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39 results for “evolution of selfing”
Individual-based simulations for: Population rescue through an increase of the selfing rate under pollen limitation: Plasticity vs. evolution
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Data from: Correlated evolution of self and interspecific incompatibility across the range of a Texas wildflower
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Data from: Repeated evolution and reversibility of self-fertilization in the volvocine green algae
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Data from: Rapid evolution of reproductive isolation between incipient outcrossing and selfing Clarkia species
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Data from: The double edged sword: the demographic consequences of the evolution of self-fertilisation
Phylogenies indicate that the transition from outcrossing to selfing is frequent, with selfing populations being more prone to extinction. The rates of transition to selfing and extinction, acting on different timescales, could explain the observed distributions of extant selfing species among taxa. However, phylogenetic and theoretical studies consider these mechanisms independently, i.e. transitions do not cause extinction. Here, we theoretically explore the demographic consequences of the evolution of self-fertilization. Deleterious mutations and mutations modifying the selfing rate are recurrently introduced and the number of offspring depends on individual fitness, allowing for a demographic feedback. We show that mutational meltdowns can be triggered in populations evolving near strict selfing. Populations having survived the demographic crash are more stable than ancestral outcrossing populations once deleterious mutations are purged. The relatively rapid time-scales in which extinctions occur indicate that during evolutionary transitions the accumulation of deleterious mutations may not be the cause of extinctions observed on longer time scales, which in turn could lead to the underestimation of transition rates from outcrossing to selfing.
Data from: Reduced mate availability leads to evolution of self-fertilization and purging of inbreeding depression in a hermaphrodite
Basic models of mating-system evolution predict that hermaphroditic organisms should mostly either cross-fertilize, or self-fertilize, due to self-reinforcing coevolution of inbreeding depression and outcrossing rates. However transitions between mating systems occur. A plausible scenario for such transitions assumes that a decrease in pollinator or mate availability temporarily constrains outcrossing populations to self-fertilize as a reproductive assurance strategy. This should trigger a purge of inbreeding depression which in turn encourages individuals to self-fertilize more often and finally to reduce male allocation. We tested the predictions of this scenario using the freshwater snail Physa acuta, a self-compatible hermaphrodite that preferentially outcrosses and exhibits high inbreeding depression in natural populations. From an outbred population, we built two types of experimental evolution lines, controls (outcrossing every generation) and constrained lines (in which mates were often unavailable, forcing individuals to self-fertilize). After ca. twenty generations, individuals from constrained lines initiated self-fertilization earlier in life and had purged most of their inbreeding depression compared to controls. However, their male allocation remained unchanged. Our study suggests that the mating system can rapidly evolve as a response to reduced mating opportunities, supporting the reproductive assurance scenario of transitions from outcrossing to selfing.
Gene conversion facilitates the adaptive evolution of self-resistance in highly toxic newts
<p>Reconstructing the histories of complex adaptations and identifying the evolutionary mechanisms underlying their origins are two of the primary goals of evolutionary biology. <i>Taricha </i>newts, which contain high concentrations of the deadly toxin tetrodotoxin (TTX) as an antipredator defense, have evolved resistance to self-intoxication, which is a complex adaptation requiring changes in six paralogs of the voltage-gated sodium channel (Na<sub>v</sub>) gene family, the physiological target of TTX. Here, we reconstruct the origins of TTX self-resistance by sequencing the entire Na<sub>v</sub> gene family in newts and related salamanders. We show that moderate TTX resistance evolved early in the salamander lineage in three of the six Na<sub>v</sub><i> </i>paralogs, preceding the proposed appearance of tetrodotoxic newts by ~100 million years. TTX-bearing newts possess additional unique substitutions across the entire Na<sub>v</sub> gene family that provide physiological TTX resistance. These substitutions coincide with signatures of positive selection and relaxed purifying selection, as well as gene conversion events, that together likely facilitated their evolution. We also identify a novel exon duplication within Na<sub>v</sub>1.4<i> </i>encoding an expressed TTX-binding site. Two resistance-conferring changes within newts appear to have spread via nonallelic gene conversion: in one case, one codon was copied between paralogs, and in the second, multiple substitutions were homogenized between the duplicate exons of Na<sub>v</sub>1.4. Our results demonstrate that gene conversion can accelerate the coordinated evolution of gene families in response to a common selection pressure.</p>
Data from: Turnover in local parasite populations temporarily favors host outcrossing over self-fertilization during experimental evolution
The ubiquity of outcrossing in plants and animals is difficult to explain given its costs relative to self-fertilization. Despite these costs, exposure to changing environmental conditions can temporarily favor outcrossing over selfing. Therefore, recurring episodes of environmental change are predicted to favor the maintenance of outcrossing. Studies of host–parasite coevolution have provided strong support for this hypothesis. However, it is unclear whether multiple exposures to novel parasite genotypes in the absence of coevolution are sufficient to favor outcrossing. Using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the bacterial parasite Serratia marcescens, we studied host responses to parasite turnover. We passaged several replicates of a host population that was well-adapted to the S. marcescens strain Sm2170 with either Sm2170 or one of three novel S. marcescens strains, each derived from Sm2170, for 18 generations. We found that hosts exposed to novel parasites maintained higher outcrossing rates than hosts exposed to Sm2170. Nonetheless, host outcrossing rates declined over time against all but the most virulent novel parasite strain. Hosts exposed to the most virulent novel strain exhibited increased outcrossing rates for approximately 12 generations, but did not maintain elevated levels of outcrossing throughout the experiment. Thus, parasite turnover can transiently increase host outcrossing. These results suggest that recurring episodes of parasite turnover have the potential to favor the maintenance of host outcrossing. However, such maintenance may require frequent exposure to novel virulent parasites, rapid rates of parasite turnover, and substantial host gene flow.
Data from: Mutation rate evolution in partially selfing and partially asexual organisms
Different factors may influence the evolution of the mutation rate of a species: costs associated with DNA replication fidelity, indirect selection caused by the mutations produced (that should generally favor lower mutation rates, given that most mutations affecting fitness are deleterious) and genetic drift, that may render selection acting on weak mutators inefficient. In this paper, we use a two-locus model to compute the strength of indirect selection acting on a modifier locus that affects the mutation rate towards a deleterious allele at a second, linked locus, in a population undergoing partial selfing or partial clonality. The results show that uniparental reproduction increases the effect of indirect selection for lower mutation rates. Extrapolating to the case of a whole genome with many deleterious alleles and introducing a direct cost a DNA replication fidelity, the results can be used to compute the evolutionarily stable mutation rate U. In the absence of mutational bias towards higher U, the analytical prediction fits well with individual-based, multilocus simulation results. When such a bias is added into the simulations, however, genetic drift may lead to the maintenance of higher mutation rates, and this effect may be amplified in highly selfing or highly clonal populations due to their reduced effective population size.
Data from: Mutation rate evolution in partially selfing and partially asexual organisms
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Data from: Joint evolution of differential seed dispersal and self-fertilization
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Data from: Evolution of self-organized task specialization in robot swarms
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Gene conversion facilitates the adaptive evolution of self-resistance in highly toxic newts
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Data from: Reduced mate availability leads to evolution of self-fertilization and purging of inbreeding depression in a hermaphrodite
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Data from: Secondary evolution of a self-incompatibility locus in the Brassicaceae genus Leavenworthia
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Data from: Turnover in local parasite populations temporarily favors host outcrossing over self-fertilization during experimental evolution
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Data from: The double edged sword: the demographic consequences of the evolution of self-fertilisation
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Limiting Self-Renewal of the Basal Compartment Induces Differentiation and Alters Evolution of Mammary Tumors
GEO Series GSE158257. Mus musculus. 4 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
A common molecular basis to the convergent evolution of the selfing syndrome in Capsella.
GEO Series GSE140465. Capsella grandiflora; Capsella orientalis; Capsella rubella. 27 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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