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93 results for “eye evolution”
Figs 38–44 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figs 38–44. Panjange camiguin Huber sp. nov. (ZFMK, Ar 13003). 38–39. Left male palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. 40. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 41–42. Left male tarsus and procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views. 43–44. Right male tarsus and procursus, retrolateral and prolateral views. Abbreviations: a = appendix; b = genital bulb; e = embolus; p = procursus; te = tarsal elongation; tr = trochanter. Scale bars: 38–39, 41–44 = 1 mm; 40 = 0.3 mm.
Figs 24–25 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figs 24–25. Panjange casaroro Huber sp. nov. (ZFMK, Ar 13001), left male palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. Abbreviations: a = appendix; b = genital bulb; e = embolus; h = hinge; p = procursus; pto = palpal tarsal organ; te = tarsal elongation; tr = trochanter; vp = ventral process. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
Fig. 4 in The sixth sense in mammalian forerunners: Variability of the parietal foramen and the evolution of the pineal eye in South African Permo-Triassic eutheriodont therapsids
Fig. 4. Skulls of Dicynodontia illustrating the great variability of the shape and size of parietal foramen in Therapsida. A. Large and circular parietal foramen, with a pineal boss in Rachiocephalus, RC 95, Derdedrif, Adendorp, South Africa, Cistecephalus–Tropidostoma AZ, 260–255 Ma. B. Slit-like parietal foramen in Dinanomodon, RC09, Stylkrans, South Africa, Cistecephalus AZ, 250–255 Ma. C. Absent foramen in Cistecephalus, BPI/1/506, Towerwater, Murraysburg, South Africa, Cistecephalus AZ, 250–255 Ma.
Fig. 5 in The sixth sense in mammalian forerunners: Variability of the parietal foramen and the evolution of the pineal eye in South African Permo-Triassic eutheriodont therapsids
Fig. 5. CT-sections through the sagittal crest in Cynodontia (A–D) and Therocephalia (E–H) illustrating the variability of the parietal foramina. A. Cynosaurus suppostus Schmidt, 1927, BPI/1/1563 (voxel size: 0.0291 mm); Ringsfontein, Murraysburg, South Africa, Daptocephalus AZ, 255–251 Ma. B. Cynosaurus suppostus Schmidt, 1927, BPI/1/3926 (voxel size: 0.0708 mm); Tweefontein, Nieu Bethesda, South Africa, Daptocephalus AZ, 255–251 Ma. C, D. Cynognathia. C. Diademodon tetragonus Seeley, 1895, BPI/1/3776a (voxel size: 0.0801 mm); Cragievar, Burgersdorp, South Africa, Cynognathus AZ, 245–237 Ma. D. Trirachodon berryi Seeley, 1895, AM461 (voxel size: 0.0668 mm); Burgersdorp, South Africa, Cynognathus AZ, 245–237 Ma. E, F. Whaitsiidae, Theriognathus microps Owen, 1876. E. BPI/1/512 (voxel size: 0.0801 mm); Suurplaas, Graaf-Reinet, South Africa, Daptocephalus AZ, 255–251 Ma. F. BPI/1/100 (voxel size: 0.0756 mm); Vlakteplaas, Graaf-Reinet, South Africa, Daptocephalus AZ, 255–251 Ma. G, H. Baurioidea. G. Tetracynodon darti Sigogneau 1963, NMQR3756 (voxel size: 0.0445 mm); Fairydale, South Africa, Lystrosaurus AZ, 251–245 Ma. H. Bauria cynops Broom 1909, BPI/1/3770 (voxel size: 0.0728 mm); Cragievar, Burgersdorp, South Africa, Cynognathus AZ, 245–237 Ma.
Fig. 2 in The sixth sense in mammalian forerunners: Variability of the parietal foramen and the evolution of the pineal eye in South African Permo-Triassic eutheriodont therapsids
Fig. 2. Evolution of the frequency of the presence of the parietal foramen ( Fq), and average (Av) and median (Med) size of the parietal foramen across the phylogeny of Therapsida. Number of specimens examined (n) is indicated for each group. Asterisks indicate the branches of the tree where a relaxation of constraints resulting from a functionless third eye is hypothesized (zone of variability). See material and methods section for the more details about the phylogenetic tree.
Eye morphology contributes to the ecology and evolution of the avian tree of life
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Sex-specific evolution of brain size, brain structure, and covariation with eye size in Trinidadian killifish
<p>Links between contrasting ecological conditions and evolutionary shifts in neurosensory components such as brain and eye size are accumulating. Whether selection operates differently on these traits between sexes is unclear. Trinidadian killifish (<em>Anablepsoides hartii</em>) are located in sites with and without predators. Male killifish from sites without predators have evolved larger brains and eyes than males from sites with predators. These differences in brain size are present early in life but disappear in adult size-classes. Here, we evaluated female brain growth allometries to determine if females exhibit similar size-specific brain size differences between sites that differ in predation intensity. We also quantified brain size, structure, and eye size to determine if these structures coevolve in a sex-specific manner. We found that female brain growth allometries did not differ across populations. Yet, female killifish from sites without predators exhibited a larger cerebellum, optic tectum, and dorsal medulla early in life (prior to maturation), but such differences disappeared in larger size-classes. Females from sites with predators exhibit similar patterns in brain growth as males in those sites, therefore shifts in brain size and structure are driven by differences between sexes in sites without predators. We also found evidence for covariation between brain and eye size in both sexes despite different levels of variation in both structures, suggesting that these structures may covary to fluctuating degrees in sex-specific ways. We conclude that differential investment in brain tissue in sites without predators may be linked to varying reproductive and cognitive demands across the sexes.</p>
Fig. 16 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Fig. 16. Known distribution of the Panjange lanthana group.
Fig. 1 in The sixth sense in mammalian forerunners: Variability of the parietal foramen and the evolution of the pineal eye in South African Permo-Triassic eutheriodont therapsids
Fig. 1. Measurement protocol of foramen magnum, parietal foramen, and orbit in Therapsida.
Sex-specific evolution of brain size, brain structure, and covariation with eye size in Trinidadian killifish
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Evolution of large eyes in stromboidea (Gastropoda): Impact of photic environment and life history traits
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Data from: The evolution of eye size in response to increased fish predation in Daphnia
Variation in eye size is ubiquitous across taxa. Increased eye size is correlated with improved vision and increased fitness via shifts in behavior. Tests of the drivers of eye size evolution have focused on macroevolutionary studies evaluating the importance of light availability. Predator-induced mortality has recently been identified as a potential driver of eye size variation. Here we tested the influence of increased predation by the fish predator, the alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) on eye size evolution in waterfleas (Daphnia ambigua) from lakes in Connecticut. We quantified the relative eye size of Daphnia from lakes with and without alewife using wild-caught and third generation laboratory reared specimens. This includes comparisons between lakes where alewife are present seasonally (anadromous) or permanently (landlocked). Wild-caught specimens did not differ in eye size across all lakes. However, third generation lab reared Daphnia from lakes with alewife, irrespective of the form of alewife predation, exhibited significantly larger eyes than Daphnia from lakes without alewife. This genetically based increase in eye size may enhance the ability of Daphnia to detect predators. Alternatively, such shifts in eye size may be an indirect response to Daphnia aggregating at the bottom of lakes. To test these mechanisms, we collected Daphnia as a function of depth and found that eye size differed in Daphnia found at the surface versus the bottom of the water column between anadromous alewife and no alewife lakes. However, we found no evidence of Daphnia aggregating at the bottom of lakes. Such results indicate that the evolution of a larger eye may be explained by a connection between eyes and enhanced survival. We discuss the cause of the lack of concordance in eye size variation between our phenotypic and genetic specimens and the ultimate drivers of eye size.
Data from: Surf and Turf Vision: Patterns and predictors of visual acuity in compound eye evolution
<p><span><span>Eyes have the flexibility to evolve to meet the ecological demands of their users.</span><b><span> </span></b><span>Relative to camera-type eyes, the fundamental limits of optical diffraction in arthropod compound eyes restricts the ability to resolve fine detail (visual acuity) to much lower degrees. We tested the capacity of several ecological factors to predict arthropod visual acuity, while simultaneously controlling for shared phylogenetic history. In this study, we have generated the most comprehensive review of compound eye visual acuity measurements to date, containing </span></span><span><span>375 </span></span><span><span>species that span six of the major arthropod classes. An arthropod phylogeny, made custom to this database, was used to develop a phylogenetically-corrected generalized least squares (PGLS) linear model to evaluate four ecological factors predicted to underlie compound eye visual acuity: environmental light intensity, foraging strategy (predator vs. non-predator), horizontal structure of the visual scene, and environmental medium (air vs. water). To account for optical constraints on acuity related to animal size, body length was also included, though this did not show a significant effect in any of our models. Rather, the PGLS revealed that the strongest predictors of compound eye acuity are described by a combination of environmental medium, foraging strategy, and environmental light intensity.</span></span></p>
Data from: Keeping an eye on coloration: ecological correlates of the evolution of pitcher traits in the genus Nepenthes (Caryophyllales)
Nepenthes is a genus of carnivorous pitcher plants with high intra- and interspecific morphological diversity. Many species produce dimorphic pitchers, and the relative production rate of the two morphs varies interspecifically. Despite their likely ecological importance to the plants, little is known about the selective context under which various pitcher traits have evolved. This is especially true of color-related traits, which have not been examined in a phylogenetic context. Using field observations of one polymorphic species (N. gracilis) and phylogenetic comparative analysis of 85 species across the genus, we investigate correlations between color polymorphism and ecological factors including altitude, light environment, and herbivory. In N. gracilis, color does not correlate to amount of prey-capture, but red pitchers experience less herbivory. Throughout the genus, color polymorphism with redder lower pitchers appears to be evolutionarily favored. We found a lack of phylogenetic signal for most traits, either suggesting that most traits are labile or reflecting the uncertainty regarding the underlying tree topology. This work highlights ecological correlates of the vast phenotypic diversity of this group of tropical plants. We point to a need for future work examining herbivores of Nepenthes and experimental investigations on color polymorphism.
Data from: Rapid evolution of asymmetric reproductive incompatibilities in stalk-eyed flies
The steps by which isolated populations acquire reproductive incompatibilities remain poorly understood. One potentially important process is postcopulatory sexual selection because it can generate divergence between populations in traits that influence fertilization success after copulation. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of this form of reproductive isolation by conducting reciprocal crosses between variably diverged populations of stalk-eyed flies (Teleopsis dalmanni). First, we measure seven types of reproductive incompatibility between copulation and fertilization. We then compare fertilization success to hatching success to quantify hybrid inviability. Finally, we determine if sperm competition acts to reinforce or counteract any incompatibilities. We find evidence for multiple incompatibilities in most crosses, including failure to store sperm after mating, failure of sperm to reach the site of fertilization, failure of sperm to fertilize eggs, and failure of embryos to develop. Local sperm have precedence over foreign sperm, but this effect is due mainly to differences in sperm transfer and reduced hatching success. Crosses between recently diverged populations are asymmetrical with regard to the degree and type of incompatibility. Because sexual conflict in these flies is low, postcopulatory sexual selection, rather than antagonistic coevolution, likely causes incompatibilities due to mismatches between male and female reproductive traits.
Data from: The evolution of vertebrate eye size across an environmental gradient: phenotype does not predict genotype in a Trinidadian killifish
Vertebrates exhibit substantial variation in eye size. Eye size correlates positively with visual capacity and behaviors that enhance fitness, such as predator avoidance. This foreshadows a connection between predation and eye size evolution. Yet, the conditions that favor evolutionary shifts in eye size, besides the well-known role for light availability, are unclear. We tested the influence of predation on the evolution of eye size in Trinidadian killifish, Rivulus hartii. Rivulus are located across a series of communities where they coexist with visually oriented piscivores ('high predation' sites), and no predators ('Rivulus-only' sites). Wild-caught Rivulus from high predation sites generally exhibited a smaller relative eye size than communities that lack predators. Yet, such differences were inconsistent across rivers. Second-generation common garden reared fish revealed repeatable decreases in eye size in Rivulus from high predation sites. We performed additional experiments that tested the importance of light and resources on eye size evolution. Sites that differ in light or resource availability did not differ in eye size. Our results argue that differences in predator-induced mortality underlie genetically-based shifts in vertebrate eye size. We discuss the drivers of eye size evolution in light of the nonparallel trends between the phenotypic and common garden results.
FIGURE 6 in A new species of bright-eyed treefrog (Mantellidae) from Madagascar, with comments on call evolution and patterns of syntopy in the Boophis ankaratra complex
FIGURE 6. Comparative oscillograms (top) and corresponding spectrograms (bottom) of single notes of the advertisement calls on the same time scale in the Boophis ankaratra complex. Species shown are: (A) B. boppa (Maharira); (B) B. miadana (Andohahela); (C) B. ankaratra (Maharira); (D) B. schuboeae (Ambatolahy); and (E) B. haingana (Andohahela). Spectrogram was produced in SEEWAVE using a Hanning window length of 512.
FIGURE 12 in A new species of bright-eyed treefrog (Mantellidae) from Madagascar, with comments on call evolution and patterns of syntopy in the Boophis ankaratra complex
FIGURE 12. Reproductive behavior of species of the B. ankaratra complex. (A) A typical perch of a male B. boppa preparing to call; (B) a male B. boppa during emission of advertisement call; and (C) amplexus, male not collected, female KU 336829 of B. boppa.
FIGURE 9 in A new species of bright-eyed treefrog (Mantellidae) from Madagascar, with comments on call evolution and patterns of syntopy in the Boophis ankaratra complex
FIGURE 9. Minimum-spanning haplotype network for the nuclear exon DNAH-3 in the B. albipunctatus group. Ticks on branches represent single nucleotide changes. Branch lengths are not meaningful.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of bright-eyed treefrog (Mantellidae) from Madagascar, with comments on call evolution and patterns of syntopy in the Boophis ankaratra complex
FIGURE 1. The distribution of species in the Boophis albipunctatus group in southeastern Madagascar. The black dotted line shows the boundaries of Ranomafana National Park (RNP), and partially colored circles indicate syntopy of their corresponding species. The numbered localities are as follows (species occurring at each locality abbreviated as BA, B. ankaratra; BB, B. boppa, BL, B. luciae; BS, B. schuboeae): Within RNP: (1) Maharira (BA, BB; type locality of BB); (2) Valohoaka (BL); (3) Vohiparara (BS); (4) Andranoroa river (BA, BB); (5) Sakaroa (BB); (6) Ambatolahy (BL, BS); (7–8) Imaloka (BB, BL); and (9) Andemaka (BB, BL). Outside RNP: (10) Ambohitsara-Ranomafana (BL); (11) Farihimazava (BA, BB); (12) Soamazaka (BA, BB); and (13) Vohisokina (BA, BB). Note that at Ambohitsara, records also exist for another species of the group (B. albipunctatus) that is not discussed herein.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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