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Fig. 9 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 9. SEM photographs of phosphatized endolithic community of bryozoans and "fungi" (morphotype A) from the Early Devonian of Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. A. ZPAL Br XIV/067. Fragmentary colony showing a network of irregularly branched filaments and rare bryozoan zooids (A1). Oblique view showing partly preserved bryozoans autozooids and 'fungal' hyphae (A2). Oblique view showing fungal attack on supposed juvenile bryozoan autozooid (A3). Close−up showing "fungal" filaments with branches and irregularly shaped swellings, note imprints of host shell microstructure preserved on the coating layer (A4). B. ZPAL Br XIV/101. Pattern of fungal filaments and bryozoans zooids (B1). Close−up of partly preserved bryozoan zooids attached by "fungal" hyphae (B2). Oblique view showing partly preserved autozooid with accessory tubules visible, attacked by fungal branches (B3). Close−up of autozooid attacking by "fungal" branching (B4). Oblique view of "fungal" colony (B5). Close−up of irregularly shaped "fungal" swellings showing hollow interiors, note the host shell microstructure imprints preserved on the coating layer (B6, B7).

Fig. 8 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 8. Early Devonian bryozoan Podoliapora doroshivi gen. et sp. nov., from the Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. A. ZPAL Br XIV/009. Lateral view of cylindrical−shaped heterozooid cavity, basal wall collapsed (A1). Close−up showing external coating layer and internal lamellae, basal wall collapsed (A2). B. ZPAL Br XIV/011. Oblique view of the partly preserved colony showing cylindrical heterozooids, basal wall collapsed. C. ZPAL Br XIV/112; Lateral view showing autozooids and ovate−shaped heterozooids (C1), lateral views of heterozooids showing layers infilling the interior of the cavity, visible in places where the coating layer has not been preserved (C2, C3), basal walls collapsed. D. ZPAL Br XIV/071. Fragmentary preserved colony in oblique view showing heterozooid cavity with basal wall preserved. E. ZPAL Br XIV/137. Oblique view of cylindrical heterozooid with basal wall collapsed (E1), close−up showing host shell microstructure preserved on the surface of the coating layer (E2).

Fig. 7 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 7. Early Devonian bryozoan Podoliapora doroshivi gen. et sp. nov., from the Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. SEM photographs of zooids coated by micro−fibrils of host shell microstructure. A. ZPAL Br XIV/008. Basal view of partly preserved autozooid, cylindrical−heterozooid and "stolons" (A1). Lateral view of proximal part of autozooid showing partly preserved main tunnel−like stolon (A2). B. ZPAL Br XIV/009. Lateral view of side wall of autozooid (B1). Partly preserved autozooid with accessory tubules and internal view showing cuticle layer preserved inside the zooid and external coated layer with imprint of host shell microstructure (B2). Obliquely internal view of autozooid (vestibular part not preserved) showing cuticle with folds of longitudinal parietal muscles preserved (B3). Internal view of autozooid showing folds of circular and longitudinal muscles (B4).

Fig. 4 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 4. Early Devonian bryozoan Podoliapora doroshivi gen. et sp. nov., from the Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. SEM photographs showing phosphatized soft−tissue preserved inside autozooids. ZPAL Br XIV/009. A. Internal view (A1) showing wrinkling frontal (arrow) and lateral cystid walls, setigerous collar twisted within the vestibulum, entrance of the main stolon into the autozood is preserved below the vestibulum, secondary−order "stolons" partly preserved in both sides of the autozooid, oblique lateral view (A2) showing accessory tubules and imprints of the host shell microstructure preserved on the surface of the coating layer. B. Internal view of autozooid (B1) and close−up showing longitudinal parietal muscles and irregular shape of autozooids occurring in dense colonies (B2). C. Internal view showing setigerous collar twisted within vestibulum.

Fig. 2 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 2. Early Devonian bryozoan Podoliapora doroshivi gen. et sp. nov., from the Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. A. Lateral view of a single autozooid showing external morphological features, ZPAL Br XIV/102. B. Reconstruction in transverse section. C. Reconstruction in longitudinal section.

Fig. 1 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 1. Location map of the studied section, Lower Devonian, middle Lochkovian, Chortkiv Formation in Doroshiv, Podolia Ukraine. A. Map of Ukraine showing location of the study area; rectangle indicates general locality, enlarged in B and C. B. Distribution of the Silurian and Devonian deposits in Podolia, SW Ukraine; 1, Eastern extent of the Silurian deposits; 2, Eastern extent of the Devonian deposits; 3, Eastern extent of the Old Red Sandstone−type deposits; 4, Trans European Suture Zone. C. Location of the Doroshiv outcrop in the vicinity of Dniestr valley. Modified from Małkowski et al. (2009).

Fig. 10 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 10. SEM photographs of phosphatized endolithic community of bryozoans and "fungi" (morphotype B) from the Early Devonian of Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. ZPAL Br XIV/154. A. Fragmentary preserved colony in basal view. B. Oblique view showing filaments with perpendicular branches. C. Close−up of branching filaments. D–F. Side views of bryozoan autozooid perforated by endolithic "fungal" hyphae.

Fig. 3 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 3. Early Devonian bryozoan Podoliapora doroshivi gen. et sp. nov., from the Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. Stereo−pairs of phosphatized colonies in basal view; frontal parts of the colonies and orifices are not visible as they opened onto the surface of the host shell. A–C. Internal views of partly preserved zooids with basal walls collapsed, soft−tissue preserved inside autozooids, and orifices visible at the distal ends of autozooids. A. ZPAL Br XIV/008. B. ZPAL Br XIV/009. C. ZPAL Br XIV/015. D–F. Basal views of the colonies with zooid completely preserved. D. ZPAL Br XIV/002. E. ZPAL Br XIV/155. F. ZPAL Br XIV/157.

Fig. 6 in Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in boring ctenostome bryozoans and associated "fungal" borings from the Early Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Fig. 6. Early Devonian bryozoan Podoliapora doroshivi gen. et sp. nov., from the Doroshiv section, Podolia, Ukraine. SEM photographs showing imprints of the molluscan host shell microstructures preserved on the surface of the coating layer (internal mould of the interstitial space). A. Basal part of the autozooid specimen, ZPAL Br XIV/155. B. Oblique lateral view showing the coating layer with host shell microstructure preserved; the external surface of cuticle is visible only in places where the coating layer have been damaged; arrow shows poorly visible micro−pore on the surface of cuticle, ZPAL Br XIV/002. H

Fig. 1 in Tomographic reconstruction of the exceptionally preserved trigonotarbid arachnid Eophrynus prestvicii

Fig. 1. Historical images of Hollier's specimen of Eophrynus prestvicii (Buckland, 1837) from the British Middle Coal Measures (Late Carboniferous, Duckmantian; ca. 311 Ma) of Coseley near Dudley, Staffordshire, UK. Dorsal (A 1 –C 1) and ventral (A 2 –C 2) views. A, after Woodward (1871: pl. 11); B, after Pocock (1902: fig. 1); C, after Petrunkevitch (1953: textfigs. 82, 83).

Fig. 5 in Tomographic reconstruction of the exceptionally preserved trigonotarbid arachnid Eophrynus prestvicii

Fig. 5. Comparative images of modern South American laniatorids as potential ecological analogues for Carboniferous eophrynids. Although these harvestmen are not particularly closely related to trigonotarbids, a number of them also express a tuberculate dorsal body surface and marginal spination of the opisthosoma; both of which presumably deter predation by increasing handling time. All images courtesy of Ricardo Pinto da Rocha (São Paulo).

Fig. 4. A in Tomographic reconstruction of the exceptionally preserved trigonotarbid arachnid Eophrynus prestvicii

Fig. 4. A new reconstruction of trigonotarbid arachnid Eophrynus prestvicii (Buckland, 1837), with colouration based on modern laniatorid harvestmen (Opiliones: Laniatores) (see also Fig. 5). Not to scale.

Fig. 3 in Tomographic reconstruction of the exceptionally preserved trigonotarbid arachnid Eophrynus prestvicii

Fig. 3. XMT-based reconstruction trigonotarbid arachnid Eophrynus prestvicii (Buckland, 1837), from scans of BU 699. A. Dorsal view. B. Posterior view, legs removed, to show heavy opisthosomal ornamentation and spines (maximum width 15 mm). C. Fourth walking limb with podomeres labelled. D. Pedipalps with podomeres labelled. E. Ventral view. 1–12, segment numbers.

Fig. 2 in Tomographic reconstruction of the exceptionally preserved trigonotarbid arachnid Eophrynus prestvicii

Fig. 2. Photograph of Hollier's specimen (BU 699) of trichotarbid arachnid Eophrynus prestvicii (Buckland, 1837), whitened with ammonium chloride to improve contrast. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view.

Fig. 8 in The Chinchilla Local Fauna: An exceptionally rich and well-preserved Pliocene vertebrate assemblage from fluviatile deposits of south-eastern Queensland, Australia

Fig. 8. Macropodids from Chinchilla Sand, Australia, Pliocene. A. Simosthenurus antiquus (Bartholomai, 1963), QM F2975, partial left maxilla of probable Chinchilla provenance. B. Sthenurus andersoni Marcus, 1962, QM F814, unspecified locality near Chinchilla, left juvenile dentary. C. Macropus agilis siva (de Vis, 1895), QM F4733, unspecified locality near Chinchilla, right mandibular fragment. D. Sthenurus notabilis Bartholomai, 1963, QM F3817, Chinchilla Rifle Range, right mandibular ramus. E. Troposodon gurar Flannery and Archer, 1983, QM F4609, unspecified locality near Chinchilla, right dentary of probable Chinchilla provenance. F. Protemnodon devisi Bartholomai, 1973, QM F4710, unspecified locality near Chinchilla, partial left mandibular ramus. G. Macropus dryas de Vis, 1895, QM F3582, partial right maxilla of probable Chinchilla provenance. H. Protemnodon chinchillaensis Bartholomai, 1973, QM F5246, unspecified locality near Chinchilla, partial right mandibular ramus. I. Bohra wilkinsonorum Dawson, 2004, QM F43277, Chinchilla Rifle Range, right maxillary fragment. J. Wallabia indra (de Vis, 1895), QM F3595, unspecified locality near Chinchilla, left mandibular ramus. K. Troposodon minor (Owen, 1877), QM F4389, Condamine River, "50 yards east of Chinchilla Rifle Range", right maxillary fragment. L. Prionotemnus palankarinnicus Stirton, 1955, QM F3589, partial right mandibular ramus of probable Chinchilla provenance. M. Silvaroo bila Dawson, 2004, QM F43276, Chinchilla Rifle Range, left maxillary fragment. N. Silvaroo sp., QM F43281, Chinchilla Rifle Range, right mandibular ramus. O. Macropus woodsi Bartholomai, 1975, QM F5465, Chinchilla Rifle Range, partial left maxilla. P. Macropus pan de Vis, 1895, QM F2925, partial right maxilla of probable Chinchilla provenance. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 6 in The Chinchilla Local Fauna: An exceptionally rich and well-preserved Pliocene vertebrate assemblage from fluviatile deposits of south-eastern Queensland, Australia

Fig. 6. Mammal species of uncertain taxonomic identity from unspecified localities near Chinchilla, Australia, Pliocene. A. Koalemus ingens de Vis, 1889, QM F683, partial right fibula. B. Synaptodon aevorum de Vis, 1888, QM F811, right dentary fragment. C. Archizonurus securus de Vis, 1889, QM F682, proximal left scapula. D. Phalanger procuscus (de Vis, 1889), QM F687, right scapula. E. Chronozoon australe de Vis, 1883, QM F610, calvarium. F. Brachalletes palmeri de Vis, 1883, QM F3308, right femur. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 7 in The Chinchilla Local Fauna: An exceptionally rich and well-preserved Pliocene vertebrate assemblage from fluviatile deposits of south-eastern Queensland, Australia

Fig. 7. Non-macropodid marsupials from Chinchilla Sand, Australia, Pliocene. A. Dasyurus dunmalli Bartholomai, 1971, QM F6579, Chinchilla Rifle Range, left mandibular ramus. B. Koobor notabilis (de Vis, 1889), QM F691, unspecified locality near Chinchilla, left maxillary fragment. C. Phascolarctidae gen. et sp. indet., QM F52287, Chinchilla Rifle Range, left dentary fragment. D. Phascolarctos?stirtoni Bartholomai, 1968, QM F52289, Chinchilla Rifle Range, isolated RM1, RM2 or RM3 fragment. E. Archerium chinchillaensis Wroe and Mackness, 2000, QM F39847, Chinchilla Rifle Range, left maxillary fragment. F. Thylacoleo crassidentatus Bartholomai, 1962, QM F3565, right mandibular ramus. G. Euryzygoma dunense (de Vis, 1888), QM F376, unspecified locality near Chinchilla, left mandible. H. Vombatus ursinus (Shaw, 1800), QM F743, unspecified locality near Chinchilla, proximal right tibia. I. Palorchestes parvus de Vis, 1895, QM F783, unspecified locality near Chinchilla, left mandibular fragment. J. Euowenia grata (de Vis, 1887), QM F519, north bank of Condamine River, mandible. K. Thylacinus cynocephalus (Harris, 1808), QM F9476, Chinchilla Rifle Range, right mandibular fragment.

Fig. 2 in The Chinchilla Local Fauna: An exceptionally rich and well-preserved Pliocene vertebrate assemblage from fluviatile deposits of south-eastern Queensland, Australia

Fig. 2. Part of the Chinchilla gully system in the Chinchilla Rifle Range, showing the dominant sedimentary units present.

Fig. 5 in The Chinchilla Local Fauna: An exceptionally rich and well-preserved Pliocene vertebrate assemblage from fluviatile deposits of south-eastern Queensland, Australia

Fig. 5. Birds from unspecified localities near Chinchilla, Australia, Pliocene. A. Aythya australis Eyton, 1838, QM F1124, left tibiotarsus. B. Leipoa gallinacean (de Vis, 1888), QM F1132, partial carpometacarpus. C. Biziura lobata Shaw, 1796, QM F1125, partial left humerus. D. Anas superciliosa Gmelin, 1789, QM F5550, left coracoid. E. Fulica atra Linneaus, 1758, QM F1129, proximal right humerus. F. Gallinula morterii du Bus, 1840, QM F1138, distal right humerus. G. Charadriiformes gen. et sp. indet., QM F5543, proximal left femur. H. Necrastur alecer de Vis, 1892, QM F1136, proximal right humerus. I. Microcarbo melanoleucos Vieillot, 1817, QM F1130, right humerus. J. Ciconia nana (de Vis, 1888), QM F1131, distal right tibiotarsus. K. Dromaius novaehollandiae (Latham, 1790), QM F56203, third trochlea of the tarsometatarsus. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 3 in The Chinchilla Local Fauna: An exceptionally rich and well-preserved Pliocene vertebrate assemblage from fluviatile deposits of south-eastern Queensland, Australia

Fig. 3. Lungfish toothplates from unspecified locality near Chinchilla, Australia, Pliocene. A. Metaceratodus palmeri (Krefft, 1874), QM F10537. B. Neoceratodus forsteri (Krefft, 1870), QM F56224. Scale bars 10 mm.