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54 results for “emigration”
Data from: Distinguishing distribution dynamics from temporary emigration using dynamic occupancy models
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Extinction debt in local habitats: quantifying the roles of random drift, immigration, and emigration
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Data from: Altitude sickness in pollinators: Skyward emigration holds consequences for a native bee
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International emigration of Spaniards 2008 - 2018, a data visualization
<p>A visual presentation of data of International emigration of Spaniards 2008 - 2018. Adapted from the National Institute of Statistics of Spain (2020)</p>
Fig. 4 in Density dependent variation in the life history traits of mottled emigrant butterfly, Catopsilia pyranthe (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
Fig. 4. The variations (Mean ± SE) of density impact (DI) on different life history traits of C. pyranthe butterfly species under intraspecific competitions. Shaded bars represent ♀ while nonshaded bars represent ♂. The life history traits are shown in sequence as (a) age at pupation (AP, in days), (b) pupal weight (PW, in mg), (c) adult weight (AW, in mg), (d) adult length (AL, in mm), (e) forewing length (FWL, in mm), (f) forewing breadth (FWB, in mm), (g) hindwing length (HWL, in mm), and (h) hindwing breadth (HWB, in mm). Values less than zero indicates density impact. Рис. 4. Вариации (среднее ± SE) влиЯниЯ плотности (DI) на раЗличные приЗнаки жиЗненного цикла бабочек C. pyranthe в условиЯх внутривидовой конкуренции. ЗаШтрихованные столбцы представлЯют ♀, а неЗаШтрихованные столбцы представлЯют ♂. Параметры жиЗненного цикла покаЗаны в следуюЩей последовательности: (а) воЗраст окукливаниЯ (AP, в днЯх), (b) вес куколки (PW, в мг), (c) вес вЗрослой особи (AW, в мг), (d) вЗрослаЯ особь. длина (AL, в мм), (e) длина переднего крыла (FWL, в мм), (f) Ширина переднего крыла (FWB, в мм), (g) длина Заднего крыла (HWL, в мм) и (h) Ширина Заднего крыла (HWB, в мм). ЗначениЯ меньШе нулЯ укаЗывают на влиЯние плотности.
Fig. 2 in Density dependent variation in the life history traits of mottled emigrant butterfly, Catopsilia pyranthe (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
Fig. 2. The proportion of survivorship of C. pyranthe in different initial larval rearing density (ranging from 1 through 4). Рис. 2. ДолЯ выживШих C. pyranthe при раЗной начальной плотности выраЩиваниЯ личинок (от 1 до 4).
Fig. 1 in Density dependent variation in the life history traits of mottled emigrant butterfly, Catopsilia pyranthe (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
Fig. 1. The outline of the experimental design followed for the evaluation of the density dependent effects on the life history traits of the butterfly C. pyranthe. Рис. 1. План Эксперимента, испольЗованный длЯ оценки влиЯниЯ плотности на особенности жиЗненного цикла бабочки C. pyranthe.
Fig. 3 in Density dependent variation in the life history traits of mottled emigrant butterfly, Catopsilia pyranthe (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
Fig. 3. The differences in the life history traits of C. pyranthe considering male and female separately under intraspecific competitions in minimalist form of density of the individuals The life history traits considered are (a) age at pupation (AP, in days), (b) pupal weight (PW, in mg), (c) adult weight (AW, in mg), (d) adult length (AL, in mm), (e) forewing length (FWL, in mm), (f) forewing breadth (FWB, in mm), (g) hindwing length (HWL, in mm), and (h) hindwing breadth (HWB, in mm). Рис. 3. РаЗличиЯ приЗнаков жиЗненного цикла C. pyranthe с учетом самцов и самок отдельно при внутривидовой конкуренции в минималистской форме плотности особей. (b) масса куколки (PW, в мг), (c) масса вЗрослой особи (AW, в мг), (d) длина вЗрослой особи (AL, в мм), (e) длина переднего крыла (FWL, в мм), (f) Ширина переднего крыла (FWB, в мм), (g) длина Заднего крыла (HWL, в мм) и (h) Ширина Заднего крыла (HWB, в мм).
Figure 1 in Review Orientation and emigration of larval and juvenile amphibians: selected topics and hypotheses
Figure 1. Three hypothetical examples of amphibian populations are shown, a 'pond' (breeding habitat) is shown in the centre, symbolized by a blue circle; open circles represent individual amphibians, the colours correspond with the population letter ("P" = green, "Q" = purple and "R" = red). Two assumptions for this scenario are the following: demographic estimates are calculated from a capture-recapture effort using adults at the breeding site, and that the (former) emigration direction of adults influences their offspring's emigration direction. Individuals of population "P" in the first example (A) are emigrating randomly from their natal pond, and thereby distributing equally spaced. However, in the second example (B) two subpopulations ("Q" and "R") exist with two emigration directions towards opposite sides. Overall, again the distribution of individuals appears equally spaced, however, in reality it is composed of two underlying subpopulations. Further inspection of this example would reveal that the individual density towards the North and South is slightly sparser then towards East and West, anyway, the differences are minor. In the third example (C) distribution "Q" went extinct and only "R" remained. Despite the same number of animals emigrating, the spatial distribution is very unequal between the East and West side of the pond. If we assume for all three examples that population density estimates were based on measures from the pond in the centre, estimates will agree well with the 'true' situation for the populations in A and B. In contrast, such measures would fail to predict animal presence for C. Distributions were calculated using R (R Core Team, 2020). For individuals of population "P" a random sample along x and y-axes was plotted, for population "Q" and "R" the individual positions followed a normal distribution on the x-axis, with the means left ("West") and right ("East") of the ponds as well as the centre of the y-axis for both. For plotting I used the packages grid (R Core Team, 2020), shape (Soetaert, 2020), ggplot2 (Wickham, 2016), ggplotify (Yu, 2020) and cowplot (Wilke, 2020).
Data from: Accommodating temporary emigration in spatial distance sampling models
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Data from: Limited emigration from an outbreak of a forest pest insect
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Scripts from: Performance of generalized distance sampling models with temporary emigration: a simulation study
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Data from: Separating mortality and emigration: modelling space use, dispersal and survival with robust-design spatial-capture-recapture data
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Data from: Emigrating together but not establishing together: A cockroach rides ants and leaves
<p>Symbionts of ant colonies can hitchhike on winged ant reproductives (alates) during colony nuptial flights. <i>Attaphila fungicola</i> Wheeler, a miniature cockroach that lives in the nests of Texas leaf-cutter ants (<i>Atta texana</i> Buckley), hitchhikes on female alates (winged queens). Hitchhiking roaches are presumably vertically transmitted from leaf-cutter parent colony to daughter colony, remaining with female alates as they transition into foundresses (workerless queens); however, foundresses have limited resources and high mortality rates. Rather than remaining with foundresses likely to die (vertical transmission), roaches might abandon them during dispersal to infect higher quality later stages of colony development (female alate-vectored transmission). In field experiments, I find evidence for female alate-vectored transmission, and discover roaches use a second hitchhiking step, riding foraged plant material, to infect established colonies. This work reveals a novel relationship between host dispersal and symbiont transmission, and shows colony development can be an important selection pressure on transmission.</p>
Figure 8 in Larval development and emigration behaviour during sea-to-land transition of the land hermit crab Coenobita brevimanus Dana, 1852 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Coenobitidae) under laboratory conditions
Figure 8. Coenobita brevimanus, megalopa: (A–E) first to fifth pereiopods, respectively. Scale bar: 100 μm.
Figure 9 in Larval development and emigration behaviour during sea-to-land transition of the land hermit crab Coenobita brevimanus Dana, 1852 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Coenobitidae) under laboratory conditions
Figure 9. The proportion of all surviving megalopae and juveniles of Coenobita brevimanus that were on land (○), the proportion carrying shells (Δ), the proportion without shells on land (×) and the proportion of animals found on land that were buried in the sand (●) (A, C), and numbers of megalopae (MG) and juveniles (C1 and C2, first and second crab stages) (B, D) in the two culture groups. (A, B) Megalopae could access land within 24 h after metamorphosing (group 1). (C, D) Megalopae could access land when they walked steadily while wearing shells (group 2). (D) The cumulative number of megalopae that transferred to land (dashed line) is also included for culture group 2.
Figure 6 in Larval development and emigration behaviour during sea-to-land transition of the land hermit crab Coenobita brevimanus Dana, 1852 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Coenobitidae) under laboratory conditions
Figure 6. Coenobita brevimanus, fourth zoea: (A) antennule; (B) antenna; (C) mandibles; (D) maxillule; (E) maxilla; (F) first maxilliped; (G) second maxilliped; (H) third maxilliped; (I) telson; (J) pleopod. Scale bars: 100 μm (A–C, E–J) or 50 μm (D).
Data from: Spatially correlated extinctions select for less emigration but larger dispersal distances in the spider mite Tetranychus urticae
Dispersal is a central process to almost all species on earth, as it connects spatially structured populations and thereby increases population persistence. Dispersal is subject to (rapid) evolution and local patch extinctions are an important selective force in this context. In contrast to the randomly distributed local extinctions considered in most theoretical studies, habitat fragmentation or other anthropogenic interventions will lead to spatially correlated extinction patterns. Under such conditions natural selection is thought to lead to more long-distance dispersal, but this theoretical prediction has not yet been verified empirically. We test this hypothesis in experimental spatially structured populations of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae and supplement these empirical results with insights from an individual-based evolutionary model. We demonstrate that the spatial correlation of local extinctions changes the entire distribution of dispersal distances (dispersal kernel) and selects for overall less emigration but more long-distance dispersal.
Figure 1 in The emigration of peoples from the area of Western Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Balkans civil conflict and implications for the Avifauna (Case study Pašića polje at Bosansko Grahovo)
Figure 1. Position of investigated areas in Pašića polje (localities): red line transect on passture, black line transect on agricultural land, orange line –village Luka.
Data from: Multi-year genetic sampling indicates maternal gene flow via colony emigrations in the army ant Eciton burchellii parvispinum
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