterization as well as reduce any seasonality effect on our diversity patterns. Transects within an elevational site were separated at least 1 km away from each other. Thus, we obtained 320 m<sup>2</sup> leaf-litter samples characterized the whole mountain (8 study sites x 20 m<sup>2 </sup>per transect x 2 transects = 320 m<sup>2</sup>). In each 1-m<sup>2</sup> quadrat, we collected the leaf litter inside and sifted it through a coarse mesh screen of 1-cm grid size to remove the largest fragments and concentrate the fine litter. The concentrated fine litter from each sample was suspended in independent mini-Winkler sacks for 3 days in the laboratory. Falling arthropods were collected into a container with 95% ethanol. Ant workers were removed from each container for identification. When possible, specimens were identified at the species level. If not, we assigned a morphospecies number.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Phylogenetic tree constructions</strong></p> <p>Ideally, one would use a complete, species-level phylogeny of all ant species present in your study area to calculate phylogenetic diversity, yet our current understanding of ant relationships is still limited. As an alternative, we built a genus-level phylogeny based on the tree by Moreau & Bell, (2013), but using the phylogenetic relationships and divergence times within Myrmicinae from Ward et al. (2015). This phylogeny was then pruned to keep only a single species per genus to generate a genus-level phylogeny. To maximize taxonomic coverage, we replaced genera that were missing from those studies by closely-related lineages that were not present in our dataset using other phylogenetic studies (Borowiec, 2016; Lapolla et al., 2010; Schmidt & Shattuck, 2014). We then used the list of species (Supporting Information Table S1) in our dataset to simulate a species-level phylogeny in which the relationships within genera were obtained from a Yule (pure-birth) process using the <em>genus.to.species.tree</em> function in the “phytools” package (Revell, 2012). A total of 1000 simulated trees were obtained to account for phylogenetic uncertainty [see Arnan et al. (2018) and Divieso et al. (2020) for similar approach]. Additionally, we constructed a maximum clade credibility tree (hereafter MCC tree) which was used to summarize the uncertainty of the 1000 simulated trees. The MCC tree was constructed from the sample of the 1000 trees with the <em>maxCladeCred</em> function incorporated in the “ape” package (Paradis et al., 2019). Both the 1000 hypothetical trees and the MCC tree were used in downstream analyses (Supporting Information Fig. 1).</p>
Changes in community-weighted trait mean, functional diversity, soil chemical properties and temperature along an elevational gradient in Tenerife, Canary Islands
<p>This dataset comprises community-weighted trait means and functional diversity of leaf traits, chemical soil properties and temperature recorded in roadside (disturbed) and interior (less disturbed) plots, along an elevational gradient of 2,300 m in Tenerife, Canary Islands. The leaf traits measured were specific leaf area (SLA), nitrogen, nitrogen to phosphorus ratio, leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and carbon to phosphorus ratio. The soil chemical properties measured were pH, nitrogen, nitrogen to phosphorus ratio, carbon to phosphorus ratio, calcium, potassium, magnesium and cation exchange capacity. Also the scores of the three first axes derived from a PCA analysis including the soil chemical properties are included. The temperature variables consist of bioclimatic variables Bio10 (mean temperature of the warmest quarter) and Bio11 (mean temperature of the coldest quarter). This dataset has been used for the analysis presented in Ratier Backes et al. (2021).</p>
Assessment of the stream invertebrate β-diversity along an elevation gradient using a bidimensional null model analysis
<p><strong>Aim:</strong> β-Diversity, commonly defined as the compositional variation among localities that links local diversity (α‐diversity) and regional diversity (γ‐diversity), can arise from two different ecological phenomena, namely the spatial species turnover (i.e. species replacement) and the nestedness of assemblages (i.e. species loss). However, any assessment that does not account for stochasticity in community assembly could be biased and misinform conservation management. In this study, we aimed to provide a better understanding of the overall ecological phenomena underlying stream β-diversity along elevation gradients, and at contributing to the rich debate on null model approaches to identify non-random patterns in the distribution of taxa.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> Swiss Alpine region.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> Based on presence-absence data of 78 stream invertebrate families from 309 sites, we analyzed the effect size of non-random spatial distribution of stream invertebrates on the β-diversity and its two components (i.e. turnover and nestedness). We used a modelling framework that allows exploring the complete range of existing algorithm sused in null model analysis, and to assess how distribution patterns vary according to an array of possible ecological assumptions.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Overall, the turnover of stream invertebrates and the nestedness of assemblages were significantly lower and higher, respectively, than the ones expected by chance. This pattern increased with elevation, and the consistent trend observed along the altitudinal gradient, even in the most conservative analysis, strengthened our findings.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions:</strong> Our study suggests that deterministic distribution of stream invertebrates in the Swiss Alpine region is significantly driven by differential dispersal capacity and environmental stress gradients. As long as the ecological assumptions for constructing the null models and their implications are acknowledged, we believe that they still represent useful tools to measure the effect size of non-random spatial distribution of taxa on β-diversity.</p>
Genetic diversity and differentiation of populations of Anthyllis vulneraria along elevational and latitudinal gradients
<p>The abundant centre model (ACM) predicts that the suitability of environmental conditions for a species decreases from the centre of its distribution towards its range periphery and consequently its populations will become scarcer, smaller and more isolated, resulting in lower genetic diversity and increased differentiation. However, little is known about whether genetic diversity shows similar patterns along elevational and latitudinal gradients with similar changes in important environmental conditions. Using microsatellite markers we studied the genetic diversity and structure of 20 populations each of <em>Anthyllis vulneraria </em>along elevational gradients in the Alps from the valleys to the elevational limit (2500 m), and along a latitudinal gradient (2500 km) from Central Europe to the range margin in northern Scandinavia. Both types of gradients corresponded to a 11.5 °C difference in mean annual temperature. Genetic diversity strongly declined and differentiation increased with latitude in line with the predictions of the ACM. However, as population size did not decline with latitude and genetic diversity was not related to population size in <em>A. vulneraria</em>, this pattern is not likely to be due to less favourable conditions in the North, but due to serial founder effects during the post-glacial recolonization process. Genetic diversity was not related to elevation, but we found significant isolation by distance along both gradients, although the elevational gradient was shorter by orders of magnitude. Subarctic populations differed genetically from alpine populations indicating that the northern populations did not originate from high elevational Alpine ones. Our results support the notion that postglacial latitudinal colonization over large distances resulted in a larger loss of genetic diversity than elevational range shifts. The lack of genetic diversity in subarctic populations may threaten their long-term persistence in the face of climate change, whereas alpine populations could benefit from gene flow from low-elevation populations.</p>
Data_Changes in Tree Diversity, Structure and Functional Trait Identity Drive Biomass Increase along Elevational Gradients in Subtropical Forests of Southern China
<p>In this article "Changes in Tree Diversity, Structure and Functional Trait Identity Drive Biomass Increase along Elevational Gradients in Subtropical Forests of Southern China", these files contain community inventory data collected at our three study sites.</p>
An elevational phylogeographic diversity gradient in Neotropical birds is decoupled from speciation rates
<p>A key question about macroevolutionary speciation rates is whether they are controlled by microevolutionary processes operating at the population level. For example, does spatial variation in population genetic differentiation underlie geographical gradients in speciation rates? Previous work suggests speciation rates increase with elevation in Neotropical birds, but underlying population-level gradients remain unexplored. Here, we characterize elevational phylogeographic diversity between montane and lowland birds in the megadiverse Andes-Amazonian system and assess its relationship to speciation rates to evaluate the link between population-level differentiation and species-level diversification. We aggregated and georeferenced nearly 7000 mitochondrial DNA sequences across 103 species or species complexes in the Andes and Amazonia and used these sequences to describe phylogeographic differentiation across both regions. Our results show increased levels of both discrete and continuous metrics of population structure in the Andean mountains compared to the Amazonian lowlands. However, higher levels of population differentiation do not predict higher rates of speciation in our dataset. Multiple potential factors may lead to our observed decoupling of initial population divergence and speciation rates, including the ephemerality of incipient species and the multifaceted nature of the speciation process, as well as methodological challenges associated with estimating rates of population differentiation and speciation.</p>
The interacting effect of habitat amount, habitat diversity and fragmentation on insect diversity along elevational gradients.
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Local and regional diversity of frog communities along an extensive rainforest elevation gradient in Papua New Guinea
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Floral Color Diversity: How Are Signals Shaped by Elevational Gradient on the Tropical–Subtropical Mountainous Island of Taiwan?
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Changes in community-weighted trait mean, functional diversity, soil chemical properties and temperature along an elevational gradient in Tenerife, Canary Islands
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Assessment of the stream invertebrate β-diversity along an elevation gradient using a bidimensional null model analysis
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An elevational phylogeographic diversity gradient in Neotropical birds is decoupled from speciation rates
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Disentangling the effects of latitudinal and elevational gradients on bee, wasp, and ant diversity in an ancient Neotropical mountain range
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Micro- and macroclimate interactively shape diversity, niches, and traits of Orthoptera communities along elevational gradients
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Genetic diversity and differentiation of populations of Anthyllis vulneraria along elevational and latitudinal gradients
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Epiphytic bryophyte diversity and range distributions along an elevational gradient in Marojejy, Madagascar
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Forest microclimate as a driver of epiphytic bryophyte diversity along a subtropical elevational gradient
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Data from: Using functional and phylogenetic diversity to infer avian community assembly along elevational gradients
<p><strong>Aim </strong>We present the first global analysis of elevational gradients in functional and phylogenetic diversity of birds and test for signals of deterministic processes (i.e., environmental filtering and limiting similarity) in community assembly. Further, we examine for latitudinal effects in the strength of these processes.</p> <p><strong>Location </strong>Forty-six elevational gradients across the globe.</p> <p><strong>Time period </strong>Current (between 1924 and 2016)</p> <p><strong>Major taxa </strong>Birds.</p> <p><strong>Methods </strong>We systematically selected, compiled and analyzed published data on bird diversity along elevational gradients. For each gradient, we calculated functional and phylogenetic diversity across elevations and described the main patterns for each diversity metric. Then, we calculated standardized effect sizes (SES) of each metric and used these SES values to (1) test the signals of deterministic processes shaping assemblages across elevations and (2) to compare changes in within-mountain diversity, among mountains located at different latitudes.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong> Birds displayed eight different patterns of functional and phylogenetic diversity across elevations, but no global pattern of increase or decrease was found. There is, however, a consistent global pattern of phylogenetic clustering, with mountain species being more closely related to each other at any given elevation. Latitude had a significant effect on within-mountain changes in functional and phylogenetic diversity across elevations, with more negative slopes (stronger decline in diversity metrics with increasing elevation) in tropical mountains.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong> Our findings challenge the idea that the decline of functional and phylogenetic diversity with elevation is a general pattern, emphasizing the uniqueness of each mountain system. In spite of this great variability, we found a latitudinal effect in the patterns of within-mountain functional and phylogenetic dispersion of birds after controlling for effects of species richness. Environmental filtering, thus, may act differently in tropical and temperate mountains, and calls for more comparative studies on the mechanisms driving community assembly at different latitudes.</p>
Spider diversity across an elevation gradient in Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Costa Rica
<p>Throughout the Neotropics, temperature and precipitation change with elevation and these changes affect the assemblage of species at any particular elevation. We documented the diversity of litter-inhabiting spiders, (Arachnida: Araneae) along a Costa Rican elevational gradient as it relates to covarying abiotic factors such as temperature and precipitation. The spiders we collected were principally unidentifiable juveniles and so we used Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) derived from DNA barcodes as proxies for species-level interim names. We contrasted these taxon-based estimates with phylogenetic measures of alpha and beta diversity derived from both the mitochondrial DNA barcode region and a multi-gene phylogeny of spiders and found that neither the abundance nor the species-richness of spiders was significantly correlated with elevation, temperature or precipitation. However, we did find that spider assemblages in the upper elevation cloud forests were phylogenetically clustered, (and this pattern was unrelated to whether the phylogenetic patterns were derived mitochondrially or from a multi-gene analysis). One standard explanation for such a pattern is that harsh abiotic conditions in higher elevation forests have selected for particular spider lineages however this remains to be tested fully. The diversity of leaf-litter spider species we uncovered was high and further sampling of spider abundance and diversity across the ACG is likely to yield many new species.</p>
Data from: Patterns of taxonomic and functional diversity of termites along a tropical elevational gradient
Patterns of termite richness along elevation gradients may be related to different responses by termite functional groups to changes in environmental conditions. We investigated the distribution of termite species richness along an elevational gradient of cerrado and rupestrian grasslands in the Espinhaço Mountain Range, in Brazil. Fifty termite species were recorded, with the family Termitidae being dominant; 16 species are endemic to open areas of cerrado and 1 species, Cortaritermes rizzinii, is endemic and restricted to mountaintop grassland habitats. Termite richness declined with increasing elevation, with the main factors associated with the reduction being climactic (air temperature, air and soil humidity, and radiation) and vegetation variables. Different termite communities were found along the elevational gradient, which were also strongly influenced by changes in climate and vegetation. On the other hand, the same functional groups were present at the different elevations, although represented by different species.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.