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40 results for “evolution of jaws”
Figure 20 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 20 Embolous and conductor tip detail, dorsal view, SEM photos. A.T. bogotensis (MCTP 4299); B.T. elongata (MCTP 43306 ex 0370); C.T. keyserlingi (MCTP 43319 ex 6944); D.T. mandibulata (SMF 1356); E.T. nitens (MACN 2252); F.T. vermiformis (MCTP 43339 ex 1133). Scale bars: 0.05 mm (A, B, C, E, F); 0.02 mm (D).
Figure 21 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 21 Junior synonyms mentioned on the manuscript. A–G.T. bogotensis synonyms chelicerae, ♂ upper view, ♀ lower view: A.T. andina, ♀ syntype; B.T. peninsulana, ♀ syntype; C.T. boydi praedator, ♂ syntype; D.T. eremita, ♂ holotype; E.T. bemalcuei, ♀ holotype; F.T. ramboi, ♂ lectotype; G.T. haitiensis, ♀ holotype; H–M.T. keyserlingi synonyms, left chelicerae: H.T. kochi, ♀ syntype upper view; I–K.T. japonica (ZMH): I. ♀ syntype upper view; J, K. ♂ T. nigrita (misidentification): J. Upper view; K. Lower view; L, M.T. conformans upper view: L. ♂ paratype; M. ♀ holotype; N, O.T. nigrita sub T. cliens, left chelicerae upper view: N. ♂ holotype; O. ♀ paratype (misidentification); P, Q. Labels of T. cliens: P. ♂ holotype; Q. ♀ paratype. R–X.T. mandibulata synonyms: R–V.T. confraterna: R. ♂ syntype right chelicera, upper view; S. ♂ syntype left chelicera, lower view; T. ♂ syntype right palp, mesal-ventral view; U. ♀ syntype right chelicera, lower view; V. ♀ syntype genital fold, ventral view; W.T. necatoria, ♂ holotype left chelicera, upper view; X.T. infuscata, ♂ holotype right chelicera, upper view.
Figure 2 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 2 Tetragnatha bogotensis Keyserling, 1865, female. A. Dorsal habitus (SMF 1314); B. Lateral habitus (SMF 1314); C–F. Left chelicera (SMF 1314): C. Upper view; D. Inner view; E. Lower view; F. Outer view; G–I. Genital area: G. Genital fold, ventral view (MCTP 3381); H. Internal genitalia, cleared, ventral view (SMF 1314); I. Internal genitalia, cleared, ventral view (MCTP 13581). Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, E, F, G); 0.2 mm (H); 0.1 mm (I).
Figure 19 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 19 Tetragnatha vermiformis Emerton, 1884, SEM photos (MCTP 43339 ex 11333). A. Left male chelicera, upper and lower views; B. Left female chelicera, upper and lower views; C. Left male palp, mesal view; D. Left palp conductor detail, mesal view; E. Male palp paracymbium, ventral view; F. Epiandrous field, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B, C); 0.05 mm (D); 0.1 mm (E); 0.02 mm (F).
Figure 18 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 18 Tetragnatha vermiformis Emerton, 1884, female. A. Dorsal habitus (SMF 1556); B. Lateral habitus (SMF 1556); C. Ventral habitus (SMF 1556); D–G. Left chelicera (SMF 1556): D. Upper view; E. Inner view; F. Lower view; G. Outer view; H, I. Genital area: H. Genital fold, ventral view (SMF 1556); I. Internal genitalia, cleared, ventral view (MCTP 43339 ex 11333). Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B, C); 0.2 mm (D, E, F, G, H, I).
Figure 17 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 17 Tetragnatha vermiformis Emerton, 1884, male (SMF 1556). A. Dorsal habitus. B. Lateral habitus. C. Ventral habitus; D–G. Left chelicera: D. Upper view; E. Inner view; F. Lower view; G. Outer view; H–J. Left male palp: H. Mesal view; I. Dorsal view; J. Ventral view (paracymbium). Scale bars, 2 mm (A, B, C); 0.5 mm (D, E, F, G); 0.2 mm (H, I, J).
Figure 14 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 14 Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826), male (MCTP 1426). A. Dorsal habitus; B. Ventral habitus; C–F. Left chelicera: C. Upper view; D. Inner view; E. Lower view; F. Outer view; G–J. Left male palp: G. Mesal view. H. Dorsal view; I. Ventral view (paracymbium); J. Paracymbium detail, ventral view. Scale bars, 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, E, F); 0.5 mm (G, H, I); 0.2 mm (J).
Figure 11 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 11 Tetragnatha mandibulata Walckenaer, 1841, male (SMF 1356). A. Dorsal habitus; B. Lateral habitus; C. Ventral habitus; D–G. Left chelicera: D. Upper view; E. Inner view; F. Lower view; G. Outer view; H–K. Left male palp: H. Mesal view with tibia; I. Mesal view detail; J. Dorsal view; K. Ventral view (paracymbium). Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B, C); 1 mm (D, E, F, G); 0.5 mm (H); 0.2 mm (I, J, K).
Figure 10 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 10 Tetragnatha keyserlingi Simon, 1890, SEM photos. A. Left male chelicera, upper and lower views (MCTP 43319 ex 6944); B. Left female chelicera, upper and lower view (MCTP 14749); C. Left male palp, mesal view (MCTP 43319 ex 6944); D. Left palp conductor tip, mesal view (SMF 1552); E. Left male palp paracymbium, ventral view (SMF 1552); F. Epiandrous field, ventral view (MCTP 43319 ex 6944). Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B); 0.1 mm (C, E); 0.02 mm (D); 0.05 mm (F).
Figure 16 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 16 Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826), SEM photos. A. Left male chelicera, upper and lower views (MCTP 1618). B. Left female chelicera, upper and lower views (MCTP 11555). C. Epiandrous field, ventral view (MCTP 1618). D. Left male palp, bulb detail, mesal view (MCTP 5985). E. Left male palp, mesal view (MCTP 5985); F. Left male palp paracymbium, ventral view (MCTP 5985). Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 0.1 mm (C); 0.5 mm (D, E, F).
Figure 1 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 1 Tetragnatha bogotensis Keyserling, 1865, male (SMF 0035). A. Dorsal habitus; B. Ventral habitus; C. Chelicerae upper row and eyes; D. Chelicerae lower row and maxilla; E–H. Left chelicera: E. Upper view; F. Inner view; G. Lower view; H. Outer view; I–K. Left male palp: I. Mesal view; J. Dorsal view; K. Ventral view (paracymbium). Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, E, F, G, H); 0.5 mm (I, J, K).
Figure 13 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 13 Tetragnatha mandibulata Walckenaer, 1841, SEM photos. A. Left male chelicera, upper view (SMF 1356); B. Left male chelicera, lower view (SMF 1356); C. Left female chelicera, upper view (SMF 1552); D. Left female chelicera, lower view (SMF 1552); E. Left male palp, mesal view (SMF 1356); F. Left male palp conductor detail, mesal view (SMF 1356); G. Left male palp paracymbium, ventral view (SMF 1356); H. Epiandrous field, ventral view (SMF 1356). Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B, C, D, E); 0.05 mm (F); 0.1 mm (G); 0.02 mm (H).
Figure 15 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 15 Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826), female. A. Dorsal habitus (SMF 1528); B. lateral habitus (SMF 1528); C. Chelicerae upper row and eyes (SMF 1528); D. Chelicerae lower row and maxilla (SMF 1528); E–I. Left chelicera (SMF 1528): E. Upper view. F. Inner view. G. Lower view. H. Outer view. I. Basal cusp detail, distal view; J–L. Genital area: J.SEM of genital fold, ventral view (MCTP 11555); K. Internal genitalia, cleared, ventral view (MCTP 43323 ex 7313); L. Internal genitalia variation, cleared, ventral view (SMF 1528). Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, E, F, G, H, J); 0.2 mm (I, K, L).
Figure 12 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 12 Tetragnatha mandibulata Walckenaer, 1841, female. A. Dorsal habitus (SMF 1552); B. Lateral habitus (SMF 1552); C. Ventral habitus (SMF 1552); D–G. Left chelicera (SMF 1552): D. Upper view; E. Inner view. F. Lower view; G. Outer view; H, I. Genital area: H. Genital fold, ventral view (SMF 1552); I. Internal genitalia, cleared, ventral view (SMF 1124). Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B, C); 1 mm (D, E, F, G, H); 0.1 mm (I).
Data from: Feeding ecology underlies the evolution of cichlid jaw mobility
The fish feeding apparatus is among the most diverse functional systems in vertebrates. While morphological and mechanical variation of feeding systems are well studied, we know far less about the diversity of the motions that they produce. We explored patterns of feeding movements in African cichlids from Lakes Malawi and Tanganyika, asking whether the degree of kinesis is associated with dietary habits of species. We used geometric morphometrics to measure feeding kinesis as trajectories of shape change, based on 326 high-speed videos in 56 species. Cranial morphology was significantly related to feeding movements, both of which were distributed along a dietary axis associated with prey evasiveness. Small-mouthed cichlids that feed by scraping algae and detritus from rocks had low kinesis strikes, while large-mouthed species that eat large, evasive prey (fishes and shrimps) generated the greatest kinesis. Despite having higher overall kinesis, comparisons of trajectory shape (linearity) revealed that cichlids that eat mobile prey also displayed more kinematically conserved, or efficient, feeding motions. Our work indicates that prey evasiveness is strongly related to the evolution of cichlid jaw mobility, suggesting that this same relationship may explain the origins and diversity of highly kinetic jaws that characterize the super-radiation of spiny-rayed fishes.
Data from: Evolution of jaw disparity in fishes
The morphology of the vertebrate lower jaw has been used to infer feeding ecology.; transformations in mandibular shape and structure likely to have facilitated the emergence of different feeding behaviours in vertebrate evolution. Here we present elliptical Fourier shape and principal component analyses, characterizing and comparing the disparity of jaw shape in early gnathostomes and their modern primitively aquatic counterparts. 83% of shape variation is summarized on the first three principal component axes and all component clades of early gnathostomes exhibit overlapping morphological variation. Non-tetrapodomorph Palaeozoic sarcopterygians are more disparate than their extant counterparts whereas extant chondrichthyans are more disparate than their Palaeozoic counterparts. More generally, extant jawed fishes are more disparate than their Palaeozoic relatives largely because of the extensive shape variation exhibited by mandibles of extant actinopterygians. Only some areas of shape space vacated by Palaeozoic gnathostomes have been convergently refilled by living taxa. Characterization of theoretical jaw morphologies demonstrates that less than half of all possible shapes are realised by the jawed fishes that comprise our empirical dataset; many of these morphologies are realised by unrepresented terrestrial tetrapods, implying environmental constraint. Our results are incompatible with the early burst model of clade evolution and contradict the hypothesis that maximum disparity is reached early in the evolutionary history of jawed fishes.
Data from: The evolution of pharyngognathy: a phylogenetic and functional appraisal of the pharyngeal jaw key innovation in labroid fishes and beyond
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Data from: Feeding ecology underlies the evolution of cichlid jaw mobility
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Data from: Evolution of jaw disparity in fishes
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Data from: Bayesian morphological clock methods resurrect placoderm monophyly and reveal rapid early evolution in jawed vertebrates
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