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41 results for “flower size”
FIGURE. Floral asymmetry patterns found in the studied species. Flower with the adaxial petal like a standard in Ch. celiae (A), Ch. megacycla (B), Ch. pachyclada (C), Ch. crenulata (D), Ch. tocantinensis (E), Ch. orbiculata (F). Flower with four slightly elevated flat petals and one asymmetric lower lateral Ch. claussenii. (G). Flower with one of the inner petals small and the other coiled in the androecium in Ch. cercidifolia (H). Flower with adaxial petal and right upper lateral similar in shape and size in the same plane in Ch. cyclophylla (I), Ch. claussenii (J), Ch. rigidifolia (K) e Ch. veadeirana (L). in Taxonomic review of Chamaecrista sect. Absus subsect. Absus ser. Paniculatae (Benth.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae)
FIGURE. Floral asymmetry patterns found in the studied species. Flower with the adaxial petal like a standard in Ch. celiae (A), Ch. megacycla (B), Ch. pachyclada (C), Ch. crenulata (D), Ch. tocantinensis (E), Ch. orbiculata (F). Flower with four slightly elevated flat petals and one asymmetric lower lateral Ch. claussenii. (G). Flower with one of the inner petals small and the other coiled in the androecium in Ch. cercidifolia (H). Flower with adaxial petal and right upper lateral similar in shape and size in the same plane in Ch. cyclophylla (I), Ch. claussenii (J), Ch. rigidifolia (K) e Ch. veadeirana (L).
Intraspecific independent evolution of floral spur length in response to local flower visitor size in Japanese Aquilegia in different mountain regions
<p>Geographic differences in floral traits may reflect geographic differences in effective pollinator assemblages. Independent local adaptation to pollinator assemblages in multiple regions would be expected to cause parallel floral trait evolution, although sufficient evidence for this is still lacking. In this study, we investigated the relationship between flower spur length and pollinator size in 16 populations of <i>Aquilegia buergeriana </i>var.<i> buergeriana</i> distributed in four mountain regions in the Japanese Alps. We also examined the genetic relationship between yellow- and red-flowered individuals, to see if color differences caused genetic differentiation by pollinator isolation. Genetic relationships among 16 populations were analyzed based on genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Even among populations within the same mountain region, pollinator size varied widely, and the average spur length of <i>A. buergeriana</i> var. <i>buergeriana</i> in each population was strongly related to the average visitor size of that population. Genetic relatedness between populations was not related to the similarity of spur length between populations; rather, it was related to the geographic proximity of populations in each mountain region. Our results indicate that spur length in each population evolved independently of the population genetic structure but in parallel in different mountain regions. Further, yellow- and red-flowered individuals of <i>A. buergeriana</i> var. <i>buergeriana</i> were not genetically differentiated. Unlike other <i>Aquilegia</i> species in Europe and America visited by hummingbirds and hawkmoths, this species is consistently visited by bumblebees in Japan. As a result, genetic isolation by flower color has not occurred.</p>
Data from: Within-species tradeoffs in plant-stimulated soil enzyme activity and growth, flowering and seed size
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Data from: Are pollinators the agents of selection on flower colour and size in irises?
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Intraspecific independent evolution of floral spur length in response to local flower visitor size in Japanese Aquilegia in different mountain regions
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Evolutionary constraints and adaptation shape the size and colour of rain forest fruits and flowers at continental scale
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Macroevolution of flower color patterning: biased transition rates and correlated evolution with flower size
<p>Floral pigmentation patterns can both mediate plant-pollinator interactions and modify the abiotic environment of reproductive structures. To date there have been no inquiries into the rate and directionality of macroevolutionary transitions between patterned and non-patterned petals despite their ecological importance and ubiquity across angiosperms. Petals in the Potentilleae tribe (Rosaceae) display color patterns in the ultraviolet (UV) and human-visible spectrum, or can be uniform in color (i.e., patternless). Using a phylogeny of Potentilleae, I test whether evolutionary transition rates between patterned and non-patterned petals are biased in either direction. I then examine whether UV and human-visible patterns are phylogenetically correlated and test the prediction that color patterns will evolve in concert with larger flowers if they function as guides to orient pollinators to floral rewards. I found that transition rates were biased toward petals that were uniform in color. Transition rates from patterned to uniformly-colored petals were two and six times higher than the reverse for UV and human-visible pattern, respectively. The presence of UV and human-visible pattern evolved independently from one another. However, the evolution of human-visible pattern was associated with the evolution of larger flowers but the evolution of UV pattern was correlated with the evolution of smaller flowers. I posit that the transition bias towards non-patterned flowers may reflect developmental constraints on spatial regulation of pigments required to produce floral color patterning. The correlated evolution of larger flowers and human-visible pigmentation patterns support the hypothesis that nectar or pollen guides are more likely to evolve in larger-flowered species. This work provides insight into how transition rate bias and trait correlations can shape phylogenetic patterns of floral color pattern diversity.</p>
Data from: Sexual, fecundity, and viability selection on flower size and number in a sexually dimorphic plant
The evolution of sexual dimorphism will depend on how sexual, fecundity and viability selection act within each sex, with the different forms of selection potentially operating in opposing directions. We examined selection in the dioecious plant Silene latifolia using planted arrays of selection lines that differed in flower size (small vs. large). In this species a flower size/number tradeoff exists within each sex, and males produce smaller and more numerous flowers than females. Moreover, floral traits are genetically correlated with leaf physiology. Sexual selection favoring males in the small-flower line occurred via greater overlap in the timing of flower output between males from this line and females. Fecundity selection favored males with high flower production, as siring success was proportionate to pollen production. Viability selection opposed sexual selection, favoring males from the large-flower line. In females, fecundity and viability selection operated in the same direction, favoring those from the large-flower line via greater seed production and survival. These results concur with the pattern of floral sexual dimorphism. Together with previous results they suggest that the outcome of the different forms of selection will be environmentally dependent, and therefore help to explain variation among populations in sexually dimorphic traits.
Data from: Allometry of wing twist and camber in a flower chafer during free flight: how do wing deformations scale with body size?
Intraspecific variation in adult body mass can be particularly high in some insect species, mandating adjustment of the wing's structural properties to support the weight of the larger body mass in air. Insect wings elastically deform during flapping, dynamically changing the twist and camber of the relatively thin and flat aerofoil. We examined how wing deformations during free flight scale with body mass within a species of rose chafers (Coleoptera: Protaetia cuprea) in which individuals varied more than threefold in body mass (0.38–1.29 g). Beetles taking off voluntarily were filmed using three high-speed cameras and the instantaneous deformation of their wings during the flapping cycle was analysed. Flapping frequency decreased in larger beetles but, otherwise, flapping kinematics remained similar in both small and large beetles. Deflection of the wing chord-wise varied along the span, with average deflections at the proximal trailing edge higher by 0.2 and 0.197 wing lengths compared to the distal trailing edge in the downstroke and the upstroke, respectively. These deflections scaled with wing chord to the power of 1.0, implying a constant twist and camber despite the variations in wing and body size. This suggests that the allometric growth in wing size includes adjustment of the flexural stiffness of the wing structure to preserve wing twist and camber during flapping.
Data from: Exploring the relationships between mutation rates, life history, genome size, environment and species richness in flowering plants
A new view is emerging of the interplay between mutation at the genomic level, substitution at the population level, and diversification at the lineage level. Many studies have suggested that rate of molecular evolution is linked to rate of diversification, but few have evaluated competing hypotheses. By analyzing sequences from 130 families of angiosperms, we show that variation in the synonymous substitution rate is correlated among genes from the mitochondrial, chloroplast, and nuclear genomes and linked to differences in traits among families (average height and genome size). Within each genome, synonymous rates are correlated to nonsynonymous substitution rates, suggesting that increasing the mutation rate results in a faster rate of genome evolution. Substitution rates are correlated with species richness in protein-coding sequences from the chloroplast and nuclear genomes. These data suggest that species traits contribute to lineage-specific differences in the mutation rate that drive both synonymous and nonsynonymous rates of change across all three genomes, which in turn contribute to greater rates of divergence between populations, generating higher rates of diversification. These observations link mutation in individuals to population-level processes and to patterns of lineage divergence.
Figure 3 from: Mitrenina EY, Erst AS, Peruzzi L, Skaptsov MV, Ikeda H, Nikulin VY, Wang W (2021) Karyotype and genome size variation in white-flowered Eranthis sect. Shibateranthis (Ranunculaceae). PhytoKeys 187: 207-227. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.187.75715
Figure 3 Haploid idiograms of white-flowered Eranthis sect. Shibateranthis species. I–VIII – chromosome pairs; m – metacentric chromosome; sm – submetacentric chromosome; st – subtelocentric chromosome; t – acrocentric chromosome; T – telocentric chromosome; B – B chromosome.
Figure 2 from: Mitrenina EY, Erst AS, Peruzzi L, Skaptsov MV, Ikeda H, Nikulin VY, Wang W (2021) Karyotype and genome size variation in white-flowered Eranthis sect. Shibateranthis (Ranunculaceae). PhytoKeys 187: 207-227. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.187.75715
Figure 2 Mitotic metaphase plates of white-flowered Eranthis sect. ShibateranthisAE. lobulata, 2n = 16 BE. stellata (pop. 2), 2n = 16 CE. stellata (pop. 6), 2n = 16 DE. tanhoensis (pop. 12), 2n = 14 EE. tanhoensis (pop. 10), 2n = 14+0–8B (arrows point at B chromosomes) FE. sibirica (pop. 15), 2n = 42 GE. byunsanensis, 2n = 16 (arrows point at the heteromorphic chromosome pair) HE. pinnatifida (pop. 21), 2n = 16 IE. pinnatifida (pop. 20), 2n = 16 (arrows point at heteromorphic chromosome pair). Scale bars: 10 μm. Microphotographs by E.Yu. Mitrenina.
Figure 1 from: Mitrenina EY, Erst AS, Peruzzi L, Skaptsov MV, Ikeda H, Nikulin VY, Wang W (2021) Karyotype and genome size variation in white-flowered Eranthis sect. Shibateranthis (Ranunculaceae). PhytoKeys 187: 207-227. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.187.75715
Figure 1 The studied species of white-flowered Eranthis sect. ShibateranthisAE. stellata (photo by V.V. Yakubov) BE. sibirica (photo by A.S. Erst); CE. tanhoensis (photo by A.S. Erst) DE. lobulata (photo by K.-L. Xiang) EE. pinnatifida (photo by A.S. Erst) FE. byunsanensis (photo by H.J. Choi).
Figure 4 from: Mitrenina EY, Erst AS, Peruzzi L, Skaptsov MV, Ikeda H, Nikulin VY, Wang W (2021) Karyotype and genome size variation in white-flowered Eranthis sect. Shibateranthis (Ranunculaceae). PhytoKeys 187: 207-227. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.187.75715
Figure 4 PCoA (Coordinate 1, 65.31% of variance explained vs. Coordinate 2, 16% of variance explained) based on six karyological parameters of white-flowered Eranthis sect. Shibateranthis species.
Text-fig. 31. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated pollen of Piercipollis sp. (a, b) and Teebacia sp. (c–e); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Isolated pollen grain (arrow) adhering to the much larger pollen of Araucariacites sp. in fragment of a conifer cone; note the size difference between the angiosperm and conifer pollen that is typical in Early Cretaceous floras; b) Pollen grain in (a) enlarged showing the extended aperture and homobrochate reticulum with smooth muri supported by long, scattered, columellae; c) Isolated pollen grains adhering to the outer surface of a Saportanthus parvus flower; d) Pollen grain in (c) enlarged showing the open reticulum and muri ornamented by fine transverse ribs; e) Detail of pollen grain in (d) showing the muri supported by long, scattered columellae; note the fine transverse ribs on the muri. Specimens, Catefica 49-S170139-01 (a, b), Catefica 361-S174322-01 (c–e). Scale bars = 50 Μm (a), 20 Μm (c), 6 Μm (b, d), 1.5 Μm (e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 31. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated pollen of Piercipollis sp. (a, b) and Teebacia sp. (c–e); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Isolated pollen grain (arrow) adhering to the much larger pollen of Araucariacites sp. in fragment of a conifer cone; note the size difference between the angiosperm and conifer pollen that is typical in Early Cretaceous floras; b) Pollen grain in (a) enlarged showing the extended aperture and homobrochate reticulum with smooth muri supported by long, scattered, columellae; c) Isolated pollen grains adhering to the outer surface of a Saportanthus parvus flower; d) Pollen grain in (c) enlarged showing the open reticulum and muri ornamented by fine transverse ribs; e) Detail of pollen grain in (d) showing the muri supported by long, scattered columellae; note the fine transverse ribs on the muri. Specimens, Catefica 49-S170139-01 (a, b), Catefica 361-S174322-01 (c–e). Scale bars = 50 Μm (a), 20 Μm (c), 6 Μm (b, d), 1.5 Μm (e).
Data from: Sexual, fecundity, and viability selection on flower size and number in a sexually dimorphic plant
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Data from: Exploring the relationships between mutation rates, life history, genome size, environment and species richness in flowering plants
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Macroevolution of flower color patterning: biased transition rates and correlated evolution with flower size
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Data from: Allometry of wing twist and camber in a flower chafer during free flight: how do wing deformations scale with body size?
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Data from: A benefit to providing information? Flower size cues, plant attractiveness, and plant visit length
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