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46 results for “fluctuating selection”
Data from: Faster isn't always better: selection on growth rate fluctuates across the life history and environments
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Data from: Estimating phenotypic selection in age-structured populations by removing transient fluctuations
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Data from: Adaptation to fluctuating environments in a selection experiment with Drosophila melanogaster
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Data from: What kind of maternal effects can be selected for in fluctuating environments?
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Dataset, posterior summaries and posterior samples for quantifying fluctuating selection on seasonal migration versus residence in European shags
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Data from: Frequency-dependent selection acting on the widely fluctuating sex ratio of the aphid Prociphilus oriens
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Negative frequency-dependent selection maintains coexisting genotypes during fluctuating selection
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Arms-race and fluctuating-selection dynamics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria coevolving with phage OMKO1
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Data and scripts from: Experimental evidence of size-selective harvest and environmental stochasticity effects on population demography, fluctuations, and nonlinearity
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Data from: Mutation accumulation in selfing populations under fluctuating selection
Selfing species are prone to extinction, possibly because highly selfing populations can suffer from a continuous accumulation of deleterious mutations, a process analogous to Muller's ratchet in asexual populations. However, current theory provides little insight into which types of genes are most likely to accumulate deleterious alleles and what environmental circumstances may accelerate genomic degradation. Here we investigate temporal changes in the environment that cause fluctuations in the strength of purifying selection. We simulate selfing populations with genomes containing a mixture of loci experiencing constant selection and loci experiencing selection that fluctuates in strength (but not direction). Even when both types of loci experience the same average strength of selection, loci under fluctuating selection contribute disproportionately more to deleterious mutation accumulation. Moreover, the presence of loci experiencing fluctuating selection in the genome increases the deleterious fixation rate at loci under constant selection; under most realistic scenarios this effect of linked selection can be attributed to a reduction in N¬e. Fluctuating selection is particularly injurious when selective environments are strongly autocorrelated over time and when selection is concentrated into rare bouts of strong selection. These results imply that loci under fluctuating selection are likely important drivers of extinction in selfing species.
Data from: Do larger individuals cope with resource fluctuations better? An artificial selection approach
Size determines the rate at which organisms acquire and use resources but it is unclear what size should be favoured under unpredictable resource regimes. Some theories claim smaller organisms can grow faster following a resource pulse, whereas others argue larger species can accumulate more resources and maintain growth for longer periods between resource pulses. Testing these theories has relied on interspecific comparisons, which tend to confound body size with other life-history traits. As a more direct approach, we used 280 generations of artificial selection to evolve a 10-fold difference in mean body size between small- and large-selected phytoplankton lineages of the green microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta, while controlling for biotic and abiotic variables. We then quantified how body size affected the ability of this species to grow at nutrient-replete conditions and following periods of nitrogen or phosphorous deprivation. Overall, smaller cells showed slower growth, lower storage capacity and poorer recovery from phosphorous depletion, as predicted by the "fasting endurance hypothesis". However, recovery from nitrogen limitation was independent of size – a finding unanticipated by current theories. Phytoplankton species are responsible for much of the global carbon fixation and projected trends of cell size decline could reduce primary productivity by lowering the ability of a cell to store resources.
Figure 2 from: Blanckenhorn WU (2021) A fungal parasite selects against body size but not fluctuating asymmetry in Swiss subalpine yellow dung flies. Alpine Entomology 5: 27-35. https://doi.org/10.3897/alpento.5.65653
Figure 2 Body size (top; here exemplified by wing length) and mean percentage of fluctuating asymmetry (FA; bottom) of all traits for unpaired (filled squares) and paired males (open squares) over the season.
Figure 3 from: Blanckenhorn WU (2021) A fungal parasite selects against body size but not fluctuating asymmetry in Swiss subalpine yellow dung flies. Alpine Entomology 5: 27-35. https://doi.org/10.3897/alpento.5.65653
Figure 3 Body size (here exemplified by hind tibia length) of unpaired (filled squares) and paired males (open squares) when they were infected by the fungus or not (all seasonal samples combined).
Figure 1 from: Blanckenhorn WU (2021) A fungal parasite selects against body size but not fluctuating asymmetry in Swiss subalpine yellow dung flies. Alpine Entomology 5: 27-35. https://doi.org/10.3897/alpento.5.65653
Figure 1 Proportion of male (filled squares) and female (open circles) flies infected by the fungus Entomophthora over the season 2002, with an infected specimen inset (photo Peter Jann).
Supplementary material 1 from: Blanckenhorn WU (2021) A fungal parasite selects against body size but not fluctuating asymmetry in Swiss subalpine yellow dung flies. Alpine Entomology 5: 27-35. https://doi.org/10.3897/alpento.5.65653
Table S1
Data from: Fluctuating selection strength and intense male competition underlie variation and exaggeration of a water strider's male weapon
Sexually selected traits can reach high degrees of expression and variation under directional selection. A growing number of studies suggest that such selection can vary in space, time and form within and between populations. However, the impact of these fluctuations on sexual trait expression is poorly understood. The water strider Microvelia longipes displays a striking case of exaggeration and phenotypic variation where males display extreme differences in the size of their rear legs. To study the origin and maintenance of this exaggerated trait, we conducted comparative behavioral and morphometric experiments in a sample of Microvelia species. We uncovered differences both in the mating behavior and the degree of sexual dimorphism across these species. Interestingly, M. longipes evolved a specific mating behavior where males compete for egg-laying sites, consisting of small floating objects, to intercept and copulate with gravid females. Through male-male competition assays, we demonstrated that male rear legs are used as weapons to dominate egg-laying sites and that intense competition is associated with the evolution of rear leg length exaggeration. Field observations revealed rapid fluctuation in M. longipes habitat stability and the abundance of egg-laying sites. Paternity tests using genetic markers demonstrated that small males could only fertilize about 5% of the eggs when egg-laying sites are limiting, whereas this proportion increased to about 20% when egg-laying sites become abundant. Furthermore, diet manipulation and artificial selection experiments also showed that the exaggerated leg length in M. longipes males is influenced by both genetic and nutritional factors. Collectively, our results highlight how fluctuation in the strength of directional sexual selection, through changes in the intensity of male competition, can drive the exaggeration and phenotypic variation in this weapon trait.
Data from: Selection in a fluctuating environment leads to decreased genetic variation and facilitates the evolution of phenotypic plasticity
Changes in the environment are expected to induce changes in the quantitative genetic variation, which influences the ability of a population to adapt to environmental change. Furthermore, environmental changes are not constant in time, but fluctuate. Here we investigate the effect of rapid, continuous and/or fluctuating temperature changes in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus, using an evolution experiment followed by a split brood experiment. In line with expectations, individuals responded in a plastic way and had an overall higher potential to respond to selection after a rapid change in the environment. After selection in an environment with increasing temperature, plasticity remained unchanged (or decreased) and environmental variation decreased, especially when fluctuations were added; these results were unexpected. As expected, the genetic variation decreased after fluctuating selection. Our results suggest that fluctuations in the environment have major impact on the response of a population to environmental change; in a highly variable environment with low predictability a plastic response might not be beneficial and the response is genetically and environmentally canalized resulting in a low potential to respond to selection and low environmental sensitivity. Interestingly, we found greater variation for phenotypic plasticity after selection, suggesting that the potential for plasticity to evolve is facilitated after exposure to environmental fluctuations. Our study highlights that environmental fluctuations should be considered when investigating the response of a population to environmental change.
Data from: Co-evolutionary dynamics between a defensive microbe and a pathogen driven by fluctuating selection
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Data from: Do larger individuals cope with resource fluctuations better? An artificial selection approach
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Data from: Rapidly fluctuating environments constrain coevolutionary arms races by impeding selective sweeps
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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