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Fig. 2 in Sensitive, quantitative detection of Besnoitia darlingi and related parasites in intermediate hosts and to assess felids as definitive hosts for known and as-yet undescribed related parasite species

Fig. 2. Coccidia-specific PCR to confirm the presence of DNA of various parasite species used to test the analytic specificity of the BdanjoRT1 real-time PCR. (1) Besnoitia darlingi, (2) B. neotomofelis, (3) B. oryctofelisi, (4) B. besnoiti (Evora isolate), (5) B. bennetti (Texas), (6) B. tarandi (Bt-CA-Quebec1), (7) Toxoplasma gondii, (8) Hammondia hammondi, (9) Neospora caninum, (10) H. heydorni, (11) Cystoisospora felis, (12) C. rivolta, (13) C. burrowsi, (14) C. canis, (15) Sarcocystis cruzi and (16) Crytosporidium parvum. Presence of (17) Giardia duodenalis and (18) Tritrichomonas foetus DNA was shown by amplification using species or genus-specific primers, respectively. C, negative control; M, marker.

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Fig. 3 in Sensitive, quantitative detection of Besnoitia darlingi and related parasites in intermediate hosts and to assess felids as definitive hosts for known and as-yet undescribed related parasite species

Fig. 3. Analytic sensitivity (A) and standard curve (B) obtained for the threshold cycle (Cq) values obtained in the BdanjoRT1 real-time PCR using varying amounts of genomic Besnoitia darlingi DNA (approximately equivalent to the DNA content of 10.000 [blue], 1000 [green], 100 [red], 10 [brown] and 1 [black] B. darlingi tachyzoites) diluted in 100 ng/μl mouse DNA. Cq values used for regression are displayed as circles. Results on samples resembling DNA of 0.1 tachyzoite were not included in regression, since only two of four samples had reacted with a Cq value of 37.8 or 38.3 (displayed grey in A and as crosses in B). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

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Fig. 1 in Sensitive, quantitative detection of Besnoitia darlingi and related parasites in intermediate hosts and to assess felids as definitive hosts for known and as-yet undescribed related parasite species

Fig. 1. Location of the primers and the probe of the Besnoitia darlingi/B.neotomofelis /B. oryctofelisi-specific real-time PCR assay BdanjoRT1 within the ITS-1 region of the rRNA gene. The sequences of the ITS-1 region of B. akodoni (AY545987, bold), B. jellisoni (AF076860, bold), B. neotomofelis (HQ909085, bold), B. darlingi (AF489696, bold) and B. oryctofelisi (AY182000, bold), were aligned relative to sequences of other Besnoitia spp. including B. besnoiti from Portugal, Spain and Germany, B. bennetti reported from the USA and Belgium, B. tarandi from Canada and Finland and those of Neospora caninum, Hammondia heydorni, Toxoplasma gondii and H. hammondi by using Clustal V (DNAStar, Madisin, Wisconsin, USA). Deletions and substitutions in the sequences relative to and within the clade of B. acodoni, B. jellisoni, B. neotomofelis, B. darlingi and B. oryctofelisi are indicated by black background. Sequences of the primer BdanjoRev and the Probe Bb11-12 are displayed in their complementary form. The probe Bb11-12 was established for a real-time PCR to detect B. besnoiti, but it is universal and can be used for the detection of all Besnoitia spp. mentioned here.

Fig. 2 in Gastrointestinal and cardiorespiratory endoparasites in the wild felid guigna (Leopardus guigna) in Chile: Richness increases with latitude and first records for the host species

Fig. 2. Parasites recovered from analyzed guignas in Chile: A-anterior extremity of female Molineus sp. (40x); B- caudal extremity of female Molineus sp. with caudal spine (40x); C- oral extremity of female Angiostrongylus sp. (40x); D-lateral view of caudal extremity of female Angiostrongylus sp. (40x); E-caudal extremity of male Angiostrongylus sp., caudal bursa and spicules can be observed (40x); F- lateral view of the rounded caudal extremity of female Oslerus sp. (40x); G-lateral view of the caudal extremity of male Oslerus sp., with characteristic short and stout spicules (40x); H- oral extremity of female Troglostrongylus sp. (100x); I- lateral view of the caudal extremity of male Troglostrongylus sp., long spicules and caudal bursa can be observed (40x).

Fig. 3 in Gastrointestinal and cardiorespiratory endoparasites in the wild felid guigna (Leopardus guigna) in Chile: Richness increases with latitude and first records for the host species

Fig. 3. Parasite richness (number of species/genera) in the analyzed guignas from Chile (a) overall, (b) by geographic zone and (c) by sex. Error bars represent standard error of 5%.

Fig. 1 in Gastrointestinal and cardiorespiratory endoparasites in the wild felid guigna (Leopardus guigna) in Chile: Richness increases with latitude and first records for the host species

Fig. 1. Geographical locations and parasitism status of analyzed guigna samples in Chile. Dotted line boxes delimit the two geographic zones (Center, South) studied in Chile.

Fig. 6 in Gastrointestinal and cardiorespiratory endoparasites in the wild felid guigna (Leopardus guigna) in Chile: Richness increases with latitude and first records for the host species

Fig. 6. Distribution of parasite infection intensity (total number of helminths per guigna) in the analyzed guignas from Chile.

Fig. 4 in Gastrointestinal and cardiorespiratory endoparasites in the wild felid guigna (Leopardus guigna) in Chile: Richness increases with latitude and first records for the host species

Fig. 4. Richness of gastrointestinal parasites in guignas from Chile, compared (a) by geographic zone and (b) by sex. p values show the statistical significance in the Mann-Whitney U test between (a) center-south and (b) females-males.

Fig. 5 in Cerebral cysticercosis in a wild Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in Bhutan: A first report in non-domestic felids

Fig. 5. Cladogram showing the relation between the sequence of the nad1 gene (491bp) amplified from the sediment of the 21 μm filter of the sieving method for isolation of taeniid eggs from faeces of the tiger analysed in this study highlighted in bold (MT920328); together with the sequence of the same gene of different Taenia spp.

Fig. 4 in Cerebral cysticercosis in a wild Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in Bhutan: A first report in non-domestic felids

Fig. 4. Cladogram showing the relation between the sequences of the cytB gene of Taenia solium from the present study highlighted in bold (MT371084- MT371085) and unique published sequences of the cytB gene available in GenBank from Ecuador (ECU), Tanzania (TANZ), Mexico (MEX), Brazil (BRA), Cameroun (CAM), Thailand (THA), Indonesia (INDO), Madagascar (MDG), INDIA, China (CHI) and Nepal (NEP). The sequences for the cytB gene from Taenia saginata (AB066581) and Taenia asiatica (AB066580) are also included. The cytB sequence from Echinococcus multilocularis (MK843307) was used as an outgroup.

Fig. 1 in Cerebral cysticercosis in a wild Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in Bhutan: A first report in non-domestic felids

Fig. 1. Camera trap image of the tiger infected with Taenia solium reported in this article captured on the 15th of November 2014. The image was taken during a survey of the Bengal tiger population at national level in Bhutan. Copyright: Nature Conservation Division, DoFPS, MoAF, Bhutan.

Fig. 2 in Cerebral cysticercosis in a wild Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in Bhutan: A first report in non-domestic felids

Fig. 2. Cysts identified at necropsy of the Bengal tiger in Bhutan (left) and isolated in a jar (right).

Fig. 3 in Cerebral cysticercosis in a wild Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in Bhutan: A first report in non-domestic felids

Fig. 3. Cladogram showing the relation between the sequences of the cox1 gene of Taenia solium from the present study highlighted in bold (MT366763- MT366764) and unique published sequences of the cox1 gene available in GenBank from Tanzania (TANZ), Brazil (BRA), Mexico (MEX), Ecuador (ECU), Madagascar (MDG), Indonesia (INDO- PA, INDO-BA), China (CHI), Nepal (NEP), Thailand (THA) and India (TAE). Sequences for the cox1 gene from Taenia saginata (AB066495) and T. asiatica (AB066494) were also included. The cox1 sequence of Echinococcus multilocularis (MN251845) was used as an outgroup.

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Figure 2 in Comparative bite forces and canine bending strength in feline and sabretooth felids: implications for predatory ecology

Figure 2. Scatter plot figures of Log10 body mass (BM in kg) plotted against (A) Log10 bite force (in N) at the canines and (B) Log10 bite force (N) at the carnassial paracone. Symbols:, extant felids; O, Homotherium (crenatidens, latidens, serum); –, Machairodus aphanistus; +, Machairodus giganteus; O, Megantereon (cultridens, sp.); Z, Smilodon fatalis;

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Figure 1 in Comparative bite forces and canine bending strength in feline and sabretooth felids: implications for predatory ecology

Figure 1. Skulls of sabrecat Smilodon populator in (A) lateral, (C) ventral, and (E) posterodorsal views, and of lion (Panthera leo) in (B) lateral, (D) ventral, and (F) posterodorsal views, to scale. Shaded areas in (C) and (D) represent the reconstructed cross-sectional area of the masseter–pterygoideus muscle groups, and in (E) and (F) represent the temporalis. The resultant force vector of the masseter–pterygoideus (M) acts through the centroid (white circle in C and D) with an inlever moment arm Im about the temporomandibular joint, and the resultant force vector of the temporalis (T) acts through the centroid (black circle in A and B, white circle in E and F) with an inlever moment arm (It) about the temporomandibular joint.

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Figure 3 in Comparative bite forces and canine bending strength in feline and sabretooth felids: implications for predatory ecology

Figure 3. Scatter plots of (A) Log10 body mass (BM in kg) to Log10 canine strength for bending about the lateromedial plane [extant felids: n = 11; Log10(SAP) = −0.850 ± 0.202 + Log10(BM) 0.944 ± 0.125; r = 0.985; F = 289.132; P << 0.001]; (B) Log10 BM (kg) to Log10 canine strength for bending about the anteroposterior plane [Log10(SLM) = −0.750 ± 0.155 + Log10(BM) 0.958 ± 0.096; r = 0.991; F = 503.168; P << 0.001]; (C) Log10 bite force at canine (BF in N) to Log10 canine strength for bending about the lateromedial plane [Log10(SAP) = −2.659 ± 0.756 + Log10(BF) 1.245 ± 0.156; r = 0.987; F = 327.704; P << 0.001]; (D) Log10 BF at canine (N) to Log10 canine strength for bending about the anteroposterior plane [Log10(SLM) = −2.579 ± 0.340 + Log10(BF) 1.260 ± 0.128; r = 0.991; F = 495.725; P << 0.001]. Symbols: Δ, Metailurus major; v, Metailurus parvulus. Other symbols are the same as in Figure 2.

Figure 7 in Implications of the mastoid anatomy of larger extant felids for the evolution and predatory behaviour of sabretoothed cats (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae)

Figure 7. Drawing of the skull and anterior cervicals of Panthera tigris (top) and Homotherium latidens (bottom) with fibres of selected muscles. Muscle numbering as in Figs 1–5. A black circle in the condylar area represents the position of the rotation centre of the atlanto-occipital articulation. Notice how, in Homotherium, most fibres of the obliquus capitis cranialis extend well below that centre of rotation, and would therefore have a stronger head-flexing action. Notice also how the greater distance between the posterior tip of the atlas wings and the tip of the mastoid process in Homotherium makes for longer inferior fibres of the obliquus capitis cranialis muscle.

Figure 6 in Implications of the mastoid anatomy of larger extant felids for the evolution and predatory behaviour of sabretoothed cats (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae)

Figure 6. Photographs of the mastoid region of skull in female lion, Panthera leo (top) and scimitar-toothed cat, Homotherium latidens (bottom) from Incarcal, Spain (IN-I 929). Note that the back of the skull is broken in the fossil. Muscle insertion areas are marked; muscle numbering as in Figs 1–5. M, mastoid process; P, paroccipital process.

Figure 5 in Implications of the mastoid anatomy of larger extant felids for the evolution and predatory behaviour of sabretoothed cats (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae)

Figure 5. (A) Photograph and schematic representation of deep muscles of the neck in a lioness. The posterior portion of the temporalis muscle has been removed to make visible the nuchal region of skull and neck muscles attaching to it. 7, deep extensors of the neck, including rectus capitis dorsalis major and minor; Am, auditory meatus; Mp, mastoid process; Nc, nuchal crest. (B) Photograph and schematic representation of deep muscles of the neck of a male puma in ventral view. 9, m. rectus capitis lateralis.

Figure 4 in Implications of the mastoid anatomy of larger extant felids for the evolution and predatory behaviour of sabretoothed cats (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae)

Figure 4. (A) Photograph and schematic representation of deep muscles of the neck in male tiger. 5, m. obliquus capitis caudalis; 6, m. obliquus capitis cranialis; 8, m. digastricus; At, lateral border of the atlas wings; Ax, dorsal border of axis. (B) Photograph and schematic representation of deep muscles in a male puma. f, additional superficial fibres of m. obliquus capitis cranialis, dorsal to the atlas wing.